• Non ci sono risultati.

E’ auspicabile:

- Aumentare la casistica a disposizione

- Approfondire lo studio avvalendosi di strumenti di monitoraggio emodinamico non invasivo [84]

- Ripetere lo studio dopo l’attuazione dei protocolli ERAS

- Ripetere lo studio includendo un confronto tra pazienti a basso rischio anestesiologico e pazienti con gravidanze patologiche

- Ripetere lo studio avvalendosi di altre molecole di farmaci vasoattivi (Fenilefrina, Noradrenalina)

- Approfondire lo studio delle tecniche di analgesia multimodale ed “opioid-sparing” ➔ comparare le metodiche in atto con blocchi della parete addominale (ESP, Tap-

Block e quadrato dei lombi)

➔ comparare l’efficacia delle metodiche di anestesia loco-regionale con l’utilizzo di adiuvanti

➔ comparare l’efficacia delle metodiche di anestesia neuroassiale con altre (es. la somministrazione endovenosa di solfato di magnesio, desametasone, ketamina o gabapentin per via orale)

- Mantenere il follow-up del decorso post-operatorio, al fine di consentire l'identificazione delle donne con ipersensibilizzazione e aumentato rischio di sviluppare dolore cronico e registrare l’eventuale insorgenza di depressione post-partum

- Mantenere il follow-up post natale dei neonati i cui esami cordonali hanno posto il sospetto di alterati scambi emogasanalitici perinatali.

8. BIBLIOGRAFIA:

1. Who Statement on Cesarean Section Rates. Human Reproduction Programme

2. Donati S, Senatore S, Ronconi A and the regional maternal mortality working group. Maternal Mortality in Italy: a record linkage study. Bjog 2011; 118: 872-879.

3. Ministero della Salute. Certificato di assistenza al parto (Cedap)

4. Robson MS Can we reduce the caesarean section rate? Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Volume 15, Issue 1, February 2001, Pages 179–194

5. Donati S. Tanti, troppi tagli cesarei in Italia. Quaderni Acp 2011;18 (5) p 202;

6. Accordo, ai sensi dell'articolo 9 del decreto legislativo 28 agosto 1997, n. 281, tra il Governo, le Regioni e le Province Autonome di Trento e Bolzano, le Province, i Comuni e le comunità montane sul documento concernente «Linee di indirizzo per la promozione ed il miglioramento della qualità, della sicurezza e dell'appropriatezza degli interventi assistenziali nel percorso nascita e per la riduzione del taglio cesareo». (Rep. atti n. 137/CU) (11A00319) Accordo della conferenza unificata – 16 Dicembre 2010

7. Snlg-Iss. Gravidanza fisiologica. Linea guida 20. Roma: ministero della Salute, Istituto superiore di sanità, Centro per la valutazione dell’efficacia dell’assistenza sanitaria; 2010

8. Snlg-Iss, Taglio cesareo: una scelta appropriata e consapevole. Seconda parte. Linea guida 22. Roma: ministero della Salute, Istituto superiore di sanità; 2012.

9. Ministero della Salute. Lo stato di salute delle donne in Italia. Primo rapporto sui lavori della Commissione “Salute della Donna”. Roma, marzo 2008.

10. Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Pieters FAA, Menheere PPCA, Peeters LLH. Early-pregnancy changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis are consecutive adjustments triggered by a primary fall in systemic vascular tone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1382-92

11. Mahendru AA, Everett TR et al, A longitudinal study of maternal cardiovascular function from preconception to post-partum period. J Hypertens 2014 32:849

12. Van Oppen ACC, Van Der Tweel, Alsbach GPJ, Heethaar RM, Bruinse HW. A longitudinal study of maternal hemodynamics during normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88:40-6.

13. Gilson GJ, Samaan S, Crawford MH, Qualls CR, Curet LB. Changes in hemodynamics, ventricular remodeling and ventricular contractility during normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Obstet

Gynecol 1997;9:957-62.

14. Poppas A, Shroff SG, Korcarz CE, Hibbard JU, Berger DS, Lindheimer MD, Lang RM. Serial assessment of the cardiovascular system in normal pregnancy. Role of arterial compliance and pulsatile arterial load. Circulation 1997;95:2407-15.

15. Mabie WC, Di Sessa TG, Crocker LG, Sibai BM, Arheart KL. A longitudinal study of cardiac output in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:849-56.

16. Easterling TR, Benedetti TJ, Schmucker BC, Millard SP. Maternal hemodynamics in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:1061-9

17. Robson SC, Hunter S, Boys RJ, Dunlop W. Serial study of factors influencing changes in cardiac output during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1989;136:H1060-5.

18. 14 Valensise H, Novelli GP, Vasapollo B, Borzi M, Arduini D, Galante A, Romanini C. Maternal cardiac systolic and diastolic function: relationship with uteroplacental resistances. A Doppler and echocardiographic longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obst Gynecol 2000;15:487-97.

19. Bernstein IM,Ziegler W, et al. Plasma volume expantion in early pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001 97:669

20. Wildsmith JA. Serum cholinesterase, pregnancy and suxamethonium. Anaesthesia 27:90, 1972 21. Kametas NA, McAuliffe F, Hancock J, Chambers J, Nicolaides KH. Maternal left ventricular mass

and diastolic function during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:460-6.

22. Mabie WC, Di Sessa TG, Crocker LG, Sibai BM, Arheart KL. A longitudinal study of cardiac output

in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:849-56.

23. Clapp JF, Capeless E, Cardiovascular function before, during, after the first and subsequent

pregnancies. Am J. Cardiol. 1997; 80-1469

24. Kinsella SM. Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anesthesia 58:835, 2003

25. Uelad K, Novy MJ, Peterson EN, et al. Maternal cardiovascular dynamics, IV. The influence of

gestational age on the maternal cardiovascular response to posture and exercise. Am J Obstet

Gynecol 104:856, 1969

26. Crawford JS, Burton M, Davies P. Time and lateral tilt at cesarean section. Br J Anesth 44:477- 484, 1972

27. Kinsella SM Lohmann G. Supine hypotensive syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1994

28. Ellington C, Katz VL, Watson WJ, et al. The effect of lateral tilt on maternal and fetal hemodynamic

variables. Obstet Gynecol 77:201-203, 1991

29. Stock MK et al. Maternal physiology during gestation. The physiology of reproduction, ed 2nd. N43 Y:1994:947.

30. Masilamani S et al. Effects of pregnancy and progesterone metabolites on arterial baroreflex

inconscius rats. Am J Physiol 1997;272:R924.

31. Davis LE et al. Vascular pressure-volume relationship in pregnant and estrogen-treated guinea

pigs. Am J Physiol 1989;257:R1205

32. Mone SM, Sanders SP, Colan SD. Control mechanisms for physiological hypertrophy of pregnancy. Circulation 1996;94:667-72.

33. Hunter S, Robson SC. Adaptation of the maternal heart in pregnancy. Br Heart J 1992;68:540-3. 34. Poston L et al. Control of vascular resistance in the maternal and feto-placental arterial bets.

Pharmacol Ther 1995;65:215.

35. Theunisssen I, Parer J. Fluid and electrolytes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 37:3-15, 1994 36. Conklin KA. Maternal physiological adaptations during gestation, labor and the puerperium.

38. E. Langesaeter et Al, The role of cardiac output monitoring in obstetric anesthesia. Current Opinio 2015 28 247-253

39. Trudinger BJ, Giles WB, Cook CM. Uteroplacental blood flow velocity time wave forms in normal

and complicated pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 92:39-45, 1985

40. Mesa A, Carlos J, Hernandez A, Adam K, Brown D, Vaughn WK, Wilansky S. Left ventricular

diastolic function in normal human pregnancy. Circulation 1999;9:511-7.

41. Grindheim G, et Al, Changes in blood pressure during healthy pregnangy: a longitudinal cohort

study. Hypertens 2012 30:342

42. Marx GF. Aortocaval compression; incidence and prevention. Bull N Y Acad Med 50:443, 1974 43. Benhamou D, Wong C. Neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean delivery: what criteria define the

"optimal" technique? Anesth Analg. 2009 Nov;109(5):1370-3.

44. Hughers SC, et al, Anesthesia for cesarean section Anesthesia for Obstetrics, Philadelphia 2002 45. C. Nobili, G. Sofi, Prevenzione dell’ipotensione nell’anestesia spinale per parto cesareo. Minerva

Anest. Maggio 2013

46. Warwick D. et Al., Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2005, 103:744-50

47. Teoh WH. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for casarean delivery the effects on

maternal cardiac output. Anesth. Analg. 2009 may 108 (5) 1592-8

48. Cooper DW, Carpenter M. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during

spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anest 97:1582-1590, 2002

49. Ngan Kee WD. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine

during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anest 111:506-512, 2009

50. Dyer RA, Reed AR. Spinal hypotension during elective cesarean delivery: closer to a solution. Anesth Analg, 111:1093-1095, 2010]

51. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects

of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 111:1230-

1237, 2010

52. R. Jouppila, P. Jouppila, et Al. Placental blood flow during caesarean section under lumbar

extradural analgesia. Br J. Anaesth. 1978 50,275

53. Lee A, Ngan Kee WD, Gin T. A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of

ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:920-6

54. Dyer RA, Biccard BM. Ephedrine for spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section: the final

nail in the coffin? Acta Anesthesiol Scand 56:807 809, 2012

55. Thomas DG, Robson SC, Redfern N, Hughes D, Boys RJ. Randomized trial of bolus phenylephrine

or ephedrine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.

Br J Anesth 76:61-65, 1996

56. Kinsella SM, Tuckey JP. Perioperative bradycardia and asystole: relationship to vasovagal

57. S. Saravanan , et Al. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-

spinal hypotension in caesarean section. B J of Anaesthesia 96 95-4 2006

58. Brandi A B. et Al., Phenylephrine infusion for spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean

delivery: does preload make a difference? J. Anaesthesiol clin pharmacol 2016 jul-sep 32 (3): 319-

324

59. American Academy of Pediatric Committee on Drugs

60. E Maund, C McDaid, S Rice, K Wright, B Jenkins, N Woolacott. Paracetamol and selective and

non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the reduction in morphine-related side- effects after major surgery: a systematic review. Brit J of Aesth 2011 Mar;106(3):292-7

61. Ong CK, Lirk P, Seymour RA, Jenkins BJ. The efficacy of preemptive analgesia for acute

postoperative pain management: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2005 Mar;100(3):757-73

62. Elia N, Lysakowski C, Tramèr MR. Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal

antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials.

Anesthesiology. 2005 Dec;103(6):1296-304.

63. Spencer JA. Clinical overview of cardiotocography. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100 Suppl 9:4-7 64. Ayres-de-Campos D, et al. Knowledge of adverse neonatal outcome alters clinicians’

interpretation of the intrapartum cardiotocograph. BJOG. 2011:118:978-84

65. Garfìnkle J, Shevell MI. Cerebral palsy development delay and epilepsy after neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2011 ;44:88-96

66. Littleford J. Effects on the fetus and newborn of maternal analgesia and anesthesia: a review. Can J Anesth 2004; 51:586-609

67. Dyer RA, Biccardi BM. Ephedrine for spinal hypotension during elective caesarean section: the

final nail in the coffin? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012 Aug; 56 (7): 807-9

68. Locatelli A et al. Factors associated with umbilical artery acidemia in term infants with low Apgar

score at 5 min. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bio! 2008; 139:146-50

69. Kro GA et al. Association between umbilical cord artery pC02 and the Apgar score. Scand 20 13;92:662-70

70. Racinet C et al. Diagnosis of neonatal metabolic acidosis by eucapnic pH determination. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2013;41:485-92

71. Choserot M, et al. Correlation between fetal scalp samples and umbilical cord samples. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod. (Paris) 2014; 43(4):300-6

72. Jin F, Chung F. Multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control. J Clin Anesth. 2001 Nov;13(7):524-39.

73. Ayres-de-Campos D1, Arulkumaran S2; FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Physiology of fetal oxygenation and the main goals of intrapartum fetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015

74. Ayres-de-Campos D1, Spong CY2, Chandraharan E3; FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Oct;131(1):13-24

75. Langesaet et Al. Maternal haemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean

section. Current opinion in anaesthesiology June 2011

76. Michael G. Ross, MD, MPH. Threshold of metabolic acidosis associated with newborn cerebral

palsy: medical legal implications. April 2019 American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

77. Christian Loubetr. Fluid and vasopressor management for Cesarean delivery under spinal

anesthesia: continuing professional development. Can. J. Anaest 2012 59: 604-619

78. Robert A. dyer, et Al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the

coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective casarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009 111: 753-764

79. M. Veeser. Et al. Vasopressor for the management of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for

elective caesarean section. Systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. Acta Anaest. Scand.

2012; 56:810-81641

80. Warwick D. et Al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2005, 103:744-50

81. S. Klohr. Et al. Definitions of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: literature

search and application to parturients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010 54 909-921

82. Teoh WH. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for casarean delivery the effects on

maternal cardiac output. Anesth. Analg. 2009 may 108 (5) 1592-8

83. Mc Donald. S. et al. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following

spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery:a randomized controlled trial. Anesth. Analg 2011

113 (4) 803-10

84. Victoria L. Meah, et al. Cardiac output and related haemodynamics during pregnancy: a series of

metaanalyses. BMJ 2016 0: 1-9

85. Habib, AS et al. A review of the impact of phenylephrine administrstion on maternal

hemodynamics and maternal and neonatal outcome in women undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2012 114:377-390

86. Norris MC, Spinal anesthesia for casarean delivery, Handbook of obstetric Anesthesia, Philadelfia, ED 2000 45

87. Hughers SC, et al. Anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia for Obstetrics Philadelphia 2002 88. C. Nobili, G. Sofi. Prevenzione dell’ipotensione nell’anestesia spinale per parto cesareo. Minerva

Documenti correlati