Yearbook of Intensive Care

Yearbook of Intensive Care

and Emergency Medicine 2006

Edited by J.-L. Vincent

Yearbook

of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2006

Edited by J.-L. Vincent

With 160 Figures and 62 Tables

1 2

Prof. Jean-Louis Vincent

Head, Department of Intensive Care

Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

ISBN 3-540-30155-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 978-3-540-30155-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

ISSN 0942-5381

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag.

Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com

° Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publi- cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book.

In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the rele- vant literature.

Typesetting: K+V Fotosatz, Beerfelden Printing: Strauss Offsetdruck, Mærlenbach

SPIN 11584445 21/3130-5 4 3 2 1 0 ± Printed on acid-free paper

Cellular Responses in Sepsis

The Role of Toll-like Receptors in Sepsis . . . . 3 W.J. Wiersinga and T. van der Poll

The Emerging Role of RAGE in Sepsis . . . . 14 M.A. Weigand, C. Bopp, and B.W. Bættiger

Oxidative Stress in Sepsis: Implications on Liver Protein

Patterns and Analysis via Modified Proteomics Technology . . 23 J.A. Vogt, P. Radermacher, and E. Barth

HSP90: The Unsung Villain of Sepsis? . . . . 35 J.P. Burnie and R.C. Matthews

The Role of Extracellular Heat Shock Proteins

in Cellular Inflammation and Injury . . . . 45 D.S. Wheeler, B. Zingarelli, and H.R. Wong

Quantitative in vivo Protein Synthesis as a Measure

of Immune Function . . . . 52 A. Januszkiewicz, O. Rooyackers, and J. Wernerman

Fluid Resuscitation and Immunomodulation

in the Critically Ill . . . . 68 M. Raghavan, H. Murray, and J.A. Kellum

Cellular Dysfunction

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Critical Illness Myopathy . . . 79 E. Kothmann and S.V. Baudouin

Lactic Acidosis and Hyperlactatemia . . . . 88 B. Levy

Table of Contents

Cardiovascular Dysfunction Physiology and Pathophysiology

of the Natriuretic Peptide System . . . 101 J. Boldt and S.W. Suttner

Heart Failure as a Co-Morbidity in the ICU . . . 110 M.R. Pinsky

The Vascular Bed during Critical Illness:

Evaluation in Animal Models . . . 119 J. Gorrasi, J. Takala, and S.M. Jakob

Hemodynamic Monitoring

Intensive Care Echocardiography . . . 131 A.S. McLean and S.J. Huang

Intrathoracic Blood Volume: Clinical Applications . . . 142 G. Della Rocca and M.G. Costa

Hemodynamic Management Guided by Esophageal Doppler . . 153 X. Monnet and J.L. Teboul

Less Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring:

Characteristics and Limitations . . . 162 C.K. Hofer and A. Zollinger

Pulse Pressure Analysis . . . 176 M. Cecconi, J. Wilson, and A. Rhodes

Pulse Pressure Variations in Managing Fluid Requirement:

Beware The Pitfalls! . . . 185 A. Vieillard-Baron

Minimally Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring Using

the Pressure Recording Analytical Method . . . 192 S. Scolletta, S.M. Romano, and P. Giomarelli

Table of Contents

VI

Coagulopathies

Thrombotic Microangiopathy Syndrome in the ICU . . . 205 S.Samy Modeliar, M. Monge, and M. Slama

Altered Functionality of von Willebrand Factor in Sepsis

and Thrombocytopenia: Potential Role of ADAMTS-13 . . . 219 R.A. Claus, K. Reinhart, and F.M. Brunkhorst

Coagulopathy in the Critically Injured Patient . . . 232 A. Mayo, U. Martinowitz, and Y. Kluger

Critical Bleeding in Blunt Trauma Patients . . . 244 O. Chiara, S. Cimbanassi, and S. Vesconi

Trauma: Bleeding, Coagulopathy and Blood Component

Transfusion . . . 255 R. Rossaint and D.R. Spahn

Hemostatic Resuscitation . . . 265 N.R. McMullin, J.B. Holcomb, and J. Sondeen

Effects of Plasma Substitutes on Coagulation . . . 279 M. Levi and E. de Jonge

Blood Transfusions

Transfusion as a Risk Factor for ALI and ARDS . . . 289 J. Belsher, H. Khan, and O. Gajic

Red Blood Cell Desialylation in Critically Ill Patients:

An Underestimated Cause of Anemia . . . 297 M. Piagnerelli, K. Zouaoui Boudjeltia, and M. Vanhaeverbeek

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Clinical Predictors of Physiological Deterioration and Subsequent Cardiorespiratory Arrest among

Hospitalized Patients . . . 309 N.D. Hartman, B.B. Mehring, and W.J. Brady

Cardiocerebral Resuscitation:

A Better Approach to Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest . . . 316 G.A. Ewy, M.J. Kellum, and K.B. Kern

Table of Contents VII

Induced Hypothermia for Neuroprotection:

Understanding the Underlying Mechanisms . . . 328 K.H. Polderman

Acute Lung Injury

Hyaluronan in Acute Lung Injury . . . 349 D.A. Quinn and H.G. Garg

Aspiration-induced Lung Injury:

Experimental and Human Studies . . . 359 M.A. Matthay, G. Mednick, and Z.A. Matthay

Pulmonary Edema in Organ Donors and Lung Transplant

Recipients: Is There a Role for Beta-adrenergic Agonists? . . . . 366 M.B. Covarrubias and L.B. Ware

Respiratory Support

Current Concepts of Airway Management in the ICU

and the Emergency Department . . . 377 C. Byhahn, D. Meininger, and B. Zwissler

Use of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

in Critically Ill Patients . . . 392 S.M. Maggiore, A. Arcangeli, and M. Antonelli

Non-invasive Respiratory Support in Pre-term Neonates

and Pediatric Patients with Respiratory Failure . . . 400 P. Pelosi, G. Chidini, and E. Calderini

Fast and Slow Compliance: Time, in Addition to Pressure

and Volume, is a Key Factor for Lung Mechanics . . . 415 O. Stenqvist, H. Odenstedt, and S. Lundin

Does Ventilator-induced Lung Injury Initiate

Non-pulmonary Organ Dysfunction? . . . 424 L. Brander and A.S. Slutsky

Monitoring in Respiratory Failure

Electrical Impedance Tomography and its Perspectives

in Intensive Care Medicine . . . 437 I. Frerichs, J. Scholz, and N. Weiler

Table of Contents

VIII

Electrical Impedance Tomography for Monitoring

of Regional Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients . . . 448 C. Putensen, J. Zinserling, and H. Wrigge

Volumetric Capnography for Monitoring Lung Function

during Mechanical Ventilation . . . 458 F. Suarez-Sipmann, G. Tusman, and S.H. Bæhm

Monitoring Respiratory Drive and Respiratory Muscle

Unloading during Mechanical Ventilation . . . 468 J. Beck and C. Sinderby

Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation . . . 477 R. P. Dellinger

Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation

in Acutely Brain-injured Patients . . . 486 J.L.Y. Tsang and N.D. Ferguson

Non-invasive Ventilation for Respiratory Failure

after Extubation . . . 494 J. Sellares, M. Ferrer, and A. Torres

Burn Injury

Importance of Airway Management in Burn

and Smoke Inhalation-induced Acute Lung Injury . . . 505 P. Enkhbaatar, L.D. Traber, and D.L. Traber

Metabolic Changes Following Major Burn Injury:

How to Imp rove Outcome . . . 514 W.B. Norbury, M.G. Jeschke, and D.N. Herndon

Antibiotic Dosing in Burn Injury:

Should We be Looking at the Tissues More Closely? . . . 525 K. Ranasinghe, S.E. Cross, and B. Venkatesh

Metabolic Support

Defining Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in the Critically Ill:

The ACTH Test Revisited . . . 539 M.F.C. de Jong, A. Beishuizen, and A.B.J. Groeneveld

Table of Contents IX

Enteral Nutrition in the Critically Ill:

Should We Feed into the Small Bowel? . . . 552 A.R. Davies, N. Orford, and S. Morrison

Tight Energy Balance Control for Preventing Complications

in the ICU . . . 561 P. Singer, J. Singer, and J. Cohen

Bacteriological Problems

Acute Pneumonia and Importance of Atypical Bacteria . . . 571 I. Boyadjiev, M. Lone, and C. Martin

Antibiotic Resistance in the Intensive Care Unit . . . 582 L. del Sorbo and J.C. Marshall

Fungal Infections

Systemic Candida Infection in the ICU . . . 595 P. Svoboda and I. Kantorov—

Candida Colonization Index in the Management

of Critically Ill Patients . . . 604 P. Eggimann and D. Pittet

Antifungal Therapy in Surgical ICU Patients . . . 613 M.A. Weigand, C. Lichtenstern, and B.W. Bættiger

Hepatosplanchnic Failure

Splanchnic Perfusion and Oxygenation in Critical Illness . . . . 627 L.A. Schwarte, M.F. Stevens, and C. Ince

Liver Failure: Diagnostic Assessment and Therapeutic

Op tions . . . 641 A. Kortgen and M. Bauer

Immunoparalysis in Liver Disease . . . 650 C.G. Antoniades, P. A. Berry, and J. Wendon

Hepatorenal Syndrome . . . 661 P. Angeli

Table of Contents

X

Renal Failure

Sepsis and Acute Renal Failure . . . 673 R.W. Schrier, E. Zolty, and W. Wang

Sixty Years of `Extended Dialysis' in the ICU . . . 680 J.T. Kielstein, C. Hafer, and D. Fliser

Anticoagulation in CRRT: Systemic or Regional? . . . 690 H.M. Oudemans-van Straaten

Plasma Filtration Adsorption Dialysis:

A New Experimental Approach to Treatment of Sepsis

and MOF . . . 697 F. Nalesso and C. Ronco

Sleep and Delirium

Sleepin the ICU . . . 709 B. Cabello, L. Brochard, and J. Mancebo

Sleepand Delirium in the Critically Ill: Cause or Effect? . . . . 719 A.C. Trompeo, Y. Vidi, and V.M. Ranieri

Delirium, Recall and the Post-ICU Challenge . . . 726 R.D. Griffiths and C. Jones

Contemporary Issues

Morbid Obesity as a Determinant of Outcome

in the Critically Ill . . . 737 I. Kimand S.A. Nasraway Jr

Patient Safety Management System in Pediatric ICUs . . . 745 C. van der Starre, Y. van der Tuijn, and D. Tibboel

Information Exchange in Intensive Care: How can we improve? 755 B. Venkatesh, A. Miller, and A. Karnik

Catastrophic Anachronisms:

The Past, Present and Future of Disaster Medicine . . . 761 K.J. Rinnert, J.G. Wigginton, and P.E. Pepe

Table of Contents XI

Health Services Research and Critical Care . . . 773 K. Hillman and J. Chen

Healthcare Disparities in Critically Ill Patients . . . 778 G. S. Martin

International Comparisons of Intensive Care: Understanding the Differences . . . 786

H. Wunsch and D. C. Angus

Subject Index . . . 795 Table of Contents

XII

List of Contributors

Angeli P

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University Hospital Via Giustiniani 2 35100 Padova Italy Angus DC

The CRISMA Laboratory Department

of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh 606 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

Antonelli M

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

Agostino Gemelli University Hospital

Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Largo A. Gemelli 8

00168 Rome Italy

Antoniades CG

Institute of Liver Studies Liver Intensive Care Unit Bessemer Road

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom Arcangeli A

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

Agostino Gemelli University Hospital

Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Largo A. Gemelli 8

00168 Rome Italy

Barth E

University Anesthesiology Clinic Pathophysiology Section Parkstraûe 11

89073 Ulm Germany Baudouin SV

Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP United Kingdom

Bauer M

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy Friedrich-Schiller-University Erlanger Allee 101

07740 Jena Germany Beck J

Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center

Department of Pediatrics 76 Greenville Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 1B2 Canada

Beishuizen A

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Belsher J

Division of Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic

200 First Street SW

Rochester, MN 55905

USA

List of Contributors XIV

Berry PA

Institute of Liver Studies Liver Intensive Care Unit Bessemer Road

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom BæhmSH

Respiratory Laboratory USP Av Dr Arnaldo, 455 sala 2206 CEP 01246-903

Sao Paulo Brazil Boldt J

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen Bremserstraûe 79

67063 Ludwigshafen Germany

Bopp C

Department of Anesthesiology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 69120 Heidelberg Germany Bættiger BW

Department of Anesthesiology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 69120 Heidelberg Germany Boyadjiev I

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine

CHU Nord

Boulevard Pierre Dramard 13915 Marseille

France Brady WJ

Department of Emergency Medicine University of Virginia Health System PO Box 800699

Charlottesville, VA 22908-0699 USA

Brander L

Department of Critical Care Medicine

University Hospital-Inselspital Bern Switzerland

Brochard L

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Henri Mondor University Hospital 51 avenue du Marchal de Lattre de Tassigny

94010 Crteil France Brunkhorst FM

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich-Schiller-University Erlanger Allee 101

07747 Jena Germany Burnie JP

Department of Medical Microbiology Manchester Royal Infirmary Oxford Road

Manchester, M13 9WL United Kingdom Byhahn C

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine J.W. Goethe-University Hospital Center Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 D-60590 Frankfurt Germany

Cabello B

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Henri Mondor University Hospital 51 avenue du Marchal de Lattre de Tassigny

94010 Crteil France Calderini E

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Fondazione Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena IRCCS

Milan Italy Cecconi M

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

St. George's Hospital

London, SW17 0QT

United Kingdom

List of Contributors XV

Chen J

The Simpson Center for Health Services

University of New South Wales Liverpool Hospital

Liverpool BC, NSW 1871 Australia

Chiara O Trauma Team

Emergency Department Ospedale Niguarda Ca'Granda Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 20162 Milan

Italy Chidini G

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care

Fondazione Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena IRCCS

Milan Italy Cimbanassi S Trauma Team

Emergency Department Ospedale Niguarda Ca'Granda Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 20162 Milan

Italy Claus RA

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich-Schiller-University Erlanger Allee 101

07747 Jena Germany Cohen J

General Intensive Care Department Rabin Medical Center

Beilinson Campus Petah Tiqva, 49100 Tel Aviv

Israel Costa MG

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital P. le S. M. Misericordia, 15 33100 Udine

Italy

Covarrubias MB

Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Room T-1218 Medical Center North 1161 South 21st Avenue

Nashville, TN 37232-2650 USA

Cross SE

Therapeutics Research Unit Princess Alexandra Hospital Ipswich Road

Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia

Davies AR Intensive Care Unit The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road Melbourne, 3004 Victoria Australia

de Jonge E Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands de Jong MFC Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Boelelaan 1117

1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Della Rocca G

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital P. le S. M. Misericordia, 15 33100 Udine

Italy Dellinger RP

Department of Critical Care Medicine Cooper University Hospital

One Cooper Plaza, 393 Dorrance Camden, NJ 08103

USA

List of Contributors XVI

del Sorbo L

Department of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine University of Toronto St. Michael's Hospital

4th Floor Bond Wing, Rm. 4-007 30 Bond street

Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada

Eggimann P

Division of Critical Care Medicine CHUV ± BH 08-619

Bugnon 46 1011 Lausanne Switzerland Enkhbaatar P

Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue

Galveston, TX 77555 USA

Ewy GA

Department of Cardiology University of the Arizona Sarver Heart Center

1501 North Campbell Avenue Tucson, AZ 85724

USA Ferguson ND

Department of Critical Care Medicine Toronto Western Hospital

399 Bathurst Street, F2-150 Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada

Ferrer M

Department of Pneumology Hospital Clinic

Villarroel 170 08036 Barcelona Spain

Fliser D

Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine

Hanover Medical School Carl-Neuberg-Straûe 1 30625 Hannover Germany Frerichs I

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Schleswig-Holstein Schwanenweg 21

24105 Kiel Germany

Gajic O

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic

200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA

Garg HG

Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Bulfinch 148

Boston, MA 02114 USA

Giomarelli P

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Siena

Viale Bracci 1 53100 Siena Italy Gorrasi J

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

University Hospital Inselspital 3010 Bern

Switzerland Griffiths RD

Division of Metabolic and Cellular Medicine School of Clinical Science University of Liverpool Liverpool, L69 3GA United Kingdom Groeneveld ABJ Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Boelelaan 1117

1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Hafer C

Division of Nephrology

Department of Internal Medicine Hanover Medical School Carl-Neuberg-Straûe 1 30625 Hannover Germany Hartman ND

Department of Emergency Medicine University of Virginia Health System PO Box 800699

Charlottesville, VA 22908-0699

USA

List of Contributors XVII

Herndon DN

Department of Surgery Shriners Hospitals for Children 815 Market Street

Galveston, TX 77550 USA

Hillman K

Area Critical Care Service Liverpool Hospital Locked Bag 7103 Liverpool BC, NSW 1871 Australia

Hofer CK

Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Triemli City Hospital Birmensdorferstr. 497 8063 Zurich

Switzerland Holcomb JB

United States Army Institute of Surgical Research 340 Rawley E. Chambers Ave Ft. Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315 USA

Huang SJ

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

University of Sydney Nepean Campus, PO Box 63 Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia

Ince C

Department of Physiology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 19 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Jakob SM

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

University Hospital Inselspital 3010 Bern

Switzerland Januszkiewicz A

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge

14186 Stockholm Sweden

Jeschke MG

Department of Surgery Shriners Hospitals for Children 815 Market Street

Galveston, TX 77550 USA

Jones C

Division of Metabolic and Cellular Medicine School of Clinical Science University of Liverpool Liverpool, L69 3GA United Kingdom Kantorov— I Trauma Hospital

Research Center for Traumatology and Surgery

66250 Brno Czech Republic Karnik A

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Princess Alexandra Hospital University of Queensland Ipswich Road

QLD 4102 Australia KellumJA

Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh

3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

KellumMJ

Emergency Department Mercy Walworth Medical Center N2950 State Road 67

Lake Geneva, WI 53147 USA

Kern KB

Cardiac Catheterization Services University Medical Center 1501 North Campbell Avenue Tucson, AZ 85724

USA Khan H

Division of Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic

200 First Street SW

Rochester, MN 55905

USA

List of Contributors XVIII

Kielstein JT

Division of Nephrology

Department of Internal Medicine Hanover Medical School Carl-Neuberg-Straûe 1 30625 Hannover Germany

KimI Department of Surgery

Tufts-New England Medical Center 750 Washington Street, Box 4630 Boston, MA 02111

USA Kluger Y

Department of Surgery B Rambam Medical Center POB 9602

31096 Haifa Israel

United Kingdom Kortgen A

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich-Schiller-University Erlanger Allee 101

07740 Jena Germany Kothmann E

Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP United Kingdom

Lone M

Unit for Rickettsias CNRS UMR 6020 Faculty of Medicine 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille

France Levi M

Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands

Levy B Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Central Hospital

54000 Nancy France Lichtenstern C

Department of Anesthesiology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 69120 Heidelberg Germany Lundin S

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital Bla Straket 5

413 45 Gothenburg Sweden

Maggiore SM

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Agostino Gemelli

University Hospital

Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Largo A. Gemelli 8

00168 Rome Italy Mancebo J

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Hospital Santa Creu I Sant Pau Sant Antoni M. Claret 167 08025 Barcelona

Spain Marshall JC

Department of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine University of Toronto St. Michael's Hospital

4th Floor Bond Wing, Rm. 4-007 30 Bond Street

Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada

Martin C

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine CHU Nord

Boulevard Pierre Dramard 13915 Marseille

France

List of Contributors XIX

Martin GS

Division of Pulmonary,

Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Emory University School of Medicine 49 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, SE

Atlanta, GA 30303 USA

Martinowitz U Hemophilia Center Shiba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer 52621 Israel

Matthay MA

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Moffitt Hospital, Room M-917 505 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143-0624 USA

Matthay ZA

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Moffitt Hospital, Room M-917 505 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143-0624 USA

Matthews RC

Department of Medical Microbiology Manchester Royal Infirmary Oxford Road

Manchester, M13 9WL United Kingdom Mayo A

Department of Surgery B Rambam Medical Center POB 9602

31096 Haifa Israel McLean AS

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

University of Sydney Nepean Campus, PO Box 63 Penrith NSW 2751

Australia McMullin NR

United States Army Institute of Surgical Research 340 Rawley E. Chambers Ave Ft. Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315 USA

Mednick G

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Moffitt Hospital, Room M-917 505 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143-0624 USA

Mehring BB

Life Support Learning Center University of Virginia Health System PO Box 800309

Charlottesville, VA 22908-0309 USA

Meininger D

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine J.W. Goethe-University Hospital Center

Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 D-60590 Frankfurt Germany

Miller A

ARC Key Center for Human Factors McElwain Building

University of Queensland, QLD 4072 Australia

Monge M

Nephrology Internal Medicine Department

CHU Amiens ± HÖpital Sud 800054 Amiens

France Monnet X

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicžtre

78, rue du Gnral Leclerc 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicžtre France

Morrison S Intensive Care Unit The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road Melbourne, 3004 Victoria Australia

Murray H

Department of Critical Care Medicine

University of Pittsburgh

3550 Terrace Street

Pittsburgh, PA 15261

USA

List of Contributors XX

Nalesso F

Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation San Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 37 36100 Vicenza Italy

Nasraway SA Jr Department of Surgery

Tufts-New England Medical Center 750 Washington Street, Box 4630 Boston, MA 02111

USA Norbury WB

Department of Surgery Shriners Hospitals for Children 815 Market Street

Galveston, TX 77550 USA

Odenstedt H

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital Bla Straket 5

41345 Gothenburg Sweden

Orford N

Intensive Care Unit The Geelong Hospital 325 Ryrie Street Geelong, 3320 Victoria Melbourne

Oudemans-van Straaten HM Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Onze Lieve Vrouw Gasthuis PO Box 95500

1090 HM Amsterdam The Netherlands Pelosi P

Department of Anesthesiology Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi

Viale Borri 57 21100 Varese Italy

Pepe PE

Department of Emergency Medicine and the Section of EMS

The University of

Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas

5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Mail Code 8579

Dallas, TX 75390-8579 USA

Piagnerelli M Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Erasme University Hospital 808, Route de Lennik 1070 Brussels Belgium Pinsky MR

Department of Critical Care Medicine

University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

606 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

Pittet D

Department of Internal Medicine University of Geneva Hospitals Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 24 1211 Geneva

Switzerland Polderman KH

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

VU University Medical Center PO Box 7057

1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands Putensen C

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Bonn

Siegmund-Freud-Str. 35 53105 Bonn

Germany Quinn DA

Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Bulfinch 148

Boston, MA 02114

USA

List of Contributors XXI

Radermacher P

University Anesthesiology Clinic Pathophysiology Section Parkstraûe 11

89073 Ulm Germany Raghavan M

Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

Ranasinghe K

Therapeutics Research Unit Princess Alexandra Hospital Ipswich Road

Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia

Ranieri VM

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista-Molinette Corso Dogliotti 14 10126 Turin Italy Reinhart K

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich-Schiller-University Erlanger Allee 101

07747 Jena Germany Rhodes A

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

St. George's Hospital London, SW17 0QT United Kingdom Rinnert KJ

Department of Surgery ± Emergency Medicine and the Section of EMS The University of Texas Southwes- tern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Mail Code 8579

Dallas, TX 75390-8579 USA

Romano SM

Department of Surgery and Bioengineering University of Siena Viale Bracci 1 53100 Siena Italy Ronco C

Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation San Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 37 36100 Vicenza Italy

Rooyackers O

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge

14186 Stockholm Sweden

Rossaint R

Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital

Pauwelsstraûe 30 52074 Aachen Germany Samy Modeliar S Nephrology Department Intensive Care Unit CHU Amiens ± HÖpital Sud 800054 Amiens

France Scholz J

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Schleswig-Holstein Schwanenweg 21

24105 Kiel Germany Schrier RW

Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

4200 East Ninth Avenue

Denver, CO 80262

USA

List of Contributors XXII

Schwarte LA

Department of Physiology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 19 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Scolletta S

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Unit of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia University of Siena Viale Bracci 1 53100 Siena Italy Sellares J

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Hospital Clinic Villarroel 170 08036 Barcelona Spain

Sinderby C

Department of Critical Care Medicine

St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Room 3-050

Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada

Singer J

Diabetes Services Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus Petah Tiqva, 49100 Tel Aviv

Israel Singer P

General Intensive Care Department Rabin Medical Center

Beilinson Campus Petah Tiqva, 49100 Tel Aviv

Israel Slama M

Nephrology Internal Medicine Department

Intensive Care Unit CHU Amiens ± HÖpital Sud 800054 Amiens

France

Slutsky AS

Department of Critical Care Medicine

St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond St, Queen Wing, Room 4-042

Toronto, ON MB 1W Canada

Sondeen J

United States Army Institute of Surgical Research 340 Rawley E. Chambers Ave Ft. Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315 USA

Spahn DR

Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital

Rue du Bugnon 46 1011 Lausanne Switzerland Stenqvist O

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital Bla Straket 5

41345 Gothenburg Sweden

Stevens MF

Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital

Moorenstraûe 5 40225 Dçsseldorf Germany Suarez-Sipmann F

Department of Critical Care Medicine

Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Avda de los Reyes Catolicos 2 28010 Madrid

Spain Suttner SW

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen Bremserstraûe 79

67063 Ludwigshafen Germany

Svoboda P Trauma Hospital

Research Center for Traumatology and Surgery

66250 Brno

Czech Republic

List of Contributors XXIII

Takala J

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

University Hospital Inselspital 3010 Bern

Switzerland Teboul JL

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicžtre

78, rue du Gnral Leclerc 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicžtre France

Tibboel D

Department of Pediatric Surgery Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital

Dr Molewaterplein 60 3015 GJ Rotterdam The Netherlands Torres A

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

Hospital Clinic Villarroel 170 08036 Barcelona Spain

Traber DL

Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue

Galveston, TX 77555 USA

Traber LD

Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue

Galveston, TX 77555 USA

Trompeo AC

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista-Molinette Corso Dogliotti 14 10126 Turin Italy

Tsang JLY

Department of Critical Care Medicine

Toronto Western Hospital 399 Bathurst Street, F2-150 Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada

Tusman G

Department of Anesthesiology Hospital Privado de Comunidad Cordoba 4545

7600 Mar del Plata Argentina van der Poll T

Department of Infectious Diseases Tropical Medicine and AIDS Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9, C2-321 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands van der Starre C

Department of Pediatric Surgery Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital

Dr Molewaterplein 60 3015 GJ Rotterdam The Netherlands van der Tuijn Y

Department of Pediatric Surgery Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital

Dr Molewaterplein 60 3015 GJ Rotterdam The Netherlands Vanhaeverbeek M

Experimental Medicine Laboratory CHU Charleroi-Vsale-ULB 222 Unit

6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul Belgium

Venkatesh B Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Princess Alexandra Hospital University of Queensland Ipswich Road

Woolloongabba, QLD 4102

Australia

List of Contributors XXIV

Vesconi S

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Emergency Department Ospedale Niguarda Ca'Granda

Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3 20162 Milan

Italy Vidi Y

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista-Molinette Corso Dogliotti 14 10126 Turin Italy

Vieillard-Baron A

Medical Intensive Care Unit HÖpital Ambroise Par

9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle 92104 Boulogne

France Vogt JA

University Anesthesiology Clinic Pathophysiology Section Parkstraûe 11

89073 Ulm Germany Wang W

Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

4200 East Ninth Avenue Denver, CO 80262 USA

Ware LB

Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Room T-1218 Medical Center North 1161 South 21st Avenue

Nashville, TN 37232-2650 USA

Weigand MA

Department of Anesthesiology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 69120 Heidelberg Germany

Weiler N

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Schleswig-Holstein Schwanenweg 21

24105 Kiel Germany Wendon J

Institute of Liver Studies Liver Intensive Care Unit Bessemer Road

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom Wernerman J

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge

14186 Stockholm Sweden

Wheeler DS

Division of Critical Care Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA

Wiersinga WJ

Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) and Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center Room G2-132

Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Wigginton JG

Department of Surgery ± Emergency Medicine and the Section of EMS The University of Texas South- western Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Mail Code 8579

Dallas, TX 75390-8579 USA

Wilson J

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

St. George's Hospital

London, SW17 0QT

United Kingdom

List of Contributors XXV

Wong HR

Division of Critical Care Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA

Wrigge H

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Bonn

Siegmund-Freud-Straûe 35 53105 Bonn

Germany Wunsch H

Department of Anesthesiology Columbia Presbyterian Hospital PH5-505

622W 168th St New York, NY 10032 USA

Zingarelli B

Division of Critical Care Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA

Zinserling J

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University of Bonn

Siegmund-Freud-Straûe 35 53105 Bonn

Germany

Zollinger A

Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Triemli City Hospital Birmensdorferstraûe 497 8063 Zurich

Switzerland Zolty E

Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

4200 East Ninth Avenue Denver, CO 80262 USA

Zouaoui Boudjeltia K

Experimental Medicine Laboratory CHU Charleroi-Vsale-ULB 222 Unit

6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul Belgium

Zwissler B

Department of Anesthesiology

and Intensive Care Medicine

J.W. Goethe-University

Hospital Center

Theodor-Stern-Kai 7

60590 Frankfurt

Germany

ALI Acute lung injury

APACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation aPPT Activated partial thromboplastin time

ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome ATP Adenosine triphosphate

BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure

CT Computed tomography

DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation EKG Electrocardiogram

EVLW Extravascular lung water FFP Fresh frozen plasma FRC Functional residual capacity GCS Glasgow Coma Score

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HRS Hepatorenal syndrome

HSP Heat shock protein ICG Indocyanine green ICP Intracranial pressure ICU Intensive care unit IL Interleukin LPS Lipopolysaccharide MET Medical emergency team MOF Multiple organ failure NF-jB Nuclear factor-kappa B NIV Non-invasive ventilation NO Nitric oxide

NOS Nitric oxide synthase

PAI Plasminogen activator inhibitor PAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure

Common Abbreviations

PSV Pressure support ventilation PT Prothrombin time

SAPS Simplified acute physiology score

SIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment SvO

Mixed venous oxygen saturation TLR Toll-like receptor

TNF Tumor necrosis factor

VAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia VILI Ventilator-induced lung injury Common Abbreviations

XXVIII