Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Overview ... 1
1.2 State of the art ... 6
2. EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN OF MASONRY ELEMENTS ... 13
2.1 Introduction ... 13
2.2 Performance requirement ... 16
2.2.1 General rules ... 16
2.2.2 Exposure to nominal fire ... 17
2.2.3 Exposure to parametric fire ... 18
2.3 Design value of material properties ... 18
2.4 Analysis and assessment methods ... 21
ii Contents
2.4.1 General rules ... 21
2.4.2 Analysis of the structural elements ... 22
2.4.3 Analysis of part of the structure ... 25
2.4.4 Global analysis of the structure ... 26
2.5 Design procedures ... 26
2.5.1 General rules ... 26
2.5.1.1 Wall types by function ... 26
2.5.1.2 Cavity walls and untied walls with independent leaves ... 27
2.5.1.3 Surface finishes ... 30
2.5.1.4 Additional requirements ... 30
2.5.2 Assessment by experimental tests ... 31
2.5.3 Assessment by tabular data ... 32
2.5.4 Assessment by simple calculation models ... 36
2.5.5 Assessment by advanced calculation models ... 45
2.5.5.1 Introduction ... 45
2.5.5.2 Thermal analysis ... 45
2.5.5.3 Mechanical analysis ... 48
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ... 53
3.1 Description ... 53
3.2 Experimental campaign ... 56
3.2.1 Test procedure for the Cold Mechanical Characterization (TEST 1 – CMC) ... 57
3.2.2 Test procedure for the Thermal Characterization of the Transient Phase (TEST 2 – TCTP) ... 61
3.2.3 Test procedure for the Hot Mechanical Characterization (TEST 3 – HMC)... 63
Contents iii
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYTICAL EVALUATIONS ... 67
4.1 General ... 67
4.2 Clay samples (CLAY) ... 70
4.3 Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) ... 72
4.4 Lightweight concrete... 75
4.4.1 Lightweight concrete with expanded clay (LWC) ... 76
4.4.2 Lightweight concrete with volcanic lapillus (LWC-LAP) ... 76
4.4.3 Lightweight concrete for Façade (LWC-FV) ... 76
4.5 Mortar ... 80
4.5.1 Mortar type M5 ... 80
4.5.2 Mortar type M10 ... 80
4.6 Reduction factors definition ... 83
4.7 Prediction of the masonry modulus of elasticity: an application of the “Pile Model” ... 87
4.8 Uniaxial constitutive law determination ... 91
4.8.1 The Popovič model ... 91
4.8.2 Application of Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm ... 93
4.8.3 Validation procedure ... 97
4.8.4 Obtained results ... 99
4.8.4.1 Clay ... 99
4.8.4.2 AAC ... 103
4.8.4.3 Lightweight aggregate concrete ... 106
4.8.4.4 Mortar... 111
iv Contents
5. ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR OUT-OF-PLANE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR . 115
5.1 Overview ... 115
5.2 Thermal analysis ... 116
5.3 Mechanical analysis ... 119
5.3.1 Description of the mathematical model and basic hypotheses ... 119
5.3.1.1 Field 1 ... 122
5.3.1.2 Field 2 ... 124
5.3.1.3 Field 3 ... 125
5.3.1.4 Field 4 ... 127
5.3.1.5 Field 5 ... 128
5.3.1.6 Definition of the M–N crushing domain ... 129
5.3.2 Adaptation of the model to particular cases ... 130
5.3.3 Application of the model and presentation of results... 131
5.3.3.1 Lightweight aggregate concrete ... 131
5.3.3.2 Clay ... 138
5.3.3.3 Aerated Autoclaved Concrete (AAC) ... 142
5.3.4 Example application of the model to a load-bearing wall of a hospital ... 143
5.4 Final remarks... 146
