Brevi note su interpretatio e auctoritas fra tarda repubblica ed età dei severi

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BREVI NOTE SU INTERPRETATIO E AUCTORITAS FRA TARDA REPUBBLICA ED ETÀ DEI SEVERI

EMANUELE STOLFI

Università di Siena

Resumo

Este artigo examina alguns argumentos relativos à interpretatio da ciência jurídiĥ ca romana, e particularmente às espeĥ FL¿FLGDGHV TXH D PHVPD DSUHVHQWD HP comparação com o conceito moderno de “interpretação”. O autor analisa a natureĥ za livre e criativa da interpretatio na époĥ ca dos SRQWLÀFHVĪWDOFRPRDQWHULRUPHQWH descrita, pelo menos em parte, por Pomĥ ponius no (QFKLULGLRQīHGHSRLVRSDSHOGD

DXFWRULWDV e da ratio na investigação feita

SHORVMXULVWDVQR¿PGD5HS~EOLFDHQR 3ULQFLSDGRVREUHDPHOKRUUHJUDSDUDRV FDVRVHQDVGLVFXVV}HVVXEVHTXHQWHVHQWUH as diferentes soluções jurisprudenciais e DUJXPHQWDo}HVD¿QV

Palavras chave

Interpretatio H LQWHUSUHWDomR Ħ MXULVWDV

H WUDGLomR MXUtGLFD RFLGHQWDO Ħ 'LUHLWR 5RPDQRĦDXFWRULWDVSUXGHQWLXP

Abstract

7KLVDUWLFOHH[DPLQHVVRPHDUJXPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ WKH interpretatio RI WKH roman legal science, and specially its SHFXOLDULWLHV LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH modern concept of “interpretation”. 7KH DXWKRU DQDO\]HV WKH IUHH DQG FUHDWLYH QDWXUH RI WKH interpretatio LQ WKH DJH RI SRQWLÀFHV ĪDV DOUHDG\ GHVFULEHGDWOHDVWSDUWO\E\3RPSRQLXV LQWKH(QFKLULGLRQīDQGWKHQWKHUROHRI

DXFWRULWDV and ratio LQ MXULVWV UHVHDUFK

LQ WKH ODWH 5HSXEOLF DQG 3ULQFLSDWH DERXWEHVWUXOHIRUWKHFDVHVDQGLQWKH VXEVHTXHQW GLVFXVVLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH GLɱHUHQW MXULVSUXGHQFLDO VROXWLRQV DQG related argumentations.

Keywords

Interpretatio DQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQĦMXULVWV

DQG ZHVWHUQ OHJDO WUDGLWLRQ Ħ 5RPDQ ODZĦDXFWRULWDVSUXGHQWLXP

1. Peculiarità dell’interpretatio prudentium: percezioni antiche e recenti

³/¶DWWLYLWj GHO JLXULVWD FRPXQTXH LQWHVD q VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH attività interpretativa”: così leggiamo in apertura di uno dei più VXJJHVWLYLFRQWULEXWL1_{GHOODVWRULRJUD¿DJLXULGLFDLWDOLDQDLQPDWHULD}

1_{Si tratta di M. S}_BRICCOLI_{, L'interpretazione dello statuto. Contributo allo studio}

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di ermeneutica giurisprudenziale2_{FRQVSHFL¿FRULJXDUGRDOOHWjGHL}

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H GXUDWXUH ³PLWRORJLH JLXULGLFKH´ GHOOD PRGHUQLWj4_{Ħ FUHGR FKH}

D SRWHU VRWWRVFULYHUH TXHVWH SDUROH QRQ VLDQR VROR JOL VWXGLRVL GL stagioni più o meno remote, ma gli stessi cultori del diritto vigente, VHPSUH SL FRQVDSHYROL GHO UXROR IRQGDPHQWDOH LQHOXGLELOH H fecondo, del fenomeno interpretativo in campo giuridico5_{, di cui}

HVVR q FLIUD ĪQRQ HVFOXVLYD6_{PD FHUWRī FRVWLWXWLYD FKH QH RULHQWD}

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3_{1HO VHJQR GL TXHOO¶³DVVROXWLVPR JLXULGLFR´ SL YROWH HYRFDWR GD P. G}_ROSSI

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OHJXP ĪVX FXL KD RSSRUWXQDPHQWH LQVLVWLWR F. GALLO, “La permutatio legum

giuasstinianea rivoluzione giuridica ignorata dalla nostra tradizione”, in Estudios

-XUtGLFRVHQ+RPHQDMH$*X]PiQ%ULWR, II, Alessandria, 2011, 527VVīFRQODTXDOH *LXVWLQLDQRLQJOREzODVWHVVDVFLHQ]DJLXULGLFDQHOSRWHUHLPSHULDOHULVHUYDQGRDG HVVRDQFKHO¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHGHOCorpus iuris.

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Bologna, 2010, 22VVRYHELEO

5_{$QFKHVHLQGXEELDPHQWHĦRVVHUYDG. Z}_ACCARIA_{, Questioni di interpretazione,}

Padova, 1996, 63Ħ³¿ORVR¿HJLXULVWLKDQQRWDUGDWRDGDVVXPHUHSLHQDDYYHUWHQ]D

GHO FDUDWWHUH VWUXWWXUDOH H IRQGDQWH GHO QHVVR FKH OHJD IUD ORUR GLULWWR H interpretazione”.

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e argomentare”, in 7UDWWDWR GL GLULWWR FLYLOH H FRPPHUFLDOH ĪJLj GLU GD $ &,&8ĥ)

0(66,1(2ĥ/0(1*21,ī0LODQR2011, 4.

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attraversando e integrando tempi e saperi diversi, assumeva a oggetto l’interpretazione. In tale prospettiva, infatti, avvertivo ĪH WXWWRUD DYYHUWRī LQ SULPR OXRJR O¶HVLJHQ]D GL FKLDULUH FRPH ULVSHWWR D TXHVW¶XOWLPD O¶interpretatio GHJOL DQWLFKL JLXULVWL GHQRWL VFDUWLHGHFFHGHQ]HVHPDQWLFKHWDOLSHUFXLQRQSRVVLDPRDVVXPHUH OH GXH RSHUD]LRQL FRPH SLHQDPHQWH VRYUDSSRQLELOL *Lj VXO SLDQR OLQJXLVWLFRRSWHUHLTXLQGLSHUFRQVHUYDUHVHPSUHODSDURODODWLQDFRQ OHVSHFL¿FLWjFKHHVVDHYRFDLQWHUPLQLVLDVLQFURQLFLĪlato sensu, ossia LQFRQIURQWRDGDOWUHUHDOWjFODVVLFKHī 11_{FKHGLDFURQLFLĦFRQODGLVWDQ]D}

FKH OD VHSDUD GDOO¶HUPHQHXWLFD JLXULGLFD HQWUR JOL VFHQDUL PRGHUQL ĪQHOOHVXHFRHYHUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQLDQFRUSULPDFKHQHOODVXDHɱHWWLYD RSHUDWLYLWjīODGGRYHDOIRUPDQWHOHJLVODWLYRqVWDWRDWWULEXLWRULVSHWWR DOOD SURGX]LRQH VDSLHQ]LDOH XQ UXROR DɱDWWR SUHYDOHQWH DQFKH VH come avvertito, il divario tende oggi a presentarsi in termini meno GUDVWLFL QHOOD ĪULīDFTXLVLWD FRQVDSHYROH]]D GHOOD VRVWDQ]D QRQ VROR ULFRJQLWLYDHDQFLOODUHĪPDSLXWWRVWRSURGXWWLYDHlato sensuLGHRORJLFDī dell’interpretazione stessa12_.

Davvero interpretatio e interpretazione possono essere considerati, per molti aspetti, “falsi amici” 13_{. E ciò soprattutto se}

im Prinzipat”, in &%$/'86ĥ7),1.(1$8(5ĥ75h)1(5Ī+UVJJīJuristenausbildung in (XURSD]ZLVFKHQ7UDGLWLRQXQG5HIRUP7ELQJHQ2008, 9VV³&LWD]LRQLHµdissensiones

SUXGHQWLXP’ nella tradizione dei testi giurisprudenziali in età tardoantica. Alcune

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DXFWRULWDWLV’, citazioni e forme di approvazione nella scrittura dei giuristi romani”,

in A. LOVATO ĪD FXUD GLī 7UD UHWRULFD H GLULWWR /LQJXDJJL H IRUPH DUJRPHQWDWLYH QHOOD WUDGL]LRQH JLXULGLFD, Bari, 2011, 85 ss.; “'LVVHQVLRQHV SUXGHQWLXP, dispute di scuola e interventi imperiali”, in 90$5277$ĥ(672/),ĪDFXUDGLī,XVFRQWURYHUVXPHSURFHVVR IUDWDUGDUHSXEEOLFDHGHWjGHL6HYHUL, Roma, 2012, 287 ss.; “I casi e la regula: una dialettica incessante”, in L. VACCAĪDFXUDGLī&DVLVWLFDHJLXULVSUXGHQ]D, Napoli, 2014, 1 ss.

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12_{In tal senso, per tutti, M. S}_BRICCOLI_{, L’interpretazione dello statuto cit., spec.}

86 s., ma si veda già, ad esempio, B. Brugi, Per la storia della giurisprudenza e della

Università italiane. Nuovi saggi, Torino, 1921, 17.

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20153_,_{29 s. Sulla interpretatio DQWHULRUH DOO¶HWj GHL FRGLFL OD TXDOH DYUHEEH ³LQ}

comune con il concetto moderno soltanto il nome”, A. GIULIANI, “Dialogo

e interpretazione nell’esperienza giuridica”, in $ *,8/,$1,ĥ$ 3$/$==2ĥ,

FERRANTI, /µLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH GHOOD QRUPD FLYLOH, Torino, 1996, 8; circa alcuni tratti

GL WDOH GLɱRUPLWj M. SBRICCOLI, “Interpretazione come argomentazione nella

esperienza giuridica intermedia”, in G. GALLIĪDFXUDGLī,QWHUSUHWD]LRQHHFRQWHVWR,

Torino, 1980, 47 ss. e 3&+,$6621,, “L’interpretazione dei documenti legislativi:

Giustiniano e i glossatori”, in 6FULWWL SHU 8 6FDUSHOOL, Milano, 1997, 199 ss. Pur ULOHYDQGRFKH³LVLJQL¿FDWLGLµinterpretatio¶GRYUHEEHURHVVHUHLQYHVWLJDWLSHUFRQWR ORURULVSHWWRDLVLJQL¿FDWLGLµLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH¶´ULWLHQHFKH³WXWWDYLDGDXQSXQWR GLYLVWDVWRULFRHFXOWXUDOHqOHFLWRJHWWDUHXQSRQWHWUDLGXHWHUPLQLĬĭFKHUHQGD lecito interrogarsi XQLWDULDPHQWH VXO VLJQL¿FDWR GL µinterpretatio/interpretazione’”, L. LANTELLA, “Dall’interpretatio iuris all’interpretazione della legge”, in Nozione IRUPD]LRQHHLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHGHOGLULWWRGDOO·HWjURPDQDDOOHHVSHULHQ]HPRGHUQH5LFHUFKH GHGLFDWHDO3URI)*DOOR, I, Napoli, 1997, 5596LYHGDDQFKHsupra, nt. precedente.

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VLD FKH HVVR ULVXOWL LQ YDULR PRGR OLPLWDWR Ħ SURSULR LO ODYRUR interpretativo.

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vicende immediatamente successive all’emanazione, a metà del V secolo a.C., delle XII Tavole, e nel dar conto di come si era venuto IRUPDQGR TXHO FRPSOHVVR GL UHJROH FKH GLVFLSOLQDYDQR L UDSSRUWL SULYDWLIUDFLWWDGLQLĪLXVFLYLOHīFRVuHJOLVLHVSULPHYDĪ'1.2.2.5ī

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narrazione di eventi puntuali con l’individuazione di costanti di OXQJR SHULRGR TXDVL PHFFDQLVPL LQVFULWWL QHOOD ORJLFD VWHVVD GHO

ius e destinati a riproporsi nel tempo: l’esigenza dell’interpretatio

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17_{Nel senso illustrato in E. S}_TOLFI_{, 6WXGLVXL´OLEULDGHGLFWXPµGL3RPSRQLR. II.}

Contesti e pensiero, Milano, 2002, spec. 24 ss.

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nell’elaborazione della giurisprudenza antoniniana, in E. STOLFI ĪD FXUD GLī *LXULVWL HRɼFLXP/·HODERUD]LRQHJLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOHGLUHJROHSHUO·HVHUFL]LRGHOSRWHUHIUD,,H,,, VHFRORG&, Napoli, 2011, 23 ss.

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di avvio e di copertura formale, piegandone l’applicazione al raggiungimento di esiti nuovi, verosimilmente neppure immaginati dal legislatore del 451ĥ450 a.C., in grado di soddisfare necessità solo successivamente avvertite dalla coscienza sociale.

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SURSULUDSSRUWLGLFRQWRFRUUHQWHĦLSLDJHYROPHQWHDFFRVWDELOLDL QRVWULEDQFKLHUL0DDOWUH¿JXUHĪFRPHLQXPPXODULLFKHVLHUDQR ¿QRDGDOORUDOLPLWDWLDOFDPELRGLYDOXWDHDOVDJJLRGHOOHPRQHWHī GRYHWWHURDVVXPHUHDQDORJKHHSLDPSLHIXQ]LRQLQHOFRUVRGHO,, VHFROR G& 'LYHQXWR LPSRVVLELOH D VHJXLWR GHOOD FRQVROLGD]LRQH GHOO¶HGLWWR LQVHULUYL OD PHQ]LRQH GL TXHVWL VRJJHWWL O¶LQLTXLWj GL FRQVHQWLUHFKHDHVVLIRVVHULVHUYDWRXQWUDWWDPHQWRSLIDYRUHYROH rispetto agli argentarii ĪH D GLVFDSLWR GHL FOLHQWLī IX VFRQJLXUDWD dall’interpretatioJLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOHĪDQFRUDXQDYROWDDVVDLSLOLEHUD HFUHDWLYDGHOODQRVWUDLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHī3DRORDOO¶LQL]LRGHOVHFROR VXFFHVVLYRULFRUGDLQIDWWLĪVHQ]DGLVVHQWLUQHīFKH3RPSRQLRDYHYD esteso il dovere di edere rationes agli stessi QXPPXODULL27_.

0DDQFKHQHOODWUDGL]LRQHGLLXVFLYLOH in senso stretto, cui prima ci riferivamo, l’LQWHUSUHWDWLRSUXGHQWLXP conservò per secoli, con la sua FUHDWLYDÀHVVLELOLWjXQRVSD]LRGHFLVLYR%DVWLSHQVDUHSHUWRUQDUH DOO¶DPELWRGHLUDSSRUWLIDPLOLDULHGHOODORURSURLH]LRQHQHOWHPSR DOLYHOORSDWULPRQLDOHĪLOFDPSRGHOOHVXFFHVVLRQLDFDXVDGLPRUWHī a come una delle più durature e formanti palestre di interpretatio fu FRVWLWXLWDĪQRQVRORGDOOHGLVSRVL]LRQLOHJLVODWLYHPDDQFKHGDTXHOOH SULYDWHHLQSDUWLFRODUHīGDLWHVWDPHQWLFRLSUREOHPLFKHSRQHYD la corretta decifrazione di una manifestazione di volontà non più ULSHWLELOH9L HPHUJH IUD O¶DOWUR XQ JUDQGH PRWLYR FROORFDELOH IUD HODERUD]LRQH JLXULGLFD H SUDVVL ĪH VSHFXOD]LRQHī UHWRULFD28_TXDOH

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fra gli alri, E. STOLFI, 6WXGL VXL ´OLEUL DG HGLFWXPµ, II, cit., 486 VV RYH ELEO H P.

&(5$0,ĥ$3(758&&,, 'LULWWRFRPPHUFLDOHURPDQR3URÀORVWRULFR, Torino, 20103, 197 s.

28_{&IU SHU WXWWL ĪDQFKH ULJXDUGR D XOWHULRUL GHFOLQD]LRQL GHO WHPDī B.}

VONGLIS, /DOHWWUHHWO·HVSULWGHODORLGDQVODMXULVSUXGHQFHFODVVLTXHHWODUKHWRULTXH, Paris,

19686LYHGDQRDQFKHĪROWUHDOODELEOFKHVDUjULFRUGDWDDSURSRVLWRGL'33.10.7.2:

infra, nt. 42ī U. WESEL, 5KHWRULVFKH 6WDWXVOHKUH XQG *HVHW]HVDXVOHJXQJ GHU U|PLVFKHQ Juristen.|OQ1967QRQFKpĦLQWHUPLQLSLJHQHUDOLRVVLDSHUXQTXDGURDQFKH VWRULRJUD¿FRFLUFDOHFRPSRVLWHUHOD]LRQLIUDius e ars oratoriaĦG. COSSA, “I giuristi

e la retorica”, in & %$/'86ĥ0 0,*/,(77$ĥ* 6$178&&,ĥ( 672/), ĪD FXUD GLī 'RJPHQJHVFKLFKWHXQGKLVWRULVFKH,QGLYLGXDOLWlWGHUU|PLVFKHQ-XULVWHQ6WRULDGHLGRJPLH LQGLYLGXDOLWjVWRULFDGHLJLXULVWLURPDQL$WWLGHO6HPLQDULRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHī0RQWHSXOFLDQR ŇŊĦŇōJLXJQRňņŇŇĬ, Trento, 2012, 299 ss.

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il rapporto fra verba e voluntas ĪRPHQVīJLjDPSLDPHQWHSUHVHQWH DGHVHPSLRDLSURWDJRQLVWLUHSXEEOLFDQLĪ6HUYLRH7XEHURQHīFKH troviamo evocati, nei primi decenni del II secolo d.C., in un passo di Celso29_{VXOTXDOHDYUHPRPRGRGLWRUQDUH}30_.

2. Auctoritas e ratio

Nel passaggio dell’(QFKLULGLRQ FKH DEELDPR OHWWR DɷRUD GD SDUWH GL 3RPSRQLR ĪFKH WUD ODOWUR EHQ FRQRVFHYD H ULPHGLWDYD TXHVWDWUDGL]LRQHHUPHQHXWLFDDWWRUQRDJOLDWWLPRUWLVFDXVDī31_DQFKH

la percezione di un decisivo intreccio fra interpretatio e DXFWRULWDV

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Ħ FRQ XQ LQWHUYHQWR LQYDVLYR GL FXL 3RPSRQLR WHQGHYD SRL D ULOHJJHUHHDWWHQXDUHOHLPSOLFD]LRQLĦGHOO¶DVSLUD]LRQHGHOSRWHUH SROLWLFRDFUHDUHXQDJHUDUFKLDIUDOHFRQFUHWHVROX]LRQLSURGRWWH dall’interpretatio dei giuristi. Leggiamo in D.1.2.2.4933_:

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35_{Più in generale, la discussione attorno alle diverse accezioni assunte da}

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per il ripristino adrianeo dell’originaria portata del ius respondendi ĪXQ ULSULVWLQR LQ UHDOWj GHOOD VWHVVD FRQFH]LRQH UHSXEEOLFDQD GHOODWWLYLWjJLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOHī6EDJOLHUHPPRWXWWDYLDQHOYHGHUH LO SUR¿OR GHOO¶DXFWRULWDV Ħ QHOOH DXWRUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQL R DOPHQR SHUFH]LRQL GL XQ JLXULVWD URPDQR Ħ VROR DOO¶LQVHJQD GL LQWHUYHQWL HVWHUQLFKHGDOSRWHUHSROLWLFRYHQJDQRLPSRVWLDOOHGLQDPLFKHGHO GLULWWR JLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOH ĪH LQ TXDQWR WDOH FRQWURYHUVLDOH DQFKH se il sintagma LXV FRQWURYHUVXP ULFRUUH LQ IRQWL UHWRULFKH SL FKH JLXULGLFKHī 36_.

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e misura dell”incidenza di tale DXFWRULWDV.

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GLī ,XVFRQWURYHUVXPHSURFHVVRcit., 37 ss. L’assenza di esplicite formulazioni nella OHWWHUDWXUDJLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOHWXWWDYLDQRQVHPEUDUHQGHUHVFRUUHWWRO¶XVRĪRUPDL FRQVROLGDWR SUHVVR JOL VWXGLRVLī GL ³LXV FRQWURYHUVXP” per connotare una lunga e IRQGDPHQWDOHVWDJLRQHGHOGLULWWRJLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOHURPDQRĪDOPHQRGDO,,VHFROR D& DO ,,, G&ī Qp LPSRQH GL DVVXPHUH TXHOO¶HVSUHVVLRQH LQ VHQVR SL GHEROH e limitato, allusiva solo alle disposizioni dalla portata così incerta da suscitare discussioni fra i prudentes: cfr. E. STOLFI, 'LVVHQVLRQHVSUXGHQWLXPcit., 308VRYHELEO

e P. CERAMI ³,O µLXVFRQWURYHVXP’ nello sguardo dei moderni”, in 9 0$5277$ĥ(

STOLFIĪDFXUDGLī,XVFRQWURYHUVXPHSURFHVVRFLW, 394 e nt. 20.

37_{3HUTXDOFKHRULHQWDPHQWRLQPHULWRSRVVRULQYLDUHDE. S}_TOLFI_{, Dissensiones}

SUXGHQWLXP cit., 295 ss. e nt. 30RYHELEO

38_{Supra, nt.}_29.

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Luigi Raggi41_{, secondo cui proprio sull'DXFWRULWDV del giurista, e “non}

VXOOHPRWLYD]LRQLSRJJLDĬYDĭODYDOLGLWjGHOODVXDDWWLYLWj´

/¶HVHPSLRIRUQLWRGDOEUDQRGL&HOVRĪ'33.10.7.2īPLVHPEUDGL nuovo illuminante. Il giurista adrianeo, nel ripercorrere una disputa GL , VHFROR D& LQ PDWHULD GL OHJDWR GL VXSSHOOHWWLOH Ħ SHU OD FXL LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHYHQLYDVROOHYDWRLOSUREOHPDGHOUDSSRUWRIUDPHQV e

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tanto dalla ratio FKH GDOO¶DXFWRULWDV GL7XEHURQH PD VHQ]D FKH OD VHFRQGD ĪO¶DXFWRULWDV, già posposta, appunto, alla ratio FKH HUD LQ UHDOWj QRQ GL 7XEHURQH VWHVVR PD GHOOD VXD DUJRPHQWD]LRQHī JOL LPSRQHVVHGLGLVFRVWDUVLGDOGLɱRUPHRULHQWDPHQWRGL6HUYLR

Tra le varie soluzioni cui era pervenuta la VFLHQWLDLXULV occorreva GXQTXH RULHQWDUVL DWWUDYHUVR XQ¶DQDOLVL SXQWLIRUPH H SUHVVRFKp LQHVDXULELOH FRQGRWWD VXL FRQWHQXWL GL RJQL GRWWULQD ĪLQ PLVXUD ODUJDPHQWH SUHYDOHQWH VROX]LRQL FDVLVWLFKHī H VXJOL DUJRPHQWL SURSRVWL D VXR FRQIRUWR $QFKH SHU TXHVWR LQ DOWUD RFFDVLRQH43_,

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40_{,QFXLOHGRWWULQHGL4XLQWR0XFLRHUDQRVRWWRSRVWHĦLQPRGRSXQWXDOH}

ĪSUREDELOPHQWH VHJXHQGRQH OH VFDQVLRQL LQ FDSLWDī Ħ D XQ¶DQDOLVL GHFLVDPHQWH FULWLFD6XTXHVWRODYRURVHUYLDQRSHUWXWWL$6&+,$921(, Ius cit., 158 s., 228 e

A. CASTRO SÁENZ, “1RWDWD0XFLLFRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQGHXQSUREOHPD´LQEstudios -XUtGLFRVHQ+RPHQDMH$*X]PiQ%ULWR, I, Alessandria, 2011, 655 ss.

41_{,OPHWRGRGHOODJLXULVSUXGHQ]DURPDQDĪ}_{1968īULVW7RULQR2007, 43.}

42_{$GHUHQWLĦDOPHQRVHFRQGRP. V}_OCI_{, 'LULWWRHUHGLWDULRURPDQR, II, Milano,}

19632_,_{840 Ħ DOOD GRWWULQD VWRLFD GHO OLQJXDJJLR 'D WHQHU SUHVHQWL DQFKH OH}

ricostruzioni del passo celsino proposte da R. ASTOLFI, Studi sull’oggetto dei legati in GLULWWRURPDQR, II, Padova, 1969, spec. 168 ss.; F. CASAVOLA, *LXULVWLDGULDQHL, Napoli,

1980, 114 ss.; G. NEGRI, 'LULWWR PLQHUDULR URPDQR. I. 6WXGL HVHJHWLFL VXO UHJLPH GHOOH FDYHSULYDWHQHOSHQVLHURGHLJLXULVWLFODVVLFL, Milano, 1985, spec. 84 ss.; M. MIGLIETTA, ´6HUYLXVUHVSRQGLWµ6WXGLLQWRUQRDPHWRGRHLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHQHOODVFXRODJLXULGLFDVHUYLDQD ħ3UROHJRPHQD,, Trento, 2010, 296VVRYHDOWUDELEO

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FLWD]LRQL JLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOL VLDQR GD LQGLYLGXDUH DQFKH ODGGRYH HVVH VL ULVROYHVVHUR LQ DGHVLRQL ĪLO FKH QRQ VHPSUH DFFDGHYD SHU dare largo spazio a contestazioni o accoglimenti solo parziali, con LQWHJUD]LRQLHUHWWL¿FKHīVWUDWHJLHSLHQDPHQWHDVVLPLODELOLDTXHOOL di un “argomento d'autorità” 44_.

( FLz QRQ WDQWR SHUFKp FHUFKHUHPPR LQYDQR QHOOD VFULWWXUD dei prudentes HVSOLFLWL ULFKLDPL D TXHVWD WHFQLFD GLVFRUVLYD FRPH TXHOOR FKH LQFRQWULDPR LQ &LFHURQH45_{, ove i ORFL H[WULQVHFL ĪFKH}

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JLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOHFRQODGH¿QL]LRQHGLDPELWXV messa a punto da 3XEOLR0XFLR6FHYRODQHO,,VHFRORD&$OOHVSDOOHYLHUDRYYLDPHQWH XQDULVDOHQWHWUDGL]LRQHJUHFDXQFXLGHFLVLYRVQRGRqULQYHQLELOH nelle osservazioni formulate da Aristotele46_{, laddove venivano}

assunte come punto di partenza per l’argomentazione retorica o per O¶DWWLYLWjGLDOHWWLFDHLOUHODWLYRVLOORJLVPROHSURSRVL]LRQLSUREDELOL Ītà éndoxaīHGHUDQRULWHQXWHWDOLTXHOOHFKHSRVVRQR³DSSDULUHYHUH DWXWWLRDOODPDJJLRUDQ]DRDLVDSLHQWLHGLTXHVWLRDWXWWLRDOOD maggior parte, o ai più noti e più stimati” 47_.

44_{Destinato invece a costituire un supporto teorico estremamente incisivo}

H IUHTXHQWH QHO ODYRUR GHL JLXULVWL PHGLHYDOL ĪDQFKH VH EHQ ORQWDQR GDO ULGXUUH LO ORUR LPSHJQR D XQD SHGLVVHTXD RVVHUYDQ]D GL TXDQWR ULQYHQLELOH QHO Corpus

iuris di Giustiniano, loro DXFWRULWDV SHU HFFHOOHQ]Dī SHU TXDOFKH RULHQWDPHQWR q

TXLVXɷFLHQWHLOULQYLRDV. PIANO MORTARI, 'RJPDWLFDHLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH,JLXULVWL PHGLHYDOL, Napoli, 1976, spec. 80 ss.

45_7RSLFD_{4.24: 4XDH DXWHP DGVXPXQWXU H[WULQVHFXV HD PD[LPH H[ DXFWRULWDWH}

GXFXQWXU,WDTXH*UDHFLWDOLVDUJXPHQWDWLRQHVĮĲȑȤȞȠȣȢYRFDQWLGHVWDUWLVH[SHUWLV8WVL LWDUHVSRQGHDV4XRQLDP36FDHYRODLGVROXPHVVHDPELWXVDHGLXPGL[HULWTXDQWXPSDULHWLV FRPPXQLVWHJHQGLFDXVDWHFWXPSURLFHUHWXUH[TXRWHFWRLQHLXVDHGLVTXLSURWH[LVVHWDTXD GHÁXHUHWLGWLELLXVYLGHUL 46_{In 5KHWRULFD}_{2.1398EĪRYHXQWySRVqLQGLYLGXDWRQHOJLXGL]LRĬkrísisĭ³FRQGLYLVR} GDWXWWLJOLXRPLQLHFRVWDQWHQHOWHPSR´RDOPHQRHVSUHVVRGDL³VDSLHQWLĬVRSKyLĭ WXWWL R OD PDJJLRU SDUWH GL HVVL´ R GDJOL ³XRPLQL GL YDORUH ĬDJDWKyLĭ´ QRQ KD GXEELQHOORVFRUJHUHLQTXHVWDWHVWLPRQLDQ]D³LOSULPRPDDQFKHLOSLFDO]DQWH

precedente dell’argomento di autorità” R. SOLAINI, “L’argomento di autorità: fra

l’autolegittimazione del dire e la verità del detto”, in Lingua e stile, 35.2, 2000, 229ī e in 7RSLFD1.1.100E20 ss.

47_{Sul punto, per tutti, 79}_,(+:(*_{, 7RSLFDHJLXULVSUXGHQ]D, tr. it. Milano,}₁₉₆₂

ĪHGRU1953ī16 ss.; A. GIULIANI, ,OFRQFHWWRGLSURYD&RQWULEXWRDOODORJLFDJLXULGLFD,

(16)

Ma nei testi giurisprudenziali, ancor più dell’assenza di HQXQFLD]LRQLDQDORJKHPLOLWDQRQHOVHQVRLQGLFDWRDOWULHOHPHQWL Mi riferisco in primo luogo al rilievo secondo cui il ricorso a un’DXFWRULWDV propriamente non si realizza laddove “l’aderenza al SUHFHGHQWH q LPSRVWD R LQ TXHL FDVL LQ FXL ORSLQLRQH GRWWULQDOH q FRQVLGHUDWD IRQWH GHO GLULWWR LQ VHQVR IRUPDOH´ 48_{Īq OD VHFRQGD}

HYHQWXDOLWj FKH RYYLDPHQWH FL ULJXDUGD PD FKH ULFKLHGHUHEEH ulteriori precisazioni per il caso romano, tenendo conto del FDUDWWHUHÀXLGRHFRQWURYHUVLDOHFRQFXLVLUHDOL]]DTXHVWDFUHD]LRQH VDSLHQ]LDOHGHOGLULWWRī

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VXOOLQWHOOHWWRXPDQRĪHJOLQRQSDUODYDGLDUJXPHQWXPDXFWRULWDWLVī 49_Ħ

VLDPRVROLWLFROOHJDUHTXHVWRPRGRGLSURFHGHUHDXQDFRQGL]LRQH GLVRJJH]LRQHHDXQGLVOLYHOORFRJQLWLYRFROSURIDQRĪRTXDVLīFKH attinge alle competenze dell’esperto, confortato dal suo prestigio, e FRQ¿GDQGRFKHTXHVW¶XOWLPRULHVFDGHWHUPLQDQWHQHLFRQIURQWLGHL GHVWLQDWDUL D ORUR YROWD VSURYYLVWL GL XQ¶DXWRUHYROH]]D VFLHQWL¿FD SDUDJRQDELOH D TXHOOD GHOO¶DXWRUH ULFKLDPDWR $ FRQQRWDUH OH FLWD]LRQLJLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOLD5RPDqLQYHFHDSDUWLUHDOPHQRGDJOL XOWLPL GXH VHFROL GHOOD UHSXEEOLFD OD FRUDOLWj GHO ODYRUR FKH YL q connesso: una coralità selettiva ma tendenzialmente paritaria50_.

3. Una ricchezza problematica (in molti sensi)

,QHɱHWWLSHUXQDOXQJDVWDJLRQHFLVLFRQIURQWzFRQOHGRWWULQH precedenti con rispetto e spiccato senso della tradizione, ma con VSLULWRFULWLFRVHQ]DDOFXQFRQGL]LRQDPHQWRĪQHSSXUHQHLULJXDUGL GHLFROOHJKLSLLQYLVWDPHPEULGLFRQVLOLDSULQFLSXP o forniti di ius

48_{Così G. T}_ARELLO_{, L’interpretazione della legge, Milano,}_{1980, 372 FKH}

SURVHJXH³LQTXHVWLFDVLLQIDWWLODPRWLYD]LRQHLQEDVHDOSUHFHGHQWHRLQEDVHDOOD GRWWULQDqGDFRQVLGHUDUVLDSSOLFD]LRQHQRUPDWLYDGLHQXQFLDWLJLjLQWHUSUHWDWL´

49_{Ulteriori ragguagli in E. S}_TOLFI_{, ´$UJXPHQWXPDXFWRULWDWLVµcit.,}_{112 s. ove}

ELEO

50_{3XUDOO¶LQWHUQRqEHQHULFRUGDUORGHOODFHUFKLDGLFRORURFKHVLULFRQRVFHYDQR}

(17)

respondendiī 51_{SULYLFLRqGLTXHLFRPSOHVVLGLLQIHULRULWjFKHLQYHFH}

sicuramente segneranno gli esperti di diritto nell’età tardoantica ĦDQRQLPLEXURFUDWLHLQVHJQDQWLLQFDSDFLGLXQGLDORJRDOODSDUL FRLPDHVWULVRWWRLOFXLQRPHSXEEOLFDYDQRVLOORJLRFRPSHQGLĦe SRLLPHPEULGHOOHFDQFHOOHULHLPSHULDOLFXLGREELDPRLULFKLDPLDL giuristi nelle costituzioni soprattutto di età giustinianea, segnate da autentica UHYHUHQWLDDQWLTXLWDWLV52_.

Fino alla dinastia severiana ogni giurista fu partecipe di un LPSHJQR FROOHWWLYR FKH VL HVSULPHYD QHOOD FRVWDQWH YHUL¿FD H QHOO¶HYHQWXDOH IUHTXHQWH UHYLVLRQH GHOOH VROX]LRQL UDJJLXQWH VLQR DGDOORUDXQLPSHJQRDVVLGXRFRQGRWWRVXXQDPLULDGHGLSUREOHPL SXQWXDOLĪLFDVLLQELXQLYRFDUHOD]LRQHFRQOHGLUHWWLYHGLSLYDVWD SRUWDWD JLDFFKp L PHWRGL PHVVL LQ FDPSR QRQ HUDQR FHUWR GL carattere deduttivo ma neppure solo, se non per un primo tratto, GL QDWXUD LQGXWWLYDī 53_{, in cui non sorprende trovare, ad esempio,}

“giganti” del pensiero giuridico come Giuliano corretti da “nani” TXDOL 0DXULFLDQR Ħ H FRO SLHQR DVVHQVR GHOOXOWLPR UHIHUHQWH ROWUHWXWWRLQXQFRQWHVWRGLHVWUHPRULOLHYRWHFQLFRĪODWHRULDGHJOL DFFRUGLSURGXWWLYLGLREEOLJD]LRQHXQVHWWRUHGHOLFDWLVVLPRLQFXL proprio all’interpretatio giurisprudenziale era demandato il compito GLDSULUHTXDOFKHEUHFFLDQHOODWLSLFLWjFRQWUDWWXDOHī 54_.

51_{(QWUDPEHHYHQWXDOLWjFKHQRQVHPEUDQRDYHUDYXWRXQLPSDWWRGHFLVLYR}

QHO PHULWR GHL GLEDWWLWL JLXULVSUXGHQ]LDOL H FKH FRPXQTXH IXURQR ORQWDQH GDO FRPSULPHUQH O¶DUWLFRODWD FRPSOHVVLWj FKH FRQWLQXDYD D GLVSLHJDUVL VXOO¶DUFR GL più generazioni: cfr., per tutti, M. BRUTTI, ,O GLDORJR WUD JLXULVWL H LPSHUDWRUL cit.,

spec. 126VV7HQGHYDDPLQLPL]]DUHĦPDHQWURXQ¶LPSRVWD]LRQHFKHVRORLQSDUWH

WURYRSHUVXDVLYDĦLOUXRORGHOius respondendi e la sua “ripercussione sulla disputatio

fori e sulle scuole”, già N. PALAZZOLO, “Il SULQFHSV, i giuristi, l’editto. Mutamento

istituzionale e strumenti di trasformazione del diritto privato da Augusto ad Adriano”, in F. MILAZZOĪDFXUDGLī5HVSXEOLFDHSULQFHSV9LFHQGHSROLWLFKHPXWDPHQWL LVWLWX]LRQDOLHRUGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFRGD&HVDUHDG$GULDQR$WWLGHOFRQYHJQRLQWHUQD]LRQDOH GLGLULWWRURPDQR&RSDQHOORňŋĦňōPDJJLRŇŏŏŊ, Napoli, 1996, spec. 320.

52_{In proposito si veda, di recente, 6 '}_,₀_$5,$_{, /D FDQFHOOHULD LPSHULDOH H L}

JLXULVWLFODVVLFL´UHYHUHQWLDDQWLTXLWDWLVµHQXRYHSURVSHWWLYHQHOODOHJLVOD]LRQHJLXVWLQLDQHD GHO&RGLFH, Bologna, 2010.

53_{Ho insistito sul punto in ,FDVLHODUHJXOD cit., spec.}_{52 ss.}

54_{,O WHVWR FXL PL ULIHULVFR q XQ EUDQR FHOHEUH HG HVWUHPDPHQWH GLVFXVVR}

WUDWWR GDO ,9 OLEUR DG HGLFWXP di Ulpiano e conservato in D.2.14.7.2: Sed et si in

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(18)

$VSHWWL FKH QRQ SRVVLDPR VRWWRYDOXWDUH DQFKH TXDQGR Ħ RSSRUWXQDPHQWH Ħ FL LQWHUURJKLDPR VXO VH H TXDQWR GL TXHVWD OXPLQRVDDWWLYLWjVFLHQWL¿FDSRWHVVHLUUDGLDUVLVXOODSUDVVLIRUHQVH di Roma e, ancor più, delle remote periferie dell’impero55_{. Certo si}

YLQFHYDRSHUGHYDXQDOLWHDQFKHIRQGDQGRin ĪH deī iure la propria pretesa sulla interpretatioGLTXHVWRRTXHOJLXULVWDWDOHFLUFRVWDQ]D Ħ FKH DEELDPR YLVWR HVFOXGHUHEEH VHJXHQGR O¶LPSRVWD]LRQH GL 7DUHOOR GL YHGHUH DQFKH TXL XQ ULFRUVR DOO¶DUJRPHQWR G¶DXWRULWj Ħ YLHQH LQWHVD GLYHUVDPHQWH GD TXDQWL WHQGRQR D VXSHUDUH O¶LGHD FKH OD FRQWURYHUVLDOLWj URPDQD VL UHDOL]]DVVH HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH DO livello del confronto fra studiosi del diritto, per sottolineare il condizionamento esercitato dal responso sul iudex e il suo LXGLFDWXP. 8Q FRQGL]LRQDPHQWR FKH VL VDUHEEH UHDOL]]DWR ³XQLFDPHQWH LQ grazia della LXULVDXFWRULWDVGHOUHVSRQGHQWH´SRLFKp©QRQFRQVHJXLYD WDQWR ĪR VRORī LQ YLUW GHOOD UHWWD DUJRPHQWD]LRQH VXE VSHFLH LXULV, TXDQWRGHOSUHVWLJLRSHUVRQDOHGHO³QRPH´ªGHOLXULVFRQVXOWXV56_.

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TXLSLLQWHUHVVDLQ,FDVLHODUHJXOD cit., 19, 36VRYHELEO

55_{&RPH KD VFULWWR$ 6}_&+,$921(_{, Ius cit.,}_{37, “il diritto dei giuristi non fu}

mai davvero il diritto di tutto l’impero: né in senso geopolitico, orizzontale; né in senso sociale, verticale”. Sul “diritto classico come uno strato, sottile e poggiante VXXQDEDVHSHUVRQDOHHVWUHPDPHQWHHVLJXDGHOGLULWWRURPDQRXɷFLDOH´FIUJLjL. /20%$5',, Saggio sul diritto giurisprudenziale, rist. Milano, 1975, 55, particolarmente

DWWHQWR ĪS36 VVī DOOH LQWHUD]LRQL QHOOD 5RPD ĪVRSUDWWXWWRī UHSXEEOLFDQD IUD giurisprudenzialità del diritto e struttura aristocratica della società.

56_{Così U. V}_INCENTI_{, L’universo dei giuristi, cit.,}_{11 s. In una direzione non molto}

GLɱRUPHJLjVLPXRYHYDQR5DJJLĪsupra, § 2 e nt. 41īQRQFKp6721'2, 3URÀORGL VWRULDFRVWLWX]LRQDOHURPDQD3DUWHVHFRQGD, Milano, 1993, 409VVHFRQGRLOTXDOH³VROR LJLXULVWLĬĭLQTXDQWRSRUWDWRULG¶XQDOWRVDSHUHWHFQLFRĪROWUHFKHHVSUHVVLRQHGHL FHWLVRFLDOPHQWHHFXOWXUDOPHQWHSLTXDOL¿FDWLīULVXOWDYDQRGRWDWLDQFKHDIURQWH GHLJLXGLFLG¶XQSUHVWLJLRLQFRPSDUDELOPHQWHVXSHULRUHĪDXFWRULWDVīTXLQGLDFRQWL IDWWLG¶XQDDXWRUHYROH]]DFDSDFHG¶DVVRUJHUHĬĭDYHUDDXWRULWDWLYLWj´6XOUDSSRUWR IUD JLXULVWL H JLXGLFL QHOO¶HVSHULHQ]D URPDQD FIU RUD DQFKH P. GIUNTI, “Iudex e

iurisperitus. Alcune considerazioni sul diritto giurisprudenziale e la sua narrazione”, in 90$5277$ĥ(672/),ĪDFXUDGLī,XVFRQWURYHUVXPHSURFHVVR cit., 213 ss.

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