Diagnostic Imaging

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Contents I

MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Diagnostic Imaging

Editors:

A. L. Baert, Leuven K. Sartor, Heidelberg

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Contents III

A. M. Davies, K. Johnson, and R. W. Whitehouse (Eds.)

Imaging of the

Hip & Bony Pelvis

Techniques and Applications

With Contributions by

J. E. Adams · H. Alizadeh · A. Basille · T. H. Berquist · G. Bierry · S. Bianchi ·X. Buy V. N. Cassar-Pullicino · D. Connell · P. Cunningham · J. Cupelli · C. Czerny · A. M. Davies S. Eustace · I. Fogelman · A. Gangi · A. Gentili · S. F. Hain · P. Hughes · H. Imhof · K. J. Johnson A. G. Jurik · J. Kramer · G. Koulouris · G. Laub · F. E. Lecouvet · B. Maldague · J. Malghem C. Martinoli · W. C. G. Peh · J. J. Peterson · M. P. Recht · D. Ritchie · U. J. Skripkus · J. Teh

K. Tallroth · B. J. Tins · B. C. Vande Berg · D. Vanel · R. W. Whitehouse · H. Williams · D. Wilson N. B. Wright

Foreword by

A. L. Baert

With 413 Figures in 756 Separate Illustrations, 45 in Color and 28 Tables

123

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IV Contents

A. Mark Davies, MD Consultant Radiologist The MRI Centre

Royal Orthopaedic Hospital Birmingham B31 2AP UK

Karl J. Johnson, MD

Consultant Paediatric Radiologist Princess of Wales

Birmingham Children’s Hospital Steelhouse Lane

Birmingham B4 6NH UK

Richard William Whitehouse, MD Department of Clinical Radiology Manchester Royal Inﬁ rmary Oxford Road

Manchester, M13 9WL UK

Medical Radiology · Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology Series Editors: A. L. Baert · L. W. Brady · H.-P. Heilmann · M. Molls · K. Sartor Continuation of Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie

Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology

Library of Congress Control Number: 200417403

ISBN 3-540-20640-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 978-3-540-20640-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speciﬁ - cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microﬁ lm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media http//www.springeronline.com

The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁ c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Medical Editor: Dr. Ute Heilmann, Heidelberg Desk Editor: Ursula N. Davis, Heidelberg Production Editor: Kurt Teichmann, Mauer

Cover-Design and Typesetting: Verlagsservice Teichmann, Mauer Printed on acid-free paper – 21/3151xq – 5 4 3 2 1 0

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Contents V

It is my great pleasure and privilege to introduce another volume on modern musculoskeletal imaging edited by A. M. Davies, K. Johnson and R. Whitehouse.

The hip joint and the bony pelvis are anatomical structures that are subject to frequent and various disease processes. Radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, and rheumatologists are confronted in their daily practice with many of these conditions. Due to the continuous progress in diagnostic imaging modalities and new insights into the pathophysiology and biomechanics of the hip joint and bony pelvis there is a need for regular updates of our knowledge in this ﬁ eld.

The concept of this book is based on a comprehensive coverage of both the imaging modalities and the applications of all these techniques to a speciﬁ c anatomic area and all the pathologic conditions related to it.

The short preparation period of this volume – less than 15 months – ensures, as in the other volumes on musculoskeletal radiology in this series edited by A. M. Davies, that the most recent advances of hip joint and bony pelvis imaging are included.

I am greatly indebted to the three editors for their brilliant editorial work and their superb personal contributions. I congratulate them on their judicious choice of contributing authors, all well-known and internationally recognized experts in the ﬁ eld.

I am convinced that this excellent volume will be of great interest for radiologists in training and certiﬁ ed radiologists, and also for orthopedic surgeons and rheumatologists.

It is my sincere wish that this work meets the same success as so many other volumes previously published in the series Medical Radiology – Diagnostic Imaging.

Leuven Albert L. Baert

Foreword

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Contents VII

Preface

As our understanding of the disease processes and the biomechanics of the hip joint and bony pelvis improves, there is a need to continuously update radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons and other professionals working in this ﬁ eld. This book, in common with sev- eral others published in this series, takes a dual approach to the subject.

The ﬁ rst section acquaints the reader with the full range of techniques available for imaging the hip joint and musculoskeletal pelvic pathology, emphasizing the indications and contraindications. The six chapters include contributions on radiography, computed tomography and CT arthrography, magnetic resonance imaging and MR arthrography, ultrasound, nuclear medicine and interventional techniques. The remaining 18 chapters discuss the optimal application of these techniques to speciﬁ c pathologies, highlighting practical solutions to both common and uncommon clinical problems.

The discerning reader may note a few minor contradictions in the text (recommended gauge of needle, volume of contrast medium, use or not of local anaesthetics for arthrography, etc.) reﬂ ecting the different practices of the authors. The editors have deliberately not edited out these inconsistencies, thereby allowing the reader to appreciate that, even between centres of excellence, practices can and will vary.

The editors are grateful to the international panel of authors for their contributions to this book, which aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current imaging of the hip joint and musculoskeletal pelvis.

Birmingham A. Mark Davies

Birmingham Karl Johnson

Manchester Richard W. Whitehouse

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Contents IX

Imaging Techniques and Procedures. . . 1 1 Radiographic Evaluation

Ugne Julia Skripkus and Amilcare Gentili. . . 3 2 Computed Tomography (CT) and CT Arthrography

Richard W. Whitehouse. . . 15 3 MR and MR Arthrography

Josef Kramer, Gerhard Laub, Christian Czerny,

and Michael P. Recht. . . 31 4 Ultrasound

Stefano Bianchi and Carlo Martinoli. . . 49 5 Nuclear Medicine

Sharon F. Hain and Ignac Fogelman. . . 59 6 Interventional Procedures

Afshin Gangi, Antonio Basille, Houman Alizadeh, Xavier Buy,

Juan Cupelli, and Guillaume Bierry . . . 73

Clinical Problems . . . 91 7 Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities

Karl J. Johnson and A. Mark Davies . . . 93 8 Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip 1: Child

Helen Williams and Karl J. Johnson . . . 107 9 Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip 2: Adult

Kaj Tallroth . . . 125 10 Imaging of the Irritable Hip and Hip Infection

James Teh and David Wilson . . . 141 11 Perthes’ Disease

Neville B. Wright . . . 159 12 Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis

Bernhard J. Tins and Victor N. Cassar-Pullicino . . . 173

Contents

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X Contents

13 Osteonecrosis and Transient Osteoporosis of the Femoral Head

Bruno C. Vande Berg, Frederic E. Lecouvet, Baudouin Maldague,

and Jacques Malghem . . . 195 14 Bony Trauma 1: Pelvic Ring

Philip Hughes . . . 217 15 Bony Trauma 2: Proximal Femur

Jeffrey J. Peterson and Thomas H. Berquist . . . 237 16 Bone Trauma 3: Stress Fractures

Wilfred C. G. Peh and A. Mark Davies . . . 247 17 Soft Tissue Injuries

George Koulouris and David Connell . . . 267 18 Arthritis 1: Hip

Herwig Imhof . . . 283 19 Arthritis 2: Sacroiliac Joint

Anne Grethe Jurik. . . 299 20 Bone and Soft Tissue Infection

A. Mark Davies and Richard W. Whitehouse. . . 323 21 Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Judith Adams . . . 333 22 Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions

David Ritchie, A. Mark Davies, and Daniel Vanel . . . 353 23 Paget’s Disease of Bone

Richard W. Whitehouse and A. Mark Davies . . . 381 24 Hip Prosthesis

Stephen Eustace and Patricia Cunningham . . . 393

Subject Index . . . 403 List of Contributors. . . 409

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Radiographic Evaluation 1

Imaging Techniques and Procedures