Finito di stampare nel mese di giugno 2019 Presso Imoco Industrie Grafiche – Treviso - Italy
35° convegno internazionale Scienza e Beni Culturali
Collana Scienza e Beni Culturali
Volume.2019
ISSN 2039-9790ISBN 978-88-95409-23-8
IL PATRIMONIO CULTURALE IN MUTAMENTO.
LE SFIDE DELL’USO
Bressanone, 1 - 5 luglio 2019
In questo volume vengono pubblicati i contributi estesi che sono stati sottoposti a double blind peer review da parte di esperti dello stesso settore.
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE PROCESS OF
CHANGE. THE CHALLENGES OF USE.
Bressanone, 1 - 5 july 2019
This volume includes extensive contributions (Full-paper) that have been subject to double-blind peer review by qualified referees.
Tutti i diritti riservati,
EDIZIONE ARCADIA RICERCHE Srl Parco Scientifico Tecnologico di Venezia Via delle Industrie 25/11 – Marghera Venezia Tel.:041-5093048 E-mail: arcadia@vegapark.ve.it www.arcadiaricerche.eu
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IL TEMA DELL’USO NEL RESTAURO DELL’EDILIZIA
STORICA E MONUMENTALE ATTRAVERSO L’EVOLUZIONE
DELLECARTEDELRESTAURO
S. Gizzi ... 1
IL PATRIMONIO CULTURALE IN MUTAMENTO TRA
RIGENERAZIONEURBANAETUTELADEICENTRISTORICI
C. Crova, M. Eichberg, F. Miraglia ... 13
ACOEVOLUTIONARYAPPROACHTOTHEREUSEOFBUILT
CULTURALHERITAGE
S. Della Torre ... 25
RI-USAREPERCONSERVAREEPERCONOSCERE.
S. Pesenti ... 35
CONSERVAZIONE NELL’USO E NEL RIUSO DELLE
COSTRUZIONISTORICHE
D. Pittaluga ... 45
BEYOND MUSEUM / NEW STRATEGIES OF PRESERVATION
APPLIEDTOOVERSIZEDARCHITECTURES
E. Vigliocco ... 59
QUANDO L’USO NON CAMBIA. QUESTIONI APERTE SUL
RESTAURODELLA NEUENATIONALGALERIE DI MIESVAN
DERROHE
G. Danesi, S. Di Resta ... 69
ANTICHE STRUTTURE PER NUOVI USI (CONDIVISI):
“RIEMPIRE SPAZI E TEMPI” PER UNA CONSERVAZIONE
INTEGRATA
F.Ottoni, S. Celli ... 81
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AND RETROFIT MEASURES:
THE IMPROVEMENT OF BUILDINGS PERFORMANCE
THROUGHPASSIVECOMPATIBLESTRATEGIES
M. De Vita ... 91
“VA E RIUSA LA MIA CASA” CHI E COME: RUOLO E
COMPETENZE DEL GESTORE DEI BENI CULTURALI,
RIFLESSIONITRATEORIAEPRATICA
A. Pili ... 101
LE TRASFORMAZIONI DELL’ABITARE. IL CASO DEL
QUARTIERESTADERAAMILANO(1929-2018).
THE COMPLEXITY OF CONSERVATION OF OUTFITTING,
HISTORICSITESANDBUILDINGSUNDEREVERYDAYUSES.
E. Rosina, M. Suma ... 123
VALORIZZAZIONE DEL PATRIMONIO STORICO:
ESPERIENZE DI COLLABORAZIONE PUBBLICO-PRIVATA
NELLA GESTIONE DEL CASTELLO DI BRIVIO COME POLO
ATTRATTIVODELSISTEMACULTURALEDELTERRITORIO
LECCHESE.
L.Cantini ... 133
“NUOVA VITA DELLE AREE INTERNE”. UN ESEMPIO DI
VALORIZZAZIONE DEL PATRIMONIO IDENTITARIO DEL
TERRITORIO, PROMUOVENDO MODELLI DI RECUPERO
MULTIFUNZIONALEEPARTECIPATO
B. Scala ... 145
IDENTITÀ, COMPATIBILITÀ, CONSERVAZIONE.
RIFLESSIONI SUL RAPPORTO TRA RIUSO E TUTELA NEL
PORTOVECCHIODITRIESTE.
V. Peron ... 157
ESQUILINO CHIAMA ROMA! STRATEGIE PER UNA
CONOSCENZA CONDIVISA E APPLICATA VOLTA ALLA
RIGENERAZIONE URBANAATTRAVERSO LA FORMAZIONE
DIUNAHERITAGECOMMUNITY
M. Magnani Cianetti, P. Petraroia, S. M.C. Salvo ... 169
SANTA MARTA AL COLLEGIO ROMANO. RESTAURO
APERTO. UN PROGETTO DI RECUPERO E RIUSO PER LA
PUBBLICAFRUIZIONE.
A. Rorro, C.Udina ... 181
THE CREATION OF A PUBLIC SPACE WITHIN A PRIVATE
COMMISSION: THECASEOFTHE FONDACODEI TEDESCHI
INVENICEANDITSCHANGEOFUSE.
C. Boniotti, R. Codello, S. Della Torre ... 191
PAESAGGIO COSTIERO: PRESSIONE ANTROPICA E
TURISMO
G Cacudi, M Catalano ... 201
RIGENERAZIONE URBANA E CONSERVAZIONE DELLE
SUPERFICIARCHITETTONICHE:ILCASODELLAGALLERIA
PRINCIPEANAPOLI
IL MOORISH KIOSK NEI GIARDINI BOTANICI HANBURY:
L’ANIMACELATA
F. L. Buccafurri, M. Abbo, C. Pilati ... 223
GIARDINI STORICI: DA LUOGHI DI LOISIR A MUSEI EN
PLEIN AIR PER IL GRANDE PUBBLICO. QUALI INDIRIZZI
PERUNASOSTENIBILEFRUIZIONEEVALORIZZAZIONE?
M. Ferrari ... 233
ROMAELAREALTÀDELTURISMO
C. Bellanca, C. Frigieri ... 245
ALTA VAL BREMBANA BETWEEN PAST AND FUTURE.
UNDERUSED HOLIDAY HOUSES AND SLOW TOURISM AS A
POSSIBLESTRATEGYFORREPOPULATION
B. Silva ... 255
RIUSO COMPATIBILE ED OSPITALITÀ SANITARIA: UNA
PROPOSTAPERVILLALAUDANI(CT)
A. Lo Faro, A. Salemi, G. Laudani ... 265
TERRITORI FRAGILI TRA SPOPOLAMENTO E
SOVRAFFOLLAMENTO TURISTICO. IL CASO DI PYRGOS A
SANTORINI(GRECIA).
C. Circo ... 275
RECUPERARE IL SENSO DEL LIMITE? BUONE PRASSI E
QUESITIAPERTI
G.Battista, G. Campanini ... 285
UN APPROCCIO METODOLOGICO AL TEMA
DELL’INTEGRAZIONE DEGLI IMPIANTI NELLE
ARCHITETTURE STORICHE: DALL’ANALISI
DELL’ESISTENTE ALLE PROPOSTE DI SOLUZIONI
COMPATIBILIPERL’ADEGUAMENTOEILRIUSO
C.Aghemo, M. Naretto, R. Taraglio, L.Valetti ... 295
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IMPROVEMENT OF LISTED HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
THROUGHSHALLOWGEOTHERMALSYSTEMS
G. Cadelano, R. Pasquali, N. O’Neill, F. Becherini, F. Cicolin,
G. Mezzasalma, G. Dalla Santa, G. Emmi, A. Bernardi ... 307
THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN ADAPTIVE REUSE:
RESPECTINGAUTHENTICITYANDINTEGRITY
CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE REUSE. A
RESILIENCE-BASEDAPPROACH.
M. Morandotti, D.Besana, C. Cecchini, A. Chiesa ... 331
RILEVARE UN’OPERA CINETICO-PROGRAMMATA PER
GESTIRELESUETRASFORMAZIONI
A. Devecchi, F. Gasparetto, L. Baratin ... 343
TRA CONSERVAZIONE E RIUSO, LE SFIDE DEL
MUTAMENTO: IL RESTAURO DI ARCHITETTURE
RAZIONALISTEINROMAGNA
G. Favaretto, M. Pretelli, A. Zampini ... 355
FERRARA.CASTELLOESTENSE–LETTURADELTEMPO
CONSERVAZIONEEDIVULGAZIONENELLA
CONTEMPORANEITÀ
A. Ugatti, E. Goberti, B. Pazi, M. Beltrami ... 367
RIFLESSIONI SU POSSIBILI MODALITÀ DI SALVAGUARDIA
DEGLIALLESTIMENTISTORICI.LAPINACOTECADIBRERAE
ILRECENTEINTERVENTODIRIALLESTIMENTO(2015-2018)
G. Di Gangi ... 377
IL MOLINO SCOPPETTA DI PULSANO (TA), DALL’ARTE
MOLITORIA ALLA GASTROSOFIA, PER UN PROCESSO DI
RIAPPROPRIAZIONEDELBENEDALLACOMUNITÀ.
F. Lupoli, A. Monte, C. Sasso ... 387
RE-USETHEELECTRICITYHERITAGE
M. Mattone ... 399
RE-USEOFAMEDIEVALTOWERBETWEENCONSERVATION
ANDTRANSFORMATION
F. Fratini, M. Mattone, S. Rescic ... 411
THE FRIGORIFERO OF FRIULI: CHARACTERISTICS AND
REUSEPOSSIBILITIES
V. Foramitti ... 421
IL RIUSO DEI MERCATI COPERTI DEL NOVECENTO A
GENOVA:TEMIEPROBLEMI
L. Napoleone, R. Vecchiattini ... 431
THE VALORIZATION PROCESS OF THE BASILICA DI SAN
LORENZO IN CREMONA: FROM STATIC DYSFUNCTION TO
NEWREUSE
STRATEGIE DI VALORIZZAZIONE CULTURALE E
PAESAGGISTICA DELLA CAVA PONTRELLI ANCHE DETTA
“DEIDINOSAURI”ADALTAMURA(BA)
A. Disabato ... 453
FIRENZUOLAELAVALLEDELSANTERNO.TRACCEPERUN
VIDEODIPAESAGGIO.
P. Ricco ... 463
LA STORICITÀ DELLE MUTAZIONI DEL PATRIMONIO:
STUDI PER UN PROGETTO DI VALORIZZAZIONE DI
PALAZZOBORGHITROTTISEDEDELL’ARCHIVIODISTATO
DIFERRARA.
F. Mainardi, F. Babbi ... 473
BOLOGNA IL RIUSO DELL’EX-CONVENTO DELLA SS.
ANNUNZIATA COME POLO PER I BENI CULTURALI. LA
SFIDA, LE RAGIONI E I CARATTERI DEL PROGETTO DI UN
NUOVOUSO
F.Tomba, E.Pozzi ... 485
MEMORY AS TOOL FOR TRANSFORMATION: THE
REGENERATIONOFURBANSPACESINTHECASESTUDYOF
PASTUROINVALSASSINA–LECCO,ITALY
L. De Stefani, A. Tognon ... 495
MILANO: LE DUE “MANICHE” DI SMISTAMENTO DELLO
SCALOFARINIEILLORORIUSOASEDEDELL’ACCADEMIA
DIBRERA
G. Guarisco, L. Monica ... 507
LE CAVALLERIZZE DEL MUSEO NAZIONALE DELLA
SCIENZAEDELLATECNOLOGIADIMILANO:UNPOSSIBILE
DIALOGOTRANUOVOEARCHITETTURASTORICA
D. Lattanzi, F. Conte, P. Savio ... 519
ASYSTEMICREUSEFORITALIANANASHOUSES
C. Bonaiti, A. Silvetti ... 531
DALL’ABBANDONO AL RIUSO SOSTENIBILE: IL CASO DEL
KURSAALDIBARI
VALORI E VALORIZZAZIONE: UNA PROPOSTA METODOLOGICA PER LA CONSERVAZIONE DEGLI EDIFICI STORICI ABBANDONATI
R. Moioli, S. Capolongo, S. Della Torre, M. Dell’Ovo, M. Morandotti, L. Sdino ... 551
RIUSO DELLA PERSISTENZA A RUDERE DEL FORTE DI
VALLEDRANEATREVISOBRESCIANO
O. Longo, D. Sigurtà ... 561
MORANO CALABRO: IL SILENZIO DI UN BORGO.
UN’ESPERIENZADIRICERCAPERLACONSERVAZIONEEIL
RIUSODIUNPATRIMONIOINDISUSO
B. Canonaco ... 571
IL CINEMA IMPERO A ROMA: ESISTE UN FUTURO PER I
CINEMATOGRAFI?
M.G. Ercolino ... 581
LA SOLITUDINE DELLE ARCHITETTURE DISMESSE.
PROIEZIONI IMMAGINATIVE PER IL PATRIMONIO
CARCERARIOSTORICOINSARDEGNA
G.B. Cocco, C. Giannattasio, F. Musanti, V. Pintus ... 591
APASSOD’UOMO.USOEVALORIZZAZIONI DIMANUFATTI
ALLOSTATODIRUDERELUNGOILTRATTOAPPENNINICO
DELLAVIAROMEADISTADE:ILCASTRUMPLANETTI
E Ceccaroni, L Salina, A Ugolini ... 605
STRATEGIE DI VALORIZZAZIONE E RIUSO DEL
PATRIMONIO RURALE: ESPERIENZE DELL’AREA
METROPOLITANAMILANESE
R. Laviscio ... 615
CONTRO L'OBLIO. PER IL RIUSO DEL PATRIMONIO
DELL'ARCHITETTURARURALEDELLELEOPOLDINE.
B.G. Marino, I. Nocerino ... 627
RI-USARE PER RI-VIVERE. PARADIGMI PER IL RIUSO DI
ARCHITETTUREMINORIINABBANDONO
M. Bellomo, A. Falotico ... 637
IL RIUSO DEI COMPLESSI ABBANDONATI NEI PROCESSI
BOTTOM-UP:PROBLEMATICHEERICADUTEINTERMINIDI
CONSERVAZIONE
MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHEOLOGY, THE CASE
STUDYOFLECCO
A. Silvetti, M. Alberganti ... 659
RESTAURO E NUOVE OPPORTUNITÀ URBANE DEL
PATRIMONIO INDUSTRIALE: IL CASO DELL’EX FORNACE
SIECIASCAURI(LT)
L. Cappelli, E. Fiore ... 673
LA DISTILLERIA NICOLA DE GIORGI A SAN CESARIO DI
LECCE. DA "FABBRICA DI SPIRITO" A "FABBRICA PER LA
CULTURA"
A. Monte ... 685
LACARTIERA DUCALEDI FERMIGNANO NELTERRITORIO
MARCHIGIANO: UN ESEMPIO DI PATRIMONIO
INDUSTRIALE TRA RESTAURO, RECUPERO, RIUSO E
VALORIZZAZIONE
L. Baratin, A. Cattaneo ... 695
DALMINE: IL RIUSO CONTEMPORANEO DELLA COMPANY
TOWNDIGIOVANNIGREPPI
A. Cardaci, G. Mirabella Roberti, A. Versaci ... 707
LA “CITTÀ SOCIALE” E L’AREA DELL’EX LANIFICIO
MARZOTTO DI MANERBIO: UN PATRIMONIO
ARCHITETTONICOEURBANOARISCHIODIDISSIPAZIONE
C. Coccoli, G. Cavagnini, S. Mondolo ... 717
USE AND ABUSE OF THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
ARCHEOLOGY.COMPARINGEXPERIENCES
L. Serafini, S. Cacamore ... 729
ARCHEOLOGIA INDUSTRIALE: IL RIUSO DI EDIFICI
DISMESSI A FUNZIONE “CRUDA” TRA MEMORIA E
INNOVAZIONE
C. Campanella, M. Suma, C. Dell’Orto, L.M. Sanchez Jimenez ... 739
ILRIUSODELLEAREEMILITARIINITALIA:ESPERIENZEDI
RICERCA E DIDATTICA PER LE CASERME DI BOLZANO E
CAGLIARI
D.R. Fiorino, P.Iannotti, P.Mellano ... 749
STRATEGIES FOR DISMANTLED MILITARY SITES AND
BUILDINGS OF THE COLD WAR: EXPERIENCES FROM
EUROPE
RE-USESTRATEGIESANDCONSERVATIONPRACTICESFOR
THE FORTIFIED ARCHITECTURE. AN EXAMPLE FROM
LIGURIAREGION:FINALEANDITSFORTRESSES
E. Brusa, C. Stanga ... 773
BUONE PRATICHE DI RICONVERSIONE E RIUSO DEGLI
AEREOPORTI MILITARI STORICI: UN CONFRONTO
INTERNAZIONALE
D. R. Fiorino, M. Vargiu ... 785
PAESAGGI FORTIFICATI IN TRANSIZIONE. IL CASO DEI
CASTELLIMEDIEVALIINSARDEGNA
V. Pintus, M. S. Pirisino ... 799
CONTINUITÀ D’USO E RESILIENZA DEL PATRIMONIO
MODERNO. L’"UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÌLIA" DI OSCAR
NIEMEYER
R. Maspoli ... 811
RIABILITAZIONE E CAMBIO D’USO DEL PATRIMONIO
COSTRUITO. RIFLESSIONI SULL’ESPERIENZA DELLE
POUSADASINPORTOGALLO.
E. Fantini, T. Cunha Ferreira, A. Ugolini ... 821
SPAZI MUSEALI E PREESISTENZA IN OLANDA
SPERIMENTAZIONIECASISTUDIO.
G. Proto ... 831
OPEN-AIR ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUMS: CULTURAL
FRUITION,USEANDREUSEOFBUILDINGTYPESINJAPAN
F. Gotta ... 843
ABBANDONO E RIUSO IN ARCHITETTURA. L'USO
TRANSITORIO COME PRATICA DI CONSERVAZIONE IN
ULSTER.
G. De Martino, R. Scognamiglio ... 855
NON-FINITO ED ESERCIZI NOSTALGICI TRA REMAKE
RESTAUROENUOVIUSIPERLEARCHITETTUREEFFIMERE
S. Caccia Gherardini ... 865
IL MONITORAGGIO MICROCLIMATICO NELLE AREE
ARCHEOLOGICHE: DALLA PROGETTAZIONE ALLA
FRUIZIONE. PER UN SISTEMA CULTURALE NELLA
NECROPOLIDITUVIXEDDUACAGLIARI
INDOOR MICROCLIMATE MONITORING: USE AND ISSUES.
THECASEOFTHEREALMOFVENARIAREALE.
A. Bonora, K. Fabbri, M. Pretelli ... 885
L’INTERFACCIA-SUPERFICIE COME FATTORE DI
VALUTAZIONE DELLA COMPATIBILITÀ DI UN
INTERVENTO. PROBLEMATICHE SPECIALISTICHE
RIFERITEALL’USO.
S. Massari, M. Pretelli ... 895
ADAPTIVE CLOISTERS BETWEEN NEW FUNCTIONS AND
EFFICIENCYSTRATEGIES
E.Petrucci, R. Cocci Grifoni ... 907
T'ERA PARK:UNCATALOGODI STRATEGIEPOSSIBILIPER
LEMEMORIEDELLEETEROTOPIEDINAPOLIEST
G. Vannelli ... 917
PROPOSAL OF AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FOR FIRE
SAFETYCOMPLIANCEINPALAZZOVECCHIO
T. Giusti, P. Capone ... 927
ECONOMIA CREATIVA PER IL RIUSO E LA
VALORIZZAZIONE DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURALE IN
MUTAMENTO. 10 LABORATORI APERTI PER 10 CITTÀ
STORICHEDELL’EMILIA-ROMAGNA.
C.Mariotti, L. Signorelli ... 937
USO E STRUTTURA NEI CENTRI MINORI ABBANDONATI:
SICUREZZAVSCONSERVAZIONE?
A. Donatelli ... 951
IL MARE NON BASTA PIU’. LA TUTELA DEGLI
STABILIMENTIBALNEARI:INDAGINIECASOSTUDIO
S. G. Florea ... 965
LA FERROVIA ROMA FIUGGI: L’ARCHITETTURA
DELL’UTILE
V. D’Ettore, M. Floridi ... 977
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR SMALL HISTORIC
CENTERS. USE OF CLARENTANO PALACE IN RANDAZZO
(CT)ASAHALTINANURBANMUSEUMNETWORK
LE COSTRUZIONI STORICHE DI LEGNO STRUTTURALE
PORTANTE. UN CONTRIBUTO AL RIUSO. LA SCHEDA DI
CONOSCENZAEVALORIZZAZIONE
D. Pittaluga, G. Stagno, L.Secondini, C. Marvaldi ... 997
ARCHITECTURE AND CINEMA: NARRATIVE AND
ECONOMICTOOLSFORURBANREGENERATION
A. Lancellotti ... 1007
USO, DISUSO, ABUSO: LA TUTELA DEL PAESAGGIO
MONTANOEL’ADEGUAMENTODEIRIFUGIALPINI
C. Bartolomucci... 1017
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS AS A SUBJECT IN THE
RE-USEOFINDUSTRIALHERITAGE
N. Kuban ... 1027
ATTUALITÀ DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURALE COSTRUITO E
STRATEGIE PER UN RIUSO COMPATIBILE: RECENTI
INTERVENTIINITALIA
V. Bernardini ... 1037
DELL'UTILITÀEDELLAROVINADELMODERNO
A. Canziani ... 1047
LA “SPETTACOLARIZZAZIONE” DEI BENI CULTURALI: IL
RESTAURODELLAFIUMARAD’ARTE
C. Accetta ... 1057
DIGITALANASTYLOSISOFFRESCOESCHALLENGE(DAFNE)
V Cantoni, L Lombardi, G. Mastrotisi, A. Segimiro, A. Setti ... 1067
STUDIPERILRIUSODELLAFORESTERIADELL’ABBAZIADI
CHIARAVALLEMILANESE
G. Guarisco, N. Lombardini, D. Oreni ... 1077
ILPATRIMONIOARCHITETTONICODELLACITTÀSTORICA
DICORALGABLES,FL:CONSERVAZIONE,USOERIUSO
S. Aimar ... 1089
L'EX NOVIZIATO DEL SAN NICCOLÒ DI PRATO:
CONOSCENZA,CONSERVAZIONEERIUSO
M. Lazzari ... 1099
ISTANZE STRUTTURALI NELLA DEFINIZIONE DI USI
COMPATIBILI: UN CASO STUDIO NEL COMPLESSO
MONUMENTALEDELLAPILOTTA
LA TRASFORMAZIONE DEI BENI PAESAGGISTICI
INTERPRETATA COME GRAVE COMPROMISSIONE O
DEGRADO: UN MODELLO DI LETTURA CONDIVISO TRA
MI.B.A.C. E REGIONE TOSCANA PER IL RECUPERO E LA
RIQUALIFICAZIONE DEI VALORI IDENTITARI NELL’AREA
METROPOLITANAFIORENTINA
G. Nannetti ... 1121
THESYSTEMICAPPROACHFORNEWUSESOFIHATURBAN
SCALE,THESTUDYCASEOFLECCO.
R. Pivetta, M. Alberganti, E. Rosina ... 1133
PERMANENZE NEL PATRIMONIO DI ARCHEOLOGIA
INDUSTRIALE DELLE MARCHE: IL RICONOSCIMENTO
DELLADUPLICEVALENZAESTETICAEPAESAGGISTICAAI
FINIDIUNACORRETTASTRATEGIADIVALORIZZAZIONEE
RIUSO.
D. Bravi, D. Licastro ... 1143
ARCHITECTURES FROM ARCHITECTURES. THE REUSE OF
HERITAGEINABANDONMENT
C. Verazzo ... 1155
PROPOSTEPERLARIGENERAZIONEDELL’ANTICO BORGO
DIQUERONELLAPROVINCIADIBELLUNO.
E. Pietrogrande, A. Dalla Caneva ... 1165
RE-USE AND ENHANCING PLANNING OF THE “MADNESS
SPACES”.MEMORYANDFUTUREOFTHEROYALHOUSEOF
LUNATICSINAVERSA.
M. D’aprile, L. Lanza ... 1175
RESTAURO E PROBLEMI DI CONSERVAZIONE: LA VALLE
DELBELICEINSICILIA.
A. Versaci, A. Cardaci ... 1185
CONTINUITÀ D’USO E TRASFORMAZIONI NEGLI EDIFICI
RESIDENZIALI PROGETTATI DA GIUSEPPE TERRAGNI A
COMO
M. Casanova ... 1195
LA STREET ART COME STRUMENTO DI RIGENERAZIONE
URBANA?
MODALITÀ DI INTERVENTO PER IL RIUSO DI AMBIENTI
STORICIINSTATODINONUTILIZZO:PALAZZOBELLISOMI
VISTARINOAPAVIA
E. Doria, M. Morandotti ... 1215
PALAZZO DUCALE DI SASSUOLO: VICENDE DI
TRASFORMAZIONI DA DELIZIA ESTENSE A SALUMIFICIO.
RIFLESSIONIPERILPROGETTODIRESTAURODELFRONTE
MERIDIONALE.
E. Fain ... 1225
IL SITO DISIDI HARZEMDI JEANFRANÇOIS ZEVACO ELA
DIMENSIONEDELCONSUMOTURISTICO
F. Pisani ... 1235
PMM: DALLA SPOLVERATURA ALLA GESTIONE DELLA
COLLEZIONEMUSEALE.
E. Antonelli, E. De Marsico ... 1245
RESTORATIONOFNAVIGATINGBOATS. ACHALLENGETO
MAINTAINUSABILITYOFOURNAUTICALHERITAGE
G. Zappia, M. C. Morozzo Della Rocca ... 1257
USO ED ACCESSIBILITÀ: COLLEGAMENTI VERTICALITRA
NORMAEARCHITETTURA.
C. Campanella ... 1267
INDIVIDUAZIONE,CONSERVAZIONEEVALORIZZAZIONE
DELLEBOTTEGHESTORICHE,DEILOCALIDITRADIZIONE
ERIFLESSIONIPERUNUSOCOMPATIBILENELTEMPO.
SPERIMENTAZIONEECASISTUDIOAGENOVAESESTRI
LEVANTE.
C. Pastor ... 1279 “UNNATURAL” MATERIALS FOR COATINGS IN THE
RESTAURATION PROJECTS.
G. Marsili, A. Gutierrez, U. Dainese ... 1291
FIRENZE,VIADELLACOLONNA.DAICAVALLIALTROTTOAI
CAVALLIAMOTOREDEGLIAUTOBUS:LESTESSEPIETREPER
UNASTRADATUTTANUOVA
G. Signori, M.Deganutti ... 1305
DAREUNFUTUROALLAMEMORIA-RESTAURO
CONSERVATIVODELSACRARIOMILITAREDIREDIPUGLIA
80ANNIDOPOLASUAINAUGURAZIONE
SCIENZA E BENI CULTURALI.2019
A COEVOLUTIONARY APPROACH TO THE REUSE OF
BUILT CULTURAL HERITAGE
STEFANO DELLA TORRE
Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito
stefano.dellatorre@polimi.it
Abstract.
The reuse of existing buildings has been often described as the adaption to an evolving environment and the related needs. Coevolution is a metaphor coming from biology science, related to Darwinian processes affecting species, which have strong relationships with each other. Coevolutionary models have been applied outside the biology field, namely in economics, aiming at the development of models for change management. The proposed implementation of a coevolutionary approach enlightens the potential influence that the presence of heritage produces on the environment and the society. The author’s thesis is that all the choices in conservation and reuse processes can be seen under a different perspective, after the step from “adaptation” to “conservation of the coevolutionary potential”. The awareness that the presence of an historic building or its features could produce future benefits going far beyond its mere use values, gives more reasons for conservation and/or modifications that are evaluated on the long terms and not just for the present needs. The expected change should concern the attitude to choice and the awareness about the reason why something has to be conserved instead of being sacrificed. On the other hand, in this perspective reuse becomes a tool for a richer evolution and changes, which are not necessarily negative for the historic building. The ultimate target of the paper is to clarify the benefits, which conservation discipline could get by opening the mindset to a wider variety of theoretical sources.
Keywords: Reuse, Coevolution, Circular Economy, Planned Conservation, User
Introduction
Architectural reuse has been the topic of an extremely wide debate over the last decades. Besides being somehow present in the classical books on the art of building, it is an old problem connected to the long durée of the built environment. Reuse and rehabilitation were a hot topic in Italy in the 1980s, when books still deserving to be carefully read were written (Di Biase et al. 1981). Also at international level the issue became more and more central as outside Europe the awareness of the cultural and identity values of urban artefacts arose. A huge mass of experiences and studies has therefore been produced searching for methods and decision criteria.
Perspectives surely changed: nowadays reflections are framed into the vision of Circular Economy and a more mature understanding of sustainability. Decision making became then more complex, because the problem is no longer the comparison between the net actual value of the investment in the reuse operation and that of the new construction on the area. Now decision has to take into account also social, cultural and environmental issues on the long run.
Therefore, new issues are introduced in the discussion about conservation and reuse, which has seen also a large and undeserved fortune of the theme as the object of a research by design often devoid of any epistemological foundation.
The coevolutionary approach
Coevolution is a powerful metaphor that helps to understand issues related to time and changes. It comes from biology science, related to Darwinian processes affecting species, which have strong relationships with each other. However, coevolutionary models have been applied in many fields outside the sciences of life, as at the epistemological level they offer a powerful logic for transcending any determinisms and developing cross-disciplinary approaches in the study of different systems.
The implementation in cultural anthropology, archaeology and human history to explain trends and changes was quite obvious, as it was a way to enrich the understanding of evolution processes, in which the Darwinian thinking could clearly help (Ames 1996; Mesoudi, Whiten, Laland 2006). The implementation in economics has been more similar to the problem we deal with. Coevolution has been invoked to explain trends in ecology and resources (e.g. Norgaard 1994, Kallis G., Norgaard 2010), to investigate reasons for location competitive advantage, and above to develop models for innovation and change management
SCIENZA E BENI CULTURALI.2019 27 (e.g. Van den Bergh, Stagl 2003). These studies tried to understand changes as the results of forces often antagonist to each other, and of events that sometimes are definitely random. However, some authors observed that while it is possible to describe coevolution processes, which are definitely emergent from the complexity of the systems, in other processes coevolution is somehow guided by external actions (Cuervo-Cazurra A., Martin de Holan P., Sanz 2014).
Among the fields, in which the concept of coevolution has been used as an interpretation tool, the cultural landscape sector is maybe the closest to historic preservation. In Italy the “territorialist” approach used to treat the territory as a highly complex living system, developing sophisticated methods to deal with ecosystems (Magnaghi 2017). The definition of cultural landscapes as complex adaptive systems encompasses both the concepts of emergence and coevolution (Rescia et al. 2012). Implementing the concept of “extended evolution” (Laubichler and Renn 2015), Niles and Roth propose to understand traditional agriculture landscapes as “living knowledge systems”, to be preserved not as the relics of a time gone by, but as resources for development through the interaction with new actors and societal processes (Niles, Roth 2016). They observe that preservation of cultural heritage looks simpler, even if the relationship between the conservation of tangible and intangible heritage does not yet look perfectly working. What we are proposing in the present paper is that built cultural heritage as well should be understood as a living knowledge system. Just 20 years ago, at the Bressanone conference on maintenance, a first draft of an epistemological foundation of conservation was proposed, referring to the coevolution concept and to the cognitive step “from being to becoming” (Della Torre 1999). It is worthy notice that Coevolution and Coevolutionary Economy have been inspiring for modelling preventive conservation as a system (Della Torre 2010; Vandesande 2017), while the concept of historic buildings as living knowledge systems is fundamental to the debate on traditional techniques vs. new technologies, which should not be a comparison of ideologies, but a positive opportunity for the development of a coevolutionary work (Vandesande et al. 2018).
Coevolution vs Adaptation
To apply the coevolutionary metaphor to historic preservation and reuse in the field of the built environment it is necessary to compare the concept of coevolution with another concept, that is adaptation. Adaptation is a more trivial word, whose meaning is clear to ordinary people, but it has as well a technical meaning in the
scientific field. In general, according to a popular English dictionary, adaptation means the process of changing to suit different conditions; but in biology it means the process in which a living thing slightly changes over time, to be able to continue to exist in a particular environment. So we see two kinds of evolution processes, differing because of the action an evolving thing produces on the environment: in adaptation the thing has no influence on the environment, in coevolution the environmental evolution is influenced by the presence of the living thing.
Are words like stones? Does the choice of words matter? If it does, the adjective “adaptive” should someway qualify a process, telling its special character: not simply a reuse, but an adaptive one. The word refers to adaptation and compliance, putting the emphasis on the capability to adapt, suit, comply with changing conditions, not on the capability to influence the change. Put otherwise, if someone tells me that a reuse operation is adaptive, I understand that the performance standards required by the new function are implemented in the existing building without any debate, as the building will be modified in order to suit the new needs. Otherwise, if the new utility is chosen on the basis of the performances the building can provide, minimizing the change and taking into account the recognized values, the word “adaptive” does not fully describe the process, as the building is influencing the process and the change happens both in the building and in the requirements: then the correct metaphor is not adaption, but coevolution.
Historic examples of adaptive reuse
In the huge existing literature, “adaptive” reuse is advocated as always carried out in the history of architecture. This is true, and we are often happy to see the complexity born by the insertion of new functions in reused buildings. The gothic Cathedral of Nicosia turned into a mosque, or the Doric temple of Syracuse turned into a Christian Cathedral are fascinating examples, often cited, but maybe they are so outstanding that cannot be really useful to the reasoning we are developing here. Instead, if we look at the generalized process of reusing convents and monasteries in the age of Empires, and we exclude exceptions, we can observe that buildings belongings to the same typology, similar to each other, were turned indifferently into schools, military barracks, factories, prisons, warehouses, the choice depending less on the features of the buildings than on the location in the urban context. The only recognized value was the use value, as the building technologies were not changed yet, so that spaces and loadbearing walls could be used in a very
SCIENZA E BENI CULTURALI.2019 29 economical way. The change was therefore not so disruptive, it is perfectly possible to recognize what we call the “historical thickness” of the structures, and in many cases further change of the functions turns into celebrated recovery restorations.
These examples show what we could correctly call adaptive reuse: operations carried out almost unthinkingly, on the basis of the ignorance of all the historic values apart from use value, triggered by scarcity of resources that leads to prefer reuse to demolition and new construction. Nowadays, in the frame of lifecycle thinking and circular economy, these kind of processes could find a new actuality: the choice of reusing could be evaluated because of environmental and economic reasons, calling societal and cultural arguments to strengthen operational strategies, more than to inspire architectural design (Fusco Girard, Gravagnuolo, 2017).
Evolving significance
Historic reuse produced many fascinating buildings, which during their “life” (keeping into the metaphor) faced many changes and were used for different purposes. Sometimes they were just adapted to the new needs, in some cases their strong character was considered and the required changes were adapted to the pre-existing structures. We have to look not only at the carried out alterations, but at the evolving significance of these complex buildings: we are referring to the concept of significance, but adding the adjective evolving. Therefore, we are introducing a very important step from an expert-centred to a user-centred perspective.
The problem is twofold: the role of material conservation in the perception of historic buildings, and the role of users in defining the significance. How far did they conserve the original sense of place, how far the place got a new sense, how much the survived material traces enable to understand the historic complexity?
To take an example, the convent of the Serviti in Koper (Capodistria) after the suppression was turned into the maternity hospital of the city. The physical alterations were heavy, but did not erase the Venetian character of the building; nevertheless, the relationship of the building with the local community life became so strong thanks to this function, that the next change of the function will face a difficult alternative in identifying the significant elements to keep and valorise (Čebron Lipovec 2015; Čebron Lipovec et al. 2017). We are moving the focus from what happened in the past and what happens in the phase of the reuse design, to what happens on the long run, when diverse and evolving communities will be
called to inhabit the reused building, change their needs, and ask new adaptations. Shall the reused building bring a message to future users? Will it be able to influence the needs?
Coevolutionary thinking has undoubtedly an effect on the understanding of the past, fuelling a taste for hybrid, complex and layered images, just the ones that traditional restoration tended to simplify choosing the “right” phase. Paradoxically, the experts who decide to simplify the text use to say that such action aims at presenting to the public something ordinary people can understand. It’s the climax of the expert-centred, or top-down approach. Instead, a community-centred approach works on the user’s background to build an experience that could be more intriguing just playing on the richer keyboard constituted by the legacy of a deeply investigated evolution.
But the awareness of the evolving and dynamic character of significance does not only reshape the understanding of the past, it is also a very important reason to implement a responsible attitude toward the future. Once the reuse operation is based on the recognition on several values beyond the use-value, also in the frame of circular economy vision, the principle of responsibility entails an attitude, both in decision making and in designing the interventions. The latter will surely put in the forefront the nonmaterial issues (Fiorani 2014), but not in the terms of identifying an “immaterial significance”, which should hold forever as interpreted by an architectural design based just on the methodology of “research by design” (Plevoets, Prina 2017). As Pietro Matracchi frankly wrote, “It is naïve to think that
some particular sensitivity might emerge, nourished by mysterious knowledge and skills deriving from newly imagined design principles, that could (eliminating uncertainties) introduce changes into our architectural heritage, bringing it into a better future” (Matracchi 2017, pp. 189-190). It seems incredible that such a naïve
and unthinkingly methodology could have been proposed as an emerging autonomous discipline (Plevoets, Van Cleempoel 2013).
The approach to places with values exceeding the availability for use should overtake the expert-centred approach and its authorized heritage discourse, to get aware of the central role of users and their diversity. Significance is not an immutable attribute of things and places, nor can it be defined by a hegemonic statement. Instead, it is continuously re-produced through users’ experiences. Cultural significance is emergent, and the designer’s responsibility is to keep and enhance the potential of historic buildings for co-creation of meanings in the future.
SCIENZA E BENI CULTURALI.2019 31 The coevolutionary reuse
The sense of place is and will ever be changing and emerging, so the aim of keeping it must be dealt with by the designer paying the highest attention to the different experience components. The often alleged necessity to keep the same function in order to maintain the spirit of the place leads into unsolvable problems, because the functions through time tend to increase the requirements. For instance, the microclimate requirements for a dwelling house or an office are today definitely higher than in the past, so that if the same function is kept an upgrade of the building performance is required, which could be devastating for the historical components. Therefore, the reasons of material conservation require the introduction of a new different utility in the building, whose requirement should be compliant with what the building can give with regard to its testimonial values.
The question then moves to the possibility of perceiving the authentic values of an historic building not through the original use, but through a different one, given that architecture is not understood by the sight, but living the spaces. It is not an easy question, as really the number of the publics opens to a diversity of experiences, which cannot be ignored.
Lucina Napoleone suggested not to overlook the theme of aesthetics, pointing out that mere conservation risks to turn into a flee from responsibilities, and referring to the interesting concept of “trace” as introduced by Maurizio Ferraris (Napoleone 2008; Napoleone 2016). But which times are required for a correct perception of interiors bearing traces of previous uses? How many users/visitors could be engaged in an experience of the place pivoting not on distraction but on the investigation of the traces? And how tourists perceive a monumental church or a mosque, seen as mass tourism destinations?
The point is that the designer of the reuse operation does not control the processes that are going to emerge in the future. If coevolution can be guided, or at least influenced, certainly the reuse project has the possibility to orient the possible forms of future co-creation of contents, simply deciding whether some features of the building will be maintained or given up. Therefore, the designer has the responsibility of limiting or widening the freedom of the future coevolution processes. The target should be to respect and not to reduce, but to enhance the complexity of the place, through investigation aimed at multiplying the approaches and the interpretations.
When Lucina Napoleone asks what to conserve, my answer, given twenty years ago, is “the coevolutive potentialities”. This means to avoid any reduction, to take
care of the imperfection of objects, as in a Darwinian logic diversity and imperfection are the foundation of a new ecology, new ethics, new aesthetics (Bocchi, Ceruti 2004, p. 171), and the lack is a generative condition (Varchetta 2002, pp. 92-93). These epistemological reflections may seem loose from practice: instead, they have already found applications, clearly identified in the last years.
Conclusions: Coevolution and the long-term vision
The expert’s (i.e. the architect’s) role is definitely new in the perspective of a community-centred or user-centred design of the future use of historic premises. The task is no longer the recognition of those values, which can inspire the project and the culturally correct understanding of the place, but the investigation of the multiple approaches that legitimate the diversity of the possible recognitions. Besides the sustainable compliance with the requirements related to the chosen function, the success of the reuse project will be demonstrated by the richness of the co-creation actions, in which different communities will be keen to be involved. Also in the research on tourism co-creation has been identified as a key factor for the satisfaction of the users, in the logic of the experience economy (Pine and Gilmore 2008). Even if heritage users should not be thought as customers but as citizens, there is something to be learnt from the research on user’s experience and satisfaction (e.g. Buonincontri et al. 2017). The suggestion that the experience should mix the four E (Education, Aesthetics, Entertainment, Escapism) could explain why we can find intriguing unusual distance points produced by added floors, which traditional restoration would remove for pure architectural reasons (see the example of the frescoes in the Jesuits’ College in Genoa quoted by Musso 2017, p. 219).
On the other hand, it is necessary to include in the agenda the availability of digital tools and the opportunities given by performing arts for community engagement, working out the idea that “aesthetic perception and creation of
architecture cannot be achieved without the inclusion and application of digital interactive technology” (Pekol 2009). The ante and post intervention management,
including both planned conservation and the promotion of smart valorisation activities, is crucial to make these kinds of contamination possible. Thus the reuse operations should be framed into a sound management plan in order to have a complete vision of the intervention on the long run, also in the perspective of opening to a free coevolution in the future (Della Torre 2014).
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