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Website Localization and Digital Communication: Case Studies from the Entertainment Industry

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Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia D

IPARTIMENTO DI STUDI LINGUISTICI E CULTURALI

C ORSO DI L AUREA M AGISTRALE IN

L ANGUAGES FOR C OMMUNICATION IN I NTERNATIONAL

E NTERPRISES AND O RGANIZATIONS

Website Localization and Digital Communication: Case Studies from the Entertainment Industry

Prova finale di:

Gabriele Carzedda

Relatore:

Marina Bondi

Correlatore Cecilia Lazzeretti

Anno Accademico 2019-2020

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Abstract

The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze localization theories and their practical implementation within the sphere of digital communication, focusing on corporate websites and social media. The first part aims at presenting the main translation and localization theories, focusing on culture as determining factor. With regard to digital communication, besides analyzing how communication has changed, the focus was also given to key concepts like usability and cultural sensitivity to guarantee an efficient user experience. For the research, we started from Hall’s and Hofstede’s models, which were combined with more recent theories about cultural markers and website localization, resulting in a unique model. The purpose of this research, in fact, is to verify if and to what extent the theory meets the practice, analyzing the strategies implemented and eventually give suggestions. For the analysis, two American companies that work globally were chosen from the entertainment industry: Netflix and the UFC. The industry was chosen especially out of curiosity and after noticing how the attention was mainly being given to other sectors, like the food industry, cosmetics and more. One of the main challenges, in fact, was also to analyze how the selected companies basically promote an experience, something ‘abstract’. After setting goals and methodology, the research started and took place within a 30 days period. The corporate webpages were downloaded, while the posts from Facebook, Instagram and YouTube were collected during set days. The overall analysis went beyond the personal linguistic competence, as localization embraces more than just linguistic translation. Findings showed that Netflix adopts a standardized approach on its websites, while the UFC prefers to localize, based on the market. On the other hand, the approach adopted on social media relies on very similar characteristics from both companies.

For future research, it is advisable to increase the time to collect the materials since websites and social media channels tend to update at different pace. Ideally, the access to web analytics would guarantee a more detailed analysis with regard to a possible correspondence between localization and a better user experience. The practical cases proved a partial correspondence with the theory reviewed; correspondence which has the chance to vary even more if the corpus of case studies is further expanded.

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Il presente progetto tesi è nato dall’interesse per le teorie di localizzazione ed implementazione pratica. Si è voluta unire questa disciplina alla comunicazione digitale, con approfondimento dei siti web aziendali e attività social media. Nella parte introduttiva, sono state presentate le teorie principali riguardo ai processi di traduzione e localizzazione e della cultura come discriminante per adattare la comunicazione. Nell’ambito digitale, oltre a descrivere in che modo è evoluto il nostro modo di comunicare, sono stati presentati concetti quali usabilità e sensibilità culturale per garantire un’efficiente esperienza di navigazione. Per la ricerca, si è partiti dai modelli culturali di Hall e Hofstede che, uniti alle teorie più moderne sui marcatori culturali e localizzazione web, sono risultati in un unico modello. Lo scopo di questa tesi, infatti, è quello di verificare se e fino a che punto i modelli teorici possono trovare corrispondenza nella pratica, oltre ad analizzare le strategie di adattamento e fornire spunti di miglioramento.

Per l’analisi sono state scelte 2 aziende americane dell’industria dell’intrattenimento che operano a livello globale: Netflix e UFC. Il settore è stato scelto in virtù di una chiara minor copertura rispetto ad altri, quali l’alimentare, cosmesi ed altri ancora. Una delle sfide principali, di fatti, è stato anche analizzare come le aziende selezionate promuovono un’esperienza, un bene ‘astratto’. Dopo aver stabilito modalità ed obiettivi di ricerca, si è passati alla collezione del materiale in un arco temporale di 30 giorni. Le pagine web dei siti aziendali sono state scaricate, collezionando in giorni specifici, invece, i post pubblicati su Facebook, Instagram e YouTube. L’analisi dei canali è stata estesa oltre alle lingue di propria competenza, visto che i processi di localizzazione vanno oltre la traduzione linguistica. I risultati hanno evidenziato come Netflix prediliga una standardizzazione a livello web, mentre UFC predilige un adattamento al mercato. Al contrario, sui social media, entrambe le aziende hanno dimostrato di far leva su caratteristiche comunicative simili, attraverso tutti i canali dei paesi selezionati.

Per future ricerche, si consiglia di ampliare l’arco temporale di analisi, dati i differenti tempi di aggiornamento tra sito e canali social. Idealmente, avere accesso alle web analytics garantirebbe un’analisi più approfondita in merito ad una corrispondenza tra localizzazione e migliore esperienza di navigazione. I casi pratici hanno confermato una parziale corrispondenza con la teoria analizzata; corrispondenza che ha la possibilità di variare se in grado di ampliare il corpus di casi studio.

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El proyecto de esta tesis nació del interés por las teorías de localización y su aplicación a nivel práctico. Se unió esta disciplina a la comunicación digital en las redes sociales y en las páginas web empresariales. En la primera parte de esta disertación, se presentaron las principales teorías de traducción y localización, teniendo en cuenta el papel clave que la cultura juega al adaptar la comunicación entre culturas. En el ámbito digital, además de describir cómo ha evolucionado nuestra forma de comunicar, se trataron también conceptos fundamentales como ‘usabilidad’ y

‘sensibilidad cultural’, que deberían asegurar una ‘experiencia eficiente de navegación’ en la red. Para la parte de investigación, utilizamos los modelos culturales de Hall y Hofstede que, combinados con las teorías más modernas sobre la localización web y marcadores culturales, resultaron en un modelo único. De hecho, el objetivo de esta tesis es verificar si y en qué proporción los modelos teóricos pueden encontrar correspondencia en la práctica, así como analizar las estrategias utilizadas y posiblemente aportar sugerencias. Para el análisis elegimos dos empresas estadounidenses de la industria del entretenimiento que operan a nivel mundial:

Netflix y UFC. El sector fue elegido en virtud de una cobertura claramente menor con respeto a otros más populares, como el sector alimentario, de la cosmética y otros. Uno de los principales desafíos, en efecto, también fue analizar cómo se promueve una experiencia, un bien ‘abstracto’. Después haber establecido los métodos y objetivos de investigación, empezó la recopilación del material digital en un plazo determinado de 30 días. Se descargaron las páginas web de las dos empresas y, en días específicos, se recopilaron las publicaciones de Instagram, YouTube y Facebook. El análisis de los canales se extendió más allá de los idiomas de competencia personal, ya que los procesos de localización incluyen más de la traducción lingüística. Los resultados demostraron que Netflix prefiere la estandarización para su página web, mientras que UFC adapta según el mercado de referencia. Al contrario, ambas empresas han demostrado que utilizan características de comunicación muy similares en todos los canales de los países seleccionados. Para futuras investigaciones, se recomienda extender el período de análisis, ya que las páginas web y los canales sociales probaron tiempos de actualización diferentes. Idealmente, tener acceso a los datos analíticos web garantizaría un análisis más detallado para verificar una correspondencia más intensa entre localización y mejor experiencia de navegación. Los casos prácticos presentados confirmaron una correspondencia parcial con la teoría analizada; correspondencia que puede variar al ampliar los estudios de caso.

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Table of Contents

Introduction ...1

Chapter 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ...3

Preview ...3

1.1 Defining Translation ...4

1.2 Translation theories ...4

1.2.1 Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence ...5

1.2.2 Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation ...5

1.2.3 Direct and Oblique translation ...5

1.2.4 Reiss’s text type ...6

1.2.5 The Skopos Theory ...6

1.2.6 The importance of culture in translation practices ...7

1.3 Defining Localization ...7

1.3.1 The origins of localization ...8

1.3.2 The GILT process ...9

1.3.3 The notion of ‘Locale’ ... 10

1.4 The role of Culture ... 11

1.4.1 Hofstede’s model of national culture ... 11

1.4.2 Hall’s model of low and high context culture ... 13

1.4.3 Understanding Consumer Behavior ... 14

1.5 Digital Communication and the evolution of language online ... 15

1.5.1 From text to hypertext ... 16

1.6 Advertising Discourse: purposes and features ... 18

1.7 Online Corporate Communication ... 19

1.7.1 Linguistic Features... 21

1.8 The influence of Social Media ... 22

1.9 Website Localization: the need to localize ... 24

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1.9.1 The Degrees of localization... 25

1.9.2 What to localize ... 27

1.10 UX: the importance of user experience ... 29

1.10.1 Machine Translation and Human Assistance ... 31

1.11 Culture and Website Navigation ... 31

1.11.1 Usability ... 32

1.11.2 Cultural Markers, Culturability and Cultural Sensitivity ... 33

1.11.3 Cultural Congruity and Navigation Flow ... 34

1.12 Final Remarks ... 38

Chapter.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ... 39

2.1 Reason and Purpose of the Research ... 39

2.2 Methodology ... 40

2.2.1 Cultural Markers Template ... 41

2.2.2 Web Features and Cultural Values ... 43

2.3 The Linguistic Analysis ... 46

2.4 Data Collection ... 46

2.5 Companies’ Brief Introduction ... 47

2.6 Primary Sources ... 47

Chapter.3 CASE STUDIES FROM THE ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY ... 49

3.1 Cultural Dimensions: Differences Across Countries ... 49

3.2 NETFLIX: Website Analysis ... 53

3.2.1 The Netflix Media Center ... 56

3.2.2 Localized User Interface ... 57

3.2.3 Linguistic Features... 58

3.3 UFC: Website Analysis ... 59

3.3.1 Content Adaptation ... 60

3.3.2 Cultural Customization and Accessibility... 61

3.3.3 Geolocalization and Automatic Translation ... 62

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3.3.4 Linguistic Features... 64

3.4 New Findings from the Corporate Websites ... 66

3.5 Social Media Communication ... 68

3.6 Findings from the Social Media Activity ... 73

3.6.1 Visual Localization ... 74

3.6.2 Text-based Communication ... 74

3.6.2.1 The Register ... 75

3.6.2.2 Capital Letters ... 76

3.6.2.3 The Use of Emojis ... 77

3.6.2.4 Building a Community ... 78

3.7 Concluding Remarks ... 81

Conclusion ... 83

References ... 86

Online Sources ... 93

List of Figures ... 93

List of Tables ... 93

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