Behaviour and Attitude Change Study Report
Per country analysis
Country: ITALY
This document has been produced with the financial support of the Rights, Equality and Citizenship (REC) Programme of the European Union. The contents are the sole responsibility of the CONVEY project partners and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Commission.
1. ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLE OF RESPONDENTS (Demographic information)
A.
Age
The age of the participants was 14 for 25 participants, 15 for 16 participants and 16 for one participant.
B. Gender
The representation of the participants according to gender: 20 girls (47,6%) and 22 (52,4%) boys.
C. Special Needs
The representation of the participants according to their special needs: 1 participant (2,4%) mentioned that has special needs.
D. Live with
The representation of the participants according to the number and typology of family members: 41 participants (97%) live with their mother, 35 participants live with their father, 25 participants live with their brother and 20 participants live with their sister. Only 3 participants live with their grandmother and 2 participants live with their grandfather.
E. Siblings
The representation of the participants according to the age of the siblings: 15 participants have siblings between 6-11 years old so younger than them; 7 participants have siblings between 12- 15, 8 participants have siblings between 16-17, 7 participants have siblings between 18-19, 7 participants have siblings between 20-22 and the last 6 participants have siblings between 23- 26. Only on participant has a sibling younger than 5 years old.
F. Language spoken at home
According to the questionnaires, the vast majority of students spoke the National language.
G.
1.1.1. ROLES AND GENDER STEREOTYPES A. In general
7
10
8
32 31 32
3
1 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Teenage girls do not have enough female role models.
TRUE/AGREE FALSE/DON'T AGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants according across the three questionnaires remained almost the same: 31-32 participants do not agree with the statement: “Teenage girls do not have enough female role models”.
Compared to the initial questionnaire where 7 participants agreed the statement that “teenage girls do not have enough female role models” this increased only by one (8 participants by the final evaluation).
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their
16
24
19 17
8
15
3 4 3 4 4
6
2 3
1 0
5 10 15 20 25 30
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Printed Media support different roles for women and men.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
statement. This number is also supported by other 15 participants that somehow agree with the same statement by the final evaluation.
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Such support by printed media is acceptable”. Before the Pilot Programme 13 participants agreed that the printed media is offering an acceptable support for different roles of men and women and only 6 disagreed with the above mentioned statement.
By the final evaluation, the number of participants that agreed decreased to 6 and the number of the ones that somehow disagree and disagree increased to 14 and respectively to 13.
13
6 6
11
8 8
10 10
14
6
14
13
2
4
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Such support by printed media is acceptable.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Electronic Media support different roles for women and men”: the number of participants that agreed with the statement remained more or less the same level for the first two evaluations (19 and 21) and then decreased to 11 at the final evaluation. The crucial change was visible in the number that disagreed 1 for initial, 8 for interim and final.
19
21
11 13
7
14
8
3
8
1
8 8
1
3
1 0
5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Electronic Media support different roles for women and men.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Such support by electronic media is acceptable”: there is a visible shift in the number that disagree with this statement between the initial questionnaire (9) and the interim (17) and final evaluation (15). The same number of participants (10) that agreed at the initial evaluation and the final.
6
3
7 10
7
10 15
13
9 9
17
15
2 2
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Such support by electronic media is acceptable.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Social Media support different roles for men and women/boys and girls”: if at the initial evaluation 17 participants agreed with the statement, this number increased by 19 at interim to drop to 14 at the final evaluation. The same fluctuation is visible also for the participants that “somehow disagree” with the statement: 7 at the initial, 6 at interim and 8 at the final. The number of participants that disagree was quite small, 2 at the initial evaluation and 4 for interim and final.
17
19
14 14
10
15
7
6
8
2
4 4
2
3
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Social Media support different roles for men and women/boys and girls.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Such support of gender roles by social media is acceptable”: the number of participants that agreed with the statement decreased significantly from 17 at the initial to 3 at interim and 6 at the final evaluation. The number of participants that somehow agreed with the statement also decreased from 14 at the initial to 8 at the final. These data are supported by the increased number and change of opinions of participants that disagreed with the statement (social media support is acceptable) from 2 at the initial to 16 at interim and 11 at the final evaluation.
17
3
6 14
13
8 7
8
14
2
16
11
2 2
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Such support of gender roles by social media is acceptable.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
B. Within the Family
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Do you agree that mothers and fathers have the same responsibilities to their family?”: the number of participants that replied yes to this statement decreased but not significantly from 36 at initial to 34 at interim and 33 at the final evaluation.
36 34 33
5 6
1 2 4 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Do you agree that mothers and fathers have the same responsibilities to their family?
YES NO NO RESPONSE
25
18
23
15
19 18
2
5 5 1
10 15 20 25 30
Do you agree that some jobs are more
appropriate for men?
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement:”Do you agree that some jobs are more appropriate for men?”: ?”:
the number of participants that replied yes to this statement decreased but not significantly from 25 at initial to 18 at interim and 23 at the final evaluation.
C. At Work
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Do you agree that some jobs are more appropriate for women?” the participants were split in two almost equal groups with no significant fluctuations: 18 said yes and 22 said no at the initial, 20 said yes and 19 said no at the interim and 21 said yes and 20 said no at the final evaluation.
18 22 20 21
19 20
2 3
1 0
5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Do you agree that some jobs are more appropriate for women?
YES NO NO RESPONSE
D. Sexualization of women
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Teenage girls should follow the trend and fashion so that they can be sexually attractive”, the number of participants that disagreed with the statement was significantly high across all three evaluations: 36 at the initial and interim and 37 at the final.
6 5 4
36 36 37
0 1 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Teenage girls should follow the trend and fashion so that they can be sexually attractive.
TRUE/AGREE FALSE/DON'T AGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement:”Teenage girls who view sexually objectifying images of women on the Internet are more likely to accept violence”, a high number of participants do not agree with the above mentioned statement: 25 at the initial, 31 at interim and 28 at the final evaluation.
15
9
13 25
31
28
2 2 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Teenage girls
who view sexually objectifying images of women on the Internet are more likely to accept
violence.
TRUE/AGREE FALSE/DON'T AGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement ”A girl who wears provocative clothing is an 'easy one' or is 'asking for it' and dresses provocatively to catch attention and sexual desire of boys”: 22 participants consider the statement as false, a number that increases for interim and final at 27 participants.
19
14 14
22
27 27
1 1 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
A girl who wears provocative clothing is an 'easy one' or is 'asking for it' and dresses provocatively
to catch attention and sexual desire of boys.
TRUE/AGREE FALSE/DON'T AGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: ”A lot of times, women who say they were raped had led the man on and then they regretted it”: the number of participants who somehow disagreed with the statement increased at the interim and final compared to the initial evaluation. A similar path can be noticed by also at the number of the ones who disagreed with the same statement (from 7 at the initial to 16 at interim and 13 at the final).
1.1.2. INTIMATE RELATIONS A. Slap
10
5
7 11
7 7
7
16
13
10
12
14
3
2
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
A lot of times, women who say they were raped had led the man on and then they regreted it.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If in a couple, one partner slaps the other, is this violence?” the number of the participants that said yes was high from the initial evaluation (27) and increased to 30 at the interim evaluation and then to 34 for the final. The results of this question showed clearly a change of opinion with a crescendo frequency as the pilot is finishing.
27
30
34
3
8
3 11
3 3
1 1 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If in a couple, one partner slaps the other, is this violence?
YES NO IT DEPENDS ON THE REASON NO RESPONSE
Sex
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If two people are in a relationship, and one forces the other to have sex, is this a form of violence?”: the number of the participants that said yes was high from the initial evaluation (32) and increased to 35 at the interim evaluation and then dropped again to 32 for the final.
32
35
32
7
5 5
3
1 2
0 1 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If two people are in a relationship, and one forces the other to have sex, is this a form of violence?
YES NO IT DEPENDS ON THE REASON NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If you answered yes to question 4g, how serious do you think this is”: the number of the participants that said very serious was high from the initial evaluation (20) and increased to 21 at the interim evaluation and then dropped to 19 for the final.
20 21
19
14
11
14
3 4
3 0
2
0
5 5 6
0 5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If you answered yes to question 4g, how serious do you think this is?
VERY SERIOUS QUIET SERIOUS NOT THAT SERIOUS NOT AT ALL SERIOUS NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If you answered yes to question 4i, how serious do you think this is?” the number of the participants that said very serious is 21 from the initial evaluation and stayed the same across the interim and the final evaluation.
21 21 21
16
13
15
2 3
1
1 2
0
2 3
6
0 5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If you answered yes to question 4i, how serious do you think this is?
VERY SERIOUS QUIET SERIOUS NOT THAT SERIOUS NOT AT ALL SERIOUS NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If you answered yes to question 4k, how serious do you think this is?” the number of the participants that said very serious is 20 from the initial evaluation and stayed the same for the final evaluation. The same steadiness can be observed for the frequency that chose quiet serious, respectively 14 (initial), 14 (interim) and 13 (final).
20 19
21
14 14
13
2 3 3
0 1
0
6 5 5
0 5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If you answered yes to question 4k, how serious do you think this is?
VERY SERIOUS QUIET SERIOUS NOT THAT SERIOUS NOT AT ALL SERIOUS NO RESPONSE
B. Reaction
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: ”How do you think you would react if you saw a woman/girl being physically assaulted by her partner?”, more than half of the students (23) said that they will
“say or do something else to help” for initial and interim, but the number decreased for 18 at the final evaluation. Only 12 of the would “intervene to try and stop the violent person”.
3
0
2
6 6
8 12
17
12
23 23
18
4
0
2 0
5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
How do you think you would react if you saw a woman/girl being physically assaulted by her
partner?
IGNORE
FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE BUT SAY NOTHING
PHYSICALLY INTERVENE TO TRY AND STOP THE VIOLENT PERSON SAY OR DO SOMETHING ELSE TO HELP
OTHER
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “How do you think you would react if you saw a female family member or close friend being physically assaulted by her partner?” the frequency of students that would intervene to try and stop the violent person was bigger compared to the previous question, most likely because in this situation the victim would be a family member: 23 at the initial, 22 at interim and decreased at 21 at the final.
1 0 2
0 1 3
23 22 21
16
24
18
5
1 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
How do you think you would react if you saw a female family member or close friend being
physically assaulted by her partner?
IGNORE
FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE BUT SAY NOTHING
PHYSICALLY INTERVENE TO TRY AND STOP THE VIOLENT PERSON SAY OR DO SOMETHING ELSE TO HELP
OTHER
C. Justification
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Domestic violence is a private matter and should be handled in the family” the participants that do not agree with the statement was at 28 at the initial and become 29 for interim and final evaluation.
14
12 12
28 29 29
0 1 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Domestic violence is a private matter and should be handled in the family.
AGREE DO NOT AGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement:”A woman cannot be raped by someone she is in a sexual relationship with”, the visible increase in the number of students that disagree with the statement showed that during the pilot there were mixed opinions, due to exercises and activities that have crystallised by the end of the pilot and the number grew to 27 fully disagree and 6 somehow disagree.
7 6
3 3
8
4 7
9
6 23
16
27
2 3
2 0
5 10 15 20 25 30
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
A woman cannot be raped by someone she is in a sexual relationship with.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement:“Women who are sexually assaulted or harassed should sort it out themselves than report it”; a high number of students disagreed with the statement from the initial evaluation (28) and interim and grew to 29 at the final.
1
3 3
6
4 3
7
5 5
28 28 29
0
2 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Women who are sexually assaulted or harassed should sort it out themselves than report it.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
1.1.3. STALKING AND CONTROLLING BEHAVIOUR A. Stalking and controlling behaviour
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Do you think that repeatedly following or watching someone at home or at work (stalking) is a form of violence? The number of students that agreed with the above-mentioned statement grew from 19 at the initial to 28 at interim and then 29 at final, visible decreasing the frequency of no or it depends options.
19
28 29
16
8 9
5 4
2 2 3
1 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Do you think that repeatedly following or watching someone at home or at work (stalking)
is a form of violence?
YES NO IT DEPENDS ON THE REASON NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Do you think thatharassment via repeated phone calls, emails, text messages and the like is a form of violence?”; the majority (30) agreed at the beginning with the statement and was the same at the final evaluation. This shows a steady understanding of this forms of violence.
30
25
30
5
10
6 6
3 4
1
5
2 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Do you think that harassment via repeated phone calls, emails, text messages and the like is a form
of violence?
YES NO IT DEPENDS ON THE REASON NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If a man keeps track of a woman's location and activities, would you say this is violence?”; The number of students that agreed with the above mentioned statement grew from 20 at the initial to 25 at interim and final.
20
25 25
14
10 9
3 5 3 4
4 4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If a man keeps track of a woman's location and activities, would you say this is violence?
YES NO IT DEPENDS ON THE REASON NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If a woman keeps track of a man's location and activities, would you say this is violence?” the students were divided in two equal groups (the ones that chose yes and the ones that chose no) at the initial evaluation, but increased to 25 and then to 24 by the final evaluation showing their understanding that a violence experience can happen to anyone no matter the gender.
1.1.4. SEXUAL VIOLENCE
A. Justifying men
18
25 24
18
10 11
5
3
6
1
5
1 0
5 10 15 20 25 30
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If a woman keeps track of a man's location and activities, would you say this is violence?
YES NO IT DEPENDS ON THE REASON NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “A man is less responsible for rape if he is drunk or under the influence of drugs at the time”; 18 participants out of 42 mentioned at the initial evaluation that they disagree with the statement and then grew to 19 at interim and 21 at the final. A still high number, 9 participants, still agreed at the final evaluation, justifying the violence.
8
6
3 11
7
9
5
7 6
18 19
21
0
2 3
0 5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
A man is less responsible for rape if he is drunk or under the influence of drugs at the time.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Rape results from men not being able to control their natural need for sex”: the number of participants that somehow agreed to the statement remained the same across the three evaluations, 16 at the initial and final. The number of students that disagreed with the same statement decreased from 13 at the initial and interim to 9 at the final evaluation.
B. Victim blaming
7 7
4 16
14
16
5
6
9
13 13
9
1
2
4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Rape results from men not being able to control their natural need for sex.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If a woman goes to a room alone with a man at a party, it is her fault if she is raped”: 11 participants agreed and 7 somehow agreed to this statement after the Pilot and 11 disagreed and 8 somehow disagreed to this. A number of 5 also chose not to answer although they did chose an option at the initial and interim.
12
9
11 13
9
7 8
9
8 9
12
11
0
3
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If a woman goes to a room alone with a man at a party, it is her fault if she is raped.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If a woman is sexually assaulted while she is drunk or is under the influence of drugs, she is at least partly responsible for the assault”: the number of students that disagreed with the statement before the pilot was higher (15) than the final evaluation (13) almost equal to the ones that agreed to the statement after the pilot finished (12).
6
8
12
8 8
9 9
11
7 15
11
13
4 4
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If a woman is sexually assaulted while she is drunk or is under the influence of drugs, she is at
least partly responsible for the assault.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
C. Consent
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “If a woman does not physically resist, even if protesting verbally, then it is not really rape”: the number of the participants that disagreed with the statement was 17 from before the pilot sessions, increased to 22 but then decreased to 17 again, data which is supported by the stable number of students that somehow agree to it.
7 6
8 12
6
12
5 5
4 17
22
17
1
3
1 0
5 10 15 20 25
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
If a woman does not physically resist, even if protesting verbally, then it is not really rape.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
The representation of the participants across the three questionnaires according to their opinion to the statement: “Women often say 'no' when they really mean 'yes”; the number of student that initially agreed with the statement (17) decreased by 12 at interim and finalized at 13 by the final evaluation. The number of the students that disagreed had a slight increase from 6 at the initial to 10 at interim and then stabilize at 8 at the final evaluation.
8
6
8 17
11
13 11
12 12
6
10
8
0
3
1 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
INITIAL INTERIM FINAL
Women often say 'no' when they really mean 'yes'.
AGREE SOMEWHAT AGREE SOMEWHAT DISAGREE DISAGREE NO RESPONSE
CONCLUSION
The results of the behavioral and attitude change for Cyprus after the pilot programme in schools with students aged 14-18 in the framework of the CONVEY project shed positive results.
The data present in this Report depicts that on many topics related to violence many of the students’ opinions and attitudes were shaken or changed. This change was proved by the positive increase of frequency at the interim compared to the initial evaluation. Nonetheless, the final results of the final questionnaire showed that for the majority of the below analysed questions, the positive frequency number was lower than the interim or equal to the initial (please see e.g. questions 8a, 8d, 3b, 4g).
This change can also be interpreted that most changes happened at the time of the interim evaluation and thus at the middle of the pilot implementation. As this is a phenomenon observed to multiple analysed topics/questions, it can also symbolise that at the middle of the pilot there was a “revolution” in the minds, assumptions and understanding of what is a violent experience and what justifies it. Although, the interim values that showed a positive change decreased by the final evaluation compared to the interim positive values (but not significantly, except the question 7l), overall most of the questions depicted a positive change in attitude and opinions and a tangible impact of the CONVEY pilot programme.
