Gli effetti devastanti che possono produrre il graduale degrado ambientale e gli eventi meteorologici estremi, possono destabilizzare intere regioni e mettere a rischio la vite di tante persone. Perciò l’importanza dei sistemi di
191
Art. 4 (1)(b) della Convenzione Quadro delle Nazioni Unite sui Cambiamenti Climatici (UNFCCC), conclusa a New York il 9 maggio 1992, entrata in vigore il 21 marzo 1994.
131
early warning, sistemi di allarme precoce, in termini di risparmio delle vite
umane e prevenzioni di crisi di rifugiati è senza dubbio fondamentale. Questo sistema deve fornire delle informazioni tempestive riguardo l’avanzamento del degrado ambientale e gli eventi metereologici estremi. Le Nazioni Unite riconoscono l’importanza di tale strumento già dagli anni ’90, con la conseguente adozione della Strategia internazionale per la riduzione dei disastri (RRC): una serie di azioni volte a ridurre il rischio di catastrofi e attenuare le conseguenze negative di rischi naturali attraverso iniziative sistematiche di analisi e gestione delle cause delle catastrofi, anche mediante la prevenzione dei rischi, la riduzione della vulnerabilità socioeconomica ai rischi, e una migliore preparazione a fronteggiare situazioni critiche.
Anche l’Unione Europea s’impegna a sviluppare uno strumento di eraly
warnings192 che avrà particolare riguardo delle regioni maggiormente a rischio di catastrofi, dei paesi e alle aree meno sviluppati ed estremamente vulnerabili, nonché dei gruppi più vulnerabili. Questo sistema avrà l’obiettivo generale di contribuire allo sviluppo sostenibile e all’eliminazione della povertà riducendo, attraverso una migliore RRC, l’onere delle catastrofi che grava sui poveri, nonché sui paesi e sulle face della popolazione più vulnerabili.
Per conseguire tale obiettivo, l’UE sosterrà le seguenti azioni strategiche:
Aiutare i paesi in via di sviluppo ad integrare efficacemente le riflessioni sulla RRC nelle loro politiche e nei loro piani di sviluppo;
Aiutare i paesi e le società in via di sviluppo a ridurre in maniera più efficace il rischio di catastrofi mediante un’azione mirata a prevenire le catastrofi, attenuarne gli effetti e fornire un’adeguata preparazione ad affrontarli;
Integrare più efficacemente le riflessioni sulla RRC nelle politiche e nei programmi europei di sviluppo e di aiuto umanitario, nonché nella gestione delle crisi.
192
132
Conclusioni
Questo elaborato considera la migrazione un fenomeno complesso che non può scaturire come conseguenza di un’unica causa. Tuttavia, diversi rapporti scientifici dimostrano come il cambiamento climatico antropico sia una realtà difficilmente contrastante. Nelle aree del globo definite come ecosistemi più vulnerabili questi cambianti hanno già prodotto degli effetti devastanti, minacciando la sopravvivenza delle persone costrette a scapare per cercare rifugio altrove.
Per questo si è cercato di adottare il termine ecoprofughi per descrivere meglio il fenomeno di migrazioni climatiche.
Dare una definizione è necessario per il futuro in modo da calcolare anche la vera entità di questo fenomeno per evitare che venga enfatizzando e di conseguenza usato da parte di alcuni stati per intraprendere delle misure di sicurezza, spesso discutibili dal punto di vista etico.
Approfondire lo studio sulla correlazione tra fattori ambientali e migrazioni forzate è l’unica maniera per capire sia la forte influenza che questi fattori esercitano sia indirizzare politiche appropriate per il futuro come quello di uno sviluppo più sostenibile nel rispetto dell’uomo e del ambiente.
133
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