CONSERVATION AND INNOVATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE HERITAGE FOR
RESIDENTS OF HISTORICAL MINORITY AREAS
THE CASE OF FENGHUANG IN XIANGXI, CHINA
SUPERVISOR: GAIA PICCAROLO
STUDENT: YIJIA YAN, RUODAN LI
A.Y. 2019/2020
CONSERVATION AND INNOVATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE HERITAGE FOR
RESIDENTS OF HISTORICAL MINORITY AREAS
THE CASE OF FENGHUANG IN XIANGXI, CHINA
SUPERVISOR: GAIA PICCAROLO
STUDENT: YIJIA YAN, RUODAN LI
A.Y. 2019/2020
MASTER OF SCIENCE
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN
MASTER THESIS
I
ABSTRACT
Xiangxi, which is located in the west of Hunan Province, China, has a subtropical monsoon climate and is surrounded by mountains and water systems. It has precious natural and cultural resources. Ethnic minorities in Xiangxi, including Tujia and Miao, were in a weak position in Chinese history for a very long time. They migrated here hundreds of years ago because the mountainous environment can effectively resist the invasion of enemies. Due to inconvenient transportation in the mountainous area, towns and villages in Xiangxi, including Fennghuang, developed slowly. But precisely for this reason, the traditional towns and villages of ethnic minorities here had been well protected until the 20th century. However, due to the rapid development in modern China, Xiangxi has gradually become a hot spot for tourism. As the most well-preserved ancient town in Xiangxi, a large amount of Fenghuang urban space has been occupied by tourists. Minorities’ cultural identity has also been eroded. How to innovate local cultural heritage on the basis of conservation is the main subject of this thesis.
The work focuses at first on the concept of Cultural Landscape Heritage in China through the comparison of international and domestic legislation, theories and charters. It also develops a comparative analysis of international and domestic cases and summarises common factors and problems in Xiangxi.
Following the theories, case-studies and background demonstration, the thesis concentrates on value, cultural landscape features and conservation status of Fenghuang in detail. The conservation policy of Fenghuang government today is still based on the single buildings, streets and blocks, without considering the combination of human beings and nature in Cultural Landscape theory. According to the standard of UNESCO, Fenghuang belongs to the Continuous Landscape of Organic Evolution, since it is homeplace for different ethnic minorities living in harmony with nature. According to Professor Shan Jixiang, Fenghuang is integrating Urban Cultural Landscape, but it also contains rural, shan-shui, religious, ethnic and military cultural landscapes. They all include human activities and the natural environment.
Therefore, based on these factors and problems, the thesis proposes an approach based on the involvement of residents' participation in urban construction and restoration, by the way of the community council organisation, on the idea of conservation of both buildings and monuments environment conservation, and on the organic evolution of Fenghuang urban landscape. The conservation of Fenghuang does not mean that it is immutable. By Thanks to the use of methods like urban acupuncture and architectural grafting in the central area of Fenghuang, the thesis develops an innovation strategy for sustainable development in the framework of a paradigmatic historical urban fabric here.
KEYWORDS
SINTESI
La regione di Xiangxi, situata nella parte occidentale della Hunan provincia, Cina, ha un clima monsonico subtropicale ed e circondata da montagne e sistemi d’acqua. E dotata di preziose risorse naturali e culturali. Le minoranze etniche che occupano la regione, fra cui Tujia e Miao, si sono trovate in una condizione di fragilita per molto tempo nella storia cinese. Sono migrate qui centinaia di anni fa in quanto l’ambiente montano poteva garantire una migliore difesa dalle invasioni nemiche. A causa dei difficili trasporti nell’area, le citta e i villaggi di Xiangxi, compresa Fenghuang, si sono sviluppate lentamente. Ma proprio per questa ragione, le citta e villaggi tradizionali si sono conservati fino al XX secolo. Oggi pero , a causa del rapido sviluppo della Cina moderna, Xiangxi si e gradualmente trasformata in un centro nevralgico del turismo locale. Una grande porzione dello spazio urbano di Fenghuang, la meglio conservata delle citta storiche della regione, e stata occupata dai turisti, con la conseguenza di erodere l’identita culturale delle minoranze. Questa tesi si prefigge dunque in primo luogo di comprendere come innovare il patrimonio culturale locale sulla base di un principio conservativo. Il lavoro si concentra inizialmente sul concetto di Patrimonio Culturale e Paesaggistico in Cina attraverso il confronto della legislazione internazionale e locale, di teorie e documenti ufficiali sul tema. Sviluppa inoltre un’analisi comparativa attraverso casi-studio significativi nel panorama internazionale e locale ed evidenzia elementi e problemi comuni nella regione di Xiangxi.Seguendo le teorie, i casi-studio e le diverse linee di pensiero sul tema, la tesi si concentra in dettaglio sul valore, sulle caratteristiche e sulla conservazione del patrimonio culturale e paesaggistico di Fenghuang. Le politiche di conservazione del governo oggi sono ancora basate sulla tutela di singoli edifici, strade e blocchi di edifici, e non tengono in considerazione la combinazione di abitanti ed elementi naturali che e parte integrante del concetto di Patrimonio Paesaggistico e Culturale. Secondo gli standard fissati dall’UNESCO, Fenghuang appartiene al considetto “Continuous Landscape of Organic Evolution”, in quanto luogo di appartenenza di diverse minoranze etniche che vivono in armonia con la natura. Secondo quanto sostiene il professore Shan Jixiang, Fenghuang fa parte del Paesaggio Culturale Urbano, ma contiene anche paesaggi culturali diversi: rurali, esemplificativi dei principi dello shan-shui, religiosi, etnici e militari. Tutti questi includono sia le attivita umane che l’ambiente naturale.
Sulla base di queste premesse, la tesi propone un approccio basato sul coinvolgimento dei residenti nella costruzione e preservazione del tessuto urbano, sull’idea di conservazione sia degli edifici che degli ambienti naturali, e sull’evoluzione organica del paesaggio urbano di Fenghuang. La conservazione di Fenghuang non implica necessariamente che essa sia immutabile. Grazie ai metodi dell’agopuntura urbana e dell’innesto architettonico nell’area centrale della citta , la tesi mette a punto una strategia di innovazione volta allo sviluppo sostenibile nel quadro di un tessuto urbano storico emblematico come quello di Fenghuang.
PAROLE CHIAVE
Fenghuang; Xiangxi; Minoranza etnica; Paesaggio culturale; Conservazione del patrimonio; Evoluzione organica.III
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ... 3 1.1RESEARCH SUBJECT ... 3 1.2RESEARCH VALUES ... 4 1.3RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS ... 5 1.4RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES ... 11 1.5RESEARCH LIMITATION ... 11 1.6RESEARCH CHART ... 13THE LITERATURE REVIEW ... 17
2.1INTRODUCTION ... 17
2.2THE BEGINNING OF CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE ... 17
Italy ... 17
France ... 18
United Kingdom ... 18
2.3DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIONS,CHARTERS AND THEORIES ON HERITAGE ... 18
Major Legislations and Acts ... 18
2.3.1.1 Athens Charter-1931&1933 ... 18
2.3.1.2 Venice Charter-1964 ... 19
2.3.1.3 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage-1972 ... 20
2.3.1.4 Nairobi Proposal and Machu Picchu Charter-1977 ... 21
Establishment of Cultural Landscape in The World ... 22
2.3.2.1 Cultural Landscape Heritage included in World Heritage ... 22
2.3.2.2 Categories of Cultural Landscape Heritage ... 22
2.4DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ... 23
Development of the Concept of Cultural Landscape ... 23
2.4.1.1 The Original Interpretation of Landscape ... 23
2.4.1.3 Cultural Geography ... 25
Uptrend and Movement of Cultural Landscape ... 27
2.4.2.1 European Landscape Convention - an ideological revolution on Cultural Landscape ... 27
2.4.2.2 Difference between the European Landscape Convention and Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ... 27
2.4.2.3 In-depth Development of Cultural Landscape ... 27
2.5DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION IN CHINA ... 29
Antiquities Conservation Law-1930 ... 29
Regulations on the Management of Cultural Heritage-1961 ... 30
Cultural Heritage Conservation Law-1982 ... 30
Signed Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage-1985 ... 31
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Conservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage-2004 ... 31
2.6CONSERVATION CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN CHINA ... 32
The Concept of Chinese Cultural Landscape ... 32
Classification of Chinese Cultural Landscape ... 34
2.7BASIC THEORY ... 36
PROJECTS OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND INNOVATION ... 39
3.1INTRODUCTION ... 39
3.2INTERNATIONAL CASES IN ITALY ... 42
Background ... 42
3.2.1.1 The 1950s and 1960s ... 43
3.2.1.2 The 1970s and 1980s ... 44
3.2.1.3 New directions for historic town revival and planning ... 45
Bologna: Post-war reconstruction planning ... 48
3.2.2.1 Background ... 49
3.2.2.2 Neighbourhood council: Decentralization of policies ... 51
3.2.2.3 Historical lot economic adjustment plan: Typology ... 52
V
3.2.2.5 Conclusion ... 56
Genoa: Urban Regeneration from Industry Crisis ... 58
3.2.3.1 Background ... 59
3.2.3.2 Big events and permanent changes in Genoa ... 60
3.2.3.3 Reshaping and Reusing the Old Port ... 61
3.2.3.4 School of Architecture's Changes to the Old Town ... 63
3.2.3.5 Guide public participation and improvement of public space ... 63
3.2.3.6 Conclusion ... 64
Ferrara: Comprehensive Utilization of Urban Heritage ... 66
3.2.4.1 Background ... 66
3.2.4.2 City Wall Project 1985（Progetto Mura） ... 68
3.2.4.3 The University of Ferrara and the City Wall Project ... 70
3.2.4.4 Conclusion ... 74
Conclusion ... 74
3.3INTERNATIONAL CASES IN JAPAN ... 78
Background ... 78
Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō ... 80
3.3.2.1 Background ... 80
3.3.2.2 The Gassho -style house ... 81
3.3.2.3 The Protection of the Historic Village of Shirakawa-go ... 83
3.3.2.4 The created "memory." ... 88
3.3.2.5 Conclusion ... 90
3.4DOMESTIC CASES ... 92
Background ... 92
Pingyao: The Most Complete Historical Chinese Town ... 96
3.4.2.1 Background ... 96
3.4.2.3 Protection of city walls and landscape visual corridor ... 101
3.4.2.4 Control the zone outside the historic town ... 102
3.4.2.5 Summary and Outlook ... 102
Lijiang: “Lijiang Model” and Tourism Crowding Out Effect ... 106
3.4.3.1 Turn disaster into an opportunity ... 106
3.4.3.2 The superficies and essence of "Lijiang model." ... 108
3.4.3.3 Tourism Crowding Out Effect and its impact on the lives of local Naxi residents ... 109
3.4.3.4 "World-Class" Protection and Planning ... 115
3.4.3.5 Conclusion: Lijiang's Current Problems and the Enlightenment of "Lijiang Model" ... 116
Suzhou: Conservation of Riverfront Historic District ... 120
3.4.4.1 Background ... 120
3.4.4.2 Protection and Renewal of Ancient City in Suzhou ... 121
3.4.4.3 Ieoh Ming Pei and Suzhou Museum ... 123
3.4.4.4 Continuing the "Live Ancient City", letting old houses enter modern life ... 125
3.4.4.5 Conclusion ... 126
Conclusion and Some Trial Projects in Recent Years ... 130
3.4.5.1 Wencun(文村) Village: A Social Experiment of "Rural Urbanization" ... 131
3.4.5.2 Banwan(板万) Village: ... 137
3.4.5.3 Dashilar: Awakening Beijing Historical Town ... 145
3.5PROJECT EXPERIENCE GUIDELINE ... 154
Government Provides Support while Decentralization ... 155
Soft Conservation ... 156
Typology & Hierarchically Protection ... 157
Urban Structure Restoration & Community Reorganization ... 157
Establishment of Cultural Industry ... 157
Long-term & Phased Regeneration ... 158
VII
4.1INTRODUCTION ... 163
4.2GENERAL INTRODUCTION:LOCATION AND CLIMATE ... 163
Location ... 163
Climate and Environment ... 164
4.3ECOLOGICAL FEATURES ... 165 Karst ... 165 Water ... 166 Hills ... 167 Plants ... 169 4.4SOCIAL FEATURES ... 170 Population Structure ... 170
Language and People ... 170
Minority History ... 171
4.5ECONOMY SITUATION ... 174
4.6HISTORIC MINORITY SETTLEMENTS IN XIANGXI ... 175
General Introduction ... 175
Different Settlements of Tujia and Miao ... 176
4.6.2.1 The Settlements of Miao ... 176
4.6.2.2 The Settlements of Tujia ... 178
4.7FACTORS AND PROBLEMS ... 180
BASIC ANALYSIS AND CONSERVATION PROPOSALS OF FENGHUANG ... 183
5.1INTRODUCTION ... 183
5.2HISTORICAL EVALUATION AND EVOLUTION PROCESS ... 183
Yuan to the end of the Qing Dynasty (1271-1912) ... 185
The Republic of China (1912-1949) ... 185
The Beginning of the People's Republic of China (1949) to the end of the 1990s ... 185
5.3CULTURAL LANDSCAPE STUDIES ... 187
Preservation values ... 187
Urban Landscape Features ... 187
5.3.2.1 Network Frame ... 189
5.3.2.2 Land Use Structure ... 190
5.3.2.3 Street Space ... 193
5.3.2.4 City Gates ... 197
5.3.2.5 Interface ... 201
Shan-Shui Landscape Features ... 206
Ethnic Landscape Features ... 211
5.3.4.1 Plane Composition ... 211
5.3.4.2 Façade ... 215
5.4EXISTING CONSERVATION CONDITION ... 216
Conservation District and Important Heritage ... 216
5.4.1.1 Fenghuang Central Conversation Block ... 218
5.4.1.2 Shawan Conservation Block ... 224
5.4.1.3 North Street ... 230
5.4.1.4 Laoyingshao Street ... 234
5.4.1.5 Wenxing Street ... 238
5.4.1.6 Yannaopo Street ... 242
Appendix-Map of Historical Heritage in the Whole City ... 243
5.5DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS ... 245
Factors ... 245
5.5.1.1 Social and Economic Factors ... 245
5.5.1.2 Cultural Landscape Factors ... 245
Current problems ... 245
IX
5.5.2.2 Cultural Landscape Problems ... 248
5.6CONSERVATION PROPOSALS OF LANDSCAPE HERITAGE IN FENGHUANG ANCIENT TOWN ... 250
To Organise the Resident Council ... 250
Soft Conservation ... 251
Typology & Hierarchically Conservation ... 251
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL AND INNOVATION STRATEGY OF FENGHUANG ... 255
6.1INTRODUCTION ... 255
6.2BASIC ANALYSIS ... 255
Transportation and Mobility ... 255
Architectural Functions ... 255
Public Space ... 255
Tourists Activities ... 255
6.3POTENTIAL AREA... 258
6.3.1.1 The History of the Potential Area ... 259
6.3.1.2 The Current Situation of the Potential Area ... 260
6.3.1.3 The reference plan of the Potential Area ... 261
6.4INNOVATION STRATEGY OF THE POTENTIAL AREA IN FENGHUANG ... 262
Innovation Process ... 263 Final Plan ... 269 6.4.2.1 Masterplan ... 269 6.4.2.2 Learning Centre... 271 6.4.2.3 Military Museum ... 277 6.4.2.4 Community Centre ... 281 6.4.2.5 Landscape details ... 287 REFERENCE ... 297
INDEX OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1-1.ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS IN CHINA... 4
FIGURE 2-1.DUTCH LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPES IN 17THCENTURY ... 23
FIGURE 2-2.PASTORAL LANDSCAPE BY CLAUDE LORRAIN... 24
FIGURE 2-3.CHINESE SHAN-SHUI PAINTINGS IN TANG DYNASTY ... 24
FIGURE 2-4.AMERICAN NATIONAL PARK... 25
FIGURE 2-5.MA ORI HERITAGE IN TONGARIRO NATIONAL PARK ... 28
FIGURE 2-6OFFICIAL LEGISLATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF CHINESE HERITAGE... 29
FIGURE 2-7.CHINESE CLASSIC GARDEN ... 32
FIGURE 2-8.HANI TERRACES IN YUNNAN ... 32
FIGURE 3-1WORLD HERITAGE CITY PROPORTION OF MEMBER COUNTRIES ... 39
FIGURE 3-2BOLOGNA PROMENADE,GENOA OLD PORT,FERRARA CITY WALL ... 42
FIGURE 3-3MILAN AFTER THE BOMB ATTACK IN AUGUST 1943 AND MODENA CITY WALL BEING DEMOLISHED ... 43
FIGURE 3-4INA-CASA MODEL OF A SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE IN MILAN, THE TIBURTINO INA-CASA DISTRICT UNDER CONSTRUCTION ... 43
FIGURE 3-5BOLOGNA,1969.HISTORICAL CENTRE AND URBAN GROWTH OF SUBURBS. ... 45
FIGURE 3-6THE PAST AND PRESENT OF THE HISTORICAL STREETS OF BOLOGNA ... 48
FIGURE 3-7PIANO DI RICOSTRUZIONE DI CASSINO5 ... 49
FIGURE 3-8THE RECONSTRUCTION PLAN (1946/48) AND THE MASTER PLAN OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE (1955/58) ... 50
FIGURE 3-9BOLOGNA'S URBAN POPULATION GROWTH INDICATES (UNIT:10,000 PEOPLE),1861-2011 ... 50
FIGURE 3-10BOLOGNA,1969 ... 51
FIGURE 3-11TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN HERITAGE IN BOLOGNA'S HISTORICAL LOTS ... 52
FIGURE 3,-3-12BOLOGNA,1969.URBAN CONSERVATION PLAN.BUILDING TYPOLOGIES. ... 54
FIGURE 3-13THE RESTORATION OF SAN LEONARDO URBAN BLOCK... 55
FIGURE 3-14PORT ANTICO OF GENOA 1954 ... 58
FIGURE 3-15UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE NETWORK IN THE HISTORICAL CENTRE OF GENOA ... 59
FIGURE 3-16MARBLE TERRACES10 IN THE PAST AND VIADUCT AND HIGHWAY AT PRESENT ... 60
XI
FIGURE 3-18GENOA HISTORICAL CENTRE14 AND CHRONOLOGY OF COMPLETION OF THE GENOA PORT RENEWAL PROJECT ... 62
FIGURE 3-19BIGO,BIOSFERA,AQUARIUM ... 62
FIGURE 3-20GENOA BELL TOWER SAN SILVESTRO AND THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,UNIVERSITY OF GENOA ... 63
FIGURE 3-21GENOA SMART WEEK 2018 ... 63
FIGURE 3-2219TH CENTURY EUROPE'S IGNORANCE OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION ... 66
FIGURE 3-23FERRARA,1597 ... 67
FIGURE 3-24SKETCH OF CITY WALL PROJECT 1985 AND THE CITY WALL ... 68
FIGURE 3-25PLAN OF CITY WALL PROJECT (LEFT:1985CONCEPTUAL PLAN; RIGHT:1987DETAILED PLAN-PARTIAL) ... 69
FIGURE 3-26REVIVAL CITY WALL SHOOTING PLATFORM AND REVIVAL CITY WALL PARK ... 70
FIGURE 3-27THE LOCATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA IN FERRARA CITY ... 71
FIGURE 3-28STEEL STAIRCASES AND THE CITY WALL ... 71
FIGURE 3-29THE 1605 HISTORICAL MAP AND THE STATUS QUO OF THE SOUTHEAST GATE19 ... 72
FIGURE 3-30DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY,UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA ... 73
FIGURE 3-31DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA AND ITS STUDY ENVIRONMENT ... 73
FIGURE 3-32HISTORIC VILLAGES OF SHIRAKAWA-GO AND GOKAYAMA ... 78
FIGURE 3-33CONTAMINATED SETOGAWA VILLAGE AND TREATED AND PROTECTED SETOGAWA VILLAGE20 ... 79
FIGURE 3-34THE HISTORIC VILLAGE OF SHIRAKAWA-GO AND GOKAYAMA COVERED BY THE SNOW ... 80
FIGURE 3-35THE SHO RIVE RICE CULTIVATION AND SILKWORM BREEDING ... 81
FIGURE 3-36THICK SNOW ... 82
FIGURE 3-37THE GASSHO -STYLE HOUSE ... 82
FIGURE 3-38THE YUI ... 82
FIGURE 3-39THE BIGGEST DAM THIS AREA MIBORO DAM AND MIBORO THE WATER MILL USED BY THE MIBORO POWER STATION ... 84
FIGURE 3-40NEW BUILDINGS IN HARMONY WITH THE HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ... 85
FIGURE 3-41SHIRAKAWA-GO IN THE TELEVISION AND LITERARY WORKS ... 87
FIGURE 3-42THE FEEDING OF SILKWORMS IN THE 1960S, FOLKLORE PERFORMANCE AND WINE FESTIVAL ... 88
FIGURE 3-43STREET LIGHTS AND SQUARE PAVEMENT IN SHIRAKAWA-GO ... 89
FIGURE 3-45STREETS IN THE HISTORIC TOWN OF PINGYAO,LIJIANG,SUZHOU ... 92
FIGURE 3-46LIANG SICHENG AND HIS SURVEY OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS28 ... 93
FIGURE 3-47THE DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL RELICS AND HISTORIC SITES BY THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION ... 93
FIGURE 3-48DEMOLISHED BEIJING ANCIENT CITY WALL AND THE ANCIENT CITY WALL RUINS PARK ... 93
FIGURE 3-49THE WELL-PRESERVED ANCIENT CITY OF PINGYAO AND IT IN THE 1960S ... 96
FIGURE 3-50THE SOUTH AVENUE AND THE CITY OF 1980 BEFORE REPAIR,PINGYAO SIHEYUAN ... 97
FIGURE 3-51TEACHERS AND STUDENTS PARTICIPATED IN THE PROTECTION AND THE CITY WALL IN 1985 AFTER REPAIR ... 98
FIGURE 3-52CITY GOD TEMPLE STREET,CONFUCIUS TEMPLE31,RISHENGCHANG PIAOHAO ... 99
FIGURE 3-53THE GATES AND MAIN BUILDINGS OF THE FORMER HOUSE OF LEI LYUTAI AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ... 100
FIGURE 3-54GREEN SPACES ... 100
FIGURE 3-55PINGYAO HISTORIC TOWN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CITY WALL ... 101
FIGURE 3-56EXHIBITS AND TOURISTS IN LEI LYUTAI’S HOUSE ... 103
FIGURE 3-57LIVING CONDITION OF WANG’S HOUSE ... 103
FIGURE 3-58CROWDED WITH TOURISTS IN SIFANG(四方)STREET OF LIJIANG ANCIENT CITY ... 106
FIGURE 3-59THE "2.3" EARTHQUAKE IN 1996 AND LIJIANG AT PRESENT ... 107
FIGURE 3-60LIJIANG CITY'S NUMBER OF TOURIST RECEPTIONS IN RECENT YEARS (10,000 PERSON-TIMES) ... 108
FIGURE 3-61MU MANSION AND ROCK'S FORMER RESIDENCE. ... 109
FIGURE 3-62PEOPLE WALKING ON THE STREETS OF LIJIANG ... 110
FIGURE 3-63LOCATION OF SIFANG STREET AND SIFANG STREET ... 112
FIGURE 3-64NAXI FOLK SONGS AND DANCE IN THE TRADITIONAL WAY AND THE DANCE PERFORMANCE TODAY ... 113
FIGURE 3-65THE BAR STREET AT NIGHT AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MOST POPULAR BAR ... 113
FIGURE 3-66THE RIVERSIDE ... 114
FIGURE 3-67MONUMENTS OF THE WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE AT THE ENTRANCE AND THE MELTING YULONG SNOW MOUNTAIN40 ... 116
FIGURE 3-68PROSPEROUS SUZHOU(PARTIAL),XU YANG,QING DYNASTY 1759 ... 120
FIGURE 3-69LANDSCAPE OF SUZHOU ARCH BRIDGE AND QIMEN(齐门)WATER CITY GATE (REMOVED IN 1978) ... 121
FIGURE 3-70THE 54 NEIGHBOURHOOD AND THE ANCIENT DISTRICT IN 1930 ... 122
XIII
FIGURE 3-72THE TAIPING HEAVENLY KINGDOM KING'S MANSION,HUMBLE ADMINISTRATOR'S GARDEN,LION GROVE GARDEN ... 123
FIGURE 3-73ANCIENT PAINTINGS ON THE SECOND FLOOR OF THE MUSEUM AND THE INNOVATIVE ROOF OF THE MUSEUM ... 124
FIGURE 3-74MI FU'S LANDSCAPE PAINTING,PEI'S MANUSCRIPT AND SUZHOU MUSEUM ROCKERY ... 125
FIGURE 3-75SUZHOU PEOPLE'S LIFE AND ANCIENT WELL ... 126
FIGURE 3-76WENCUN VILLAGE ... 132
FIGURE 3-77OLD BUILDINGS IN WENCUN VILLAGE ... 133
FIGURE 3-78NE PUBLIC SPACES AND BUILDINGS IN WENCUN VILLAGE ... 133
FIGURE 3-79NEW BUILDING PATIO OF WENCUN VILLAGE AND TRADITIONAL CHINESE BUILDING PATIO ... 134
FIGURE 3-80VILLAGERS CARING FOR SILKWORMS AND MULBERRY LEAVES DRYING ON THE GROUND OF NEW HOUSES ... 135
FIGURE 3-81NEW BUILDING’S INFORMATION AS A HOTEL ON AIRBNB44 ... 135
FIGURE 3-82LANDSCAPE OF BANWAN VILLAGE ... 137
FIGURE 3-83CORN STACKED IN VILLAGERS' HOMES,BUYI EMBROIDERY,TRADITIONAL DRAMA ... 138
FIGURE 3-84SKEWED AND WORN OUT STILT HOUSES BEFORE A REDESIGN ... 139
FIGURE 3-85 VIEW PLATFORM AND WINE CELLAR ... 140
FIGURE 3-86THE UNIFIED FACADE OF THE OLD STILTED HOUSES AND THE NEW BUILDINGS ... 140
FIGURE 3-87THE DIFFERENT STORAGE LIFESTYLES ... 141
FIGURE 3-88THE SCHOOL BEFORE AND AFTER RENOVATION ... 141
FIGURE 3-89CRAFTSMANSHIP WORKSHOPS ... 142
FIGURE 3-90RENOVATED ROADS AND NEW PUBLIC PLACES ... 142
FIGURE 3-91DASHILAR IN THE PAST ... 145
FIGURE 3-92DASHILAR STREET EVOLUTION ... 146
FIGURE 3-93SHIJIE(世界)BOOKSTORE,LIULICHANG(琉璃厂)46VULCAN TEMPLE,ZHENGYI TEMPLE THEATRE ... 146
FIGURE 3-94RESIDENT POPULATION ... 147
FIGURE 3-95ANALYSIS OF DASHILAR ... 148
FIGURE 3-96OLD AND EXISTING BUILDINGS ... 149
FIGURE 3-97LARGE-SCALE LAND DEVELOPMENT MODEL47 AND NODE-BASED DEVELOPMENT MODEL48 ... 149
FIGURE 3-99THE MAP FOR TOURISTS OF DASHILAR ON ITS OFFICIAL WEBSITE ... 152
FIGURE 3-100THE HOUSES IN ANHUI,CHINA1, AND THE HOUSES IN WENCUN VILLAGE DESIGNED BY WANG SHU.1 ... 155
FIGURE 3-101THE ENVIRONMENT AT THE SAME GATE OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF PINGYAO AT PRESENT AND IN THE PAST. ... 156
FIGURE 3-102GENOA OLD PORT UPDATE PROJECT COMPLETION CHRONOLOGY ... 158
FIGURE 4-1.THE LOCATION OF XIANGXI ... 163
FIGURE 4-2.GEOGRAPHIC MAP OF XIANGXI ... 165
FIGURE 4-3.WATER SYSTEM MAP OF XIANGXI ... 166
FIGURE 4-4.TOPOGRAPHIC AND TRAFFIC MAP OF XIANGXI ... 167
FIGURE 4-5.XIANGXI TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE ... 168
FIGURE 4-6.DAVIDIA INVOLUCRATA ... 169
FIGURE 4-7.LIRIODENDRON CHINENSE ... 169
FIGURE 4-8.XIANGXI POPULATION PROPORTION (2010) ... 170
FIGURE 4-9.PER CAPITA GPD IN CHINA,HUNAN AND XIANGXI ... 174
FIGURE 4-10.THE SETTLEMENTS TYPES OF MIAO ... 176
FIGURE 4-11.THE SETTLEMENTS TYPES OF TUJIA ... 178
FIGURE 5-1THE MAP OF IDEA TOWN ... 183
FIGURE 5-2.THE MAP OF SAFEGUARD AROUND FENGHUANG ... 183
FIGURE 5-3.MIAO JIANG MAP ... 184
FIGURE 5-4.EVOLUTION PROCESS OF FENGHUANG ... 186
FIGURE 5-5GOOGLE MAP OF FENGHUANG ANCIENT TOWN ... 188
FIGURE 5-6.DWGMAP OF FENGHUANG ANCIENT TOWN... 188
FIGURE 5-7.FENGHUANG NETWORK FRAME MAP ... 189
FIGURE 5-8.FENGHUANG LAND USE STRUCTURE MAP ... 190
FIGURE 5-9.FENGHUANG LAND USE STRUCTURE MAP-2 ... 191
FIGURE 5-10.LAND USE SRTUCTURE DIAGRAMS ... 192
FIGURE 5-11.EXSISTING GATES MAP IN FENGHUANG ... 198
XV
FIGURE 5-13.TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF FENGHUANG ... 203
FIGURE 5-14.THE SHAPE OF “JIAN” ... 211
FIGURE 5-15MAP OF DISTRICT TEXTURE AND IMPORTANT HERITAGE ... 216
FIGURE 5-16.FENGHUANG CENTRAL CONVERSATION BLOCK MAP ... 218
FIGURE 5-17.YANG FAMILY TEMPLE ... 219
FIGURE 5-18.CHEN FAMILY HOUSE ... 219
FIGURE 5-19.HOUSE OF DOUNAN CHEN ... 220
FIGURE 5-20.HOUSE OF CONGWEN SHEN ... 221
FIGURE 5-21.TIANHOU PALACE ... 222
FIGURE 5-22.HOUSE OF XINGSHU TIAN ... 222
FIGURE 5-23.CHONGDE TEMPLE ... 222
FIGURE 5-24.SHAWAN CONSERVATION BLOCK MAP ... 224
FIGURE 5-25.HONG BRIDGE ... 225
FIGURE 5-26.HUILONGGE STILT HOUSES ... 226
FIGURE 5-27.ZHUNTI NUNNERY... 227
FIGURE 5-28.WANSHOU PALACE ... 228
FIGURE 5-29.WANMING TOWER ... 228
FIGURE 5-30.NORTH STREET MAP ... 230
FIGURE 5-31.SHUIMENKOU DOCK ... 231
FIGURE 5-32.NORTH GATE WATCHTOWER ... 232
FIGURE 5-33.LAOYINGSHAO STREET MAP ... 234
FIGURE 5-34.TIAN FAMILY TEMPLE ... 235
FIGURE 5-35.LAOSHAOYING STREET FACADE ... 236
FIGURE 5-36.WENXING STREET MAP ... 238
FIGURE 5-37.HOUSE OF XILING XIONG ... 239
FIGURE 5-38.CHAOYANG PALACE ... 240
FIGURE 5-40.THE MAP OF HERITAGE IN FENGHUANG ... 243
FIGURE 5-41.FENGHUANG IN THE PEAK TOURIST SEASON ... 245
FIGURE 5-42LINE CHART OF THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS IN FENGHUANG OVER THE YEARS ... 247
FIGURE 5-43.THE "UNCOORDINATED"ELEMENTS IN FENGHUANG ... 248
FIGURE 5-44SHEN CONGWEN'S FORMER RESIDENCE,FENGHUANG,HUNAN ... 248
FIGURE 5-45FORMER SITE OF TONGJI UNIVERSITY,LIZHUANG,SICHUAN ... 249
FIGURE 5-46FORMER SITE OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF CHINESE ARCHITECTURE,LIZHUANG,SICHUAN ... 249
FIGURE 5-47.CONSERVATION PROCESS OF FENGHUANG ... 250
FIGURE 5-48.CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION SYSTEM ... 251
FIGURE 6-1.ARCHITECTURAL FUNCTIONS MAP OF FENGHUANG ... 256
FIGURE 6-2.TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MAP OF FENGHUANG ... 256
FIGURE 6-3.TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS IN FENGHUANG ... 257
FIGURE 6-4.PUBLIC SPACE MAP OF FENGHUANG ... 257
FIGURE 6-5.BUILT-UP PERIOD OF DIFFERENT AREAS IN FENGHUANG ... 258
FIGURE 6-6.DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS IN THE CENTRAL AREA (2015-2018) ... 259
FIGURE 6-7.EXISTING BUILDINGS IN THE CENTRAL AREA ... 260
FIGURE 6-8.HISTORICAL BUILDINGS OF THE RESTORATION PLAN ... 261
FIGURE 6-9.INNOVATION PROCESS OF FENGHAUNG ... 262
FIGURE 6-10.LIGHT STEEL STRUCTURE AND GLASS BRICK ... 263
FIGURE 6-11.GOOGLE MAP OF POTENTIAL AREA 2008,2018,2019 ... 263
FIGURE 6-12.TO RESTORATE OLD CENTRE BUILDINGS ... 264
FIGURE 6-13.TO CONNECT WITH THE URBAN TEXTURE ... 265
FIGURE 6-14.TO REBUILD MISSING ACTIVITIES FOR RSIDENTS ... 266
FIGURE 6-15.TO AFFORD NEW FUNCTIONS FOR PUBLICS ... 267
FIGURE 6-16.TO MANAGE THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ... 268
FIGURE 6-17.FENGHUANG OLD CENTRE INNOVATION MASTERPLAN ... 269
XVII
FIGURE 6-19.LEARNING CENTRE –GROUND FLOOR PLAN ... 273
FIGURE 6-20.LEARNING CENTRE –1STFLOOR PLAN ... 274
FIGURE 6-21.THE VIEW OF LEARNING CENTRE-1 ... 275
FIGURE 6-22.THE VIEW OF LEARNING CENTRE-2 ... 276
FIGURE 6-23.MILITARY MUSEUM PLAN ... 277
FIGURE 6-24.MILITARY MUSEUM –GROUND FLOOR PLAN ... 279
FIGURE 6-25.THE VIEW OF MILITARY MUSEUM ... 280
FIGURE 6-26.COMMUNITY CENTRE PLAN ... 281
FIGURE 6-27.COMMUNITY CENTRE –GROUND FLOOR PLAN ... 283
FIGURE 6-28.COMMUNITY CENTRE –1STFLOOR PLAN ... 284
FIGURE 6-29.THE VIEW OF COMMUNITY CENTRE-1 ... 285
FIGURE 6-30.THE VIEW OF COMMUNITY CENTRE-2 ... 286
FIGURE 6-31.RAIN GARDEN PLAN ... 287
FIGURE 6-32.THE VIEW OF RAIN GARDEN ... 288
FIGURE 6-33.CENTRAL PLAZA PLAN ... 289
FIGURE 6-34.THE VIEW OF CENTRAL PLAZA ... 290
FIGURE 6-35.GUIDING STRUCTURE PLAN ... 291
FIGURE 6-36.THE VIEW OF GUIDING STRUCTURE ... 292
FIGURE 6-37.LANDSCAPE PLANTS LIST OF THE PLAN ... 293
FIGURE 6-38.THE CONNECTION WITH WATER ... 294
TABLE 2-1TYPE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN CHINA (BASED ON THE STANDARD OF UNESCO) ... 34
TABLE 2-2.TYPE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE BY SHAN JIXIANG ... 35
TABLE 3-1MIGRATION POPULATION OF LIJIANG ANCIENT CITY FROM 1986 TO 199939 ... 111
TABLE 3-2MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION AND RENEWAL OF BUILDINGS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS ... 122
TABLE 3-3COMPARISON OF POPULATION DENSITY ... 147
TABLE 4-2.MIAO MIGRATION SCHEDULE ... 172
TABLE 4-3.TYPICAL MIAO SETTLEMENTS ... 177
TABLE 4-4.TYPICAL TUJIA SETTLEMENTS ... 179
TABLE 5-1.THE TYPES OF INTERSECTION BUILDINGS ... 194
TABLE 5-2.EXSISTING GATES IN FENGHUANG ... 199
TABLE 5-3.SECTION ALONG TUO JIANG RIVER ... 204
TABLE 5-4.EIGHT LANDSCAPES IN FENGHUANG ... 207
TABLE 5-5.THE COVER OF PAVILION ... 211
TABLE 5-6.THE STYLES OF THE CORRIDOR’S STRUCTURE ... 212
TABLE 5-7.THE STYLES OF THE ENTRANCE ... 214
TABLE 5-8.THE STYLES OF FACADE ... 215
TABLE 5-9TOURISM CAPACITY MEASUREMENT MODEL ... 246
3
1. In 1992 the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognise and protect cultural landscapes. The Committee at its
16th session adopted guidelines
concerning their inclusion in the World Heritage List. 2. World Heritage: · Cultural Heritage · Natural Heritage · Mixed Heritage
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Research SubjectIn the UNESCO definition of "cultural landscape," cultural landscapes are described as "Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between people and their natural environment. They are part of our collective identity." Since the cultural landscape heritage was included in the UNESCO World Heritage System as a particular type in 19921, discussion and research related to its definition, classification and value never stop. In the UNESCO definition of "cultural landscape," cultural landscapes are described as "Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment. They are part of our collective identity." As a part of human heritage, is cultural landscape heritage included in cultural heritage, mixed cultural or another type of heritage2? there are many disputes and discussions about it.[1][2]
Compared with other kinds of cultural heritage and natural heritage, the most prominent features of cultural landscape heritage are the interaction between culture and nature and sustainable land use. Because cultural landscape heritage has typical characteristics of both culture and nature, people often require it to have outstanding value in both culture and nature when evaluating it, which is a misunderstanding. By analysing cultural landscape heritage projects that have been included in the World Heritage List, we can reveal that most of them don't have the outstanding value by the standard of "natural heritage". However, the "mixed cultural and natural heritage" projects included in the World Heritage List have outstanding value in both cultural heritage and natural heritage. Therefore, it also reflects that the value of cultural landscape heritage is not that its independent cultural or natural value. It is the interrelationship and comprehensive role of human and nature, which is the core of value.
Because of the rapid economic development, the threatens and destroys for heritage, including landscape culture have been to a global issue. Along with the tourism development brought by economic growth, Xiangxi has become a new popular attraction for tourism because of cultural landscape heritage formed its unique karst hilly landforms and minority cultures. Therefore, how to deal with the relationship between heritage and tourism development and achieve the coordination of conservation and tourism development is also a major issue that must be addressed at present.
The case of this research is Fenghuang ancient town, which is the most famous historical town in Xiangxi. Fenghuang has a long history and beautiful natural landscape, well-protected historical buildings, and fully reflects Xiangxi minority culture and urban characteristics. However, in recent years, many tourists have flooded into Fenghuang Ancient Town. Tourists have occupied a large number of public areas in the old area. Some historical buildings have been destroyed and transformed into commercial buildings. It has gradually affected and eroded the daily life of local people. Thus this thesis will attempt to analyse the apparent characteristics of existing cultural landscape heritage, the disappeared memories and potential spaces as well as diagnose the current problems. We aim at offering effective strategy and proposals to make the ancient town towards being an attractive, liveable and enjoyable area.
4 3. Southwest China: · Guizhou Province · Sichuan Province · Yunnan Province · Chongqing
· Tibet Autonomous Region
1.2
Research ValuesDifferent from other minority areas in South Central China, minority towns including Fenghuang in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture are the typical Chinese Southwestern historical towns. Even though Xiangxi is not generally included in Southwest China. In terms of geomorphology, ethnic composition, culture, and history, Xiangxi is part of the Southwest.3 In the research of Mountainous Minority Settlements in Southwestern China, Xiangxi is an essential and typical part.
The east of Xiangxi is contiguous to the boundary of Huaihua and Zhangjiajie of Hunan Province, the southwestern part of it borders on Tongren of Guizhou Province. The western area of Xiangxi is adjacent to Xiushan and Youyang of Chongqing Municipality, and the northwestern adjoins Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. So Xiangxi is the junction of four provinces. Therefore, compared to other Southwest regions, Xiangxi is closer to the Central Plains and is, therefore, more affected by the Central Plains.
In a nutshell, Xiangxi, especially Fenghuang played a distinctive role in the history of Chinese cultural landscape, which includes general Chinese culture and different ethnic minorities cultures. Because of its relatively distant geographical environment, most of the heritage is fully preserved. Therefore, it is valuable to research the conservation and innovation of heritage in Xiangxi with the background of rapid economic development.
5
1.3
Research AchievementsThe research achievements include the thesis, academic reports and government documents, which are worked by other researchers before. The achievements of Domestic and International Relevant Legislations, Charter, Theories and Practices, the basic theory of Xiangxi & Fenghuang and the architectural features of Minorities, all provide a good theoretical basis and research direction
Domestic and International Relevant Legislations, Charters and Theories: · International Charters:
ICOMOS. “The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments.” 1931.
ICOMOS. “International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter).” 1964. ICOMOS. “Resolutions of the International Symposium on the Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns (Rothenburg Charter).” 1975. ICOMOS. “Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (Nairobi Recommendation).” 1976. ICOMOS. “Tlaxcala Declaration of Small Settlements.” 1982.
ICOMOS. “Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (The Washington Charter).” 1987. UNESCO. “ICCROM & ICOMOS. The Nara Document on Authenticity.” 1994.
ICOMOS. “Xi'an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas.” 2005. ICOMOS. “The Quebec Declaration on the Preservation of the Spirit of the Place.” 2008.
ICOMOS. “The Valletta Principles-Safeguarding and Management.” 2011. · International Legislations & Theories:
Pressouyre L. The World Heritage Convention, twenty years later. Paris: UNESCO. 1996.
Loew, Sebastian. Modern Architecture in Historic Cities-Policy, Planning and Building in Contemporary France. London & New York: Routledge. 1998.
Dematties G, P. Bonavero. Il sistema urbano italiano nello spazio unificato europeo. Bologna: Il Mulino. 1997.
Pickar, Robert. Gianighian, Giorgio. Policy and Law in Heritage Conservation-Italy Section. New York: Spon Press. 2001. Larkham, Peter. J. Conservation and the City. London: Routledge. 2002.
Mynors, Charles. Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas and Monuments. London: Sweet & Maxwell. 2006.
Booth, Philip. Breuillard, Michelle, Fraser Charles & Paris Didier. Spatial Planning Systems of Britain and France. A Comparative Analysis. New York: Routledge. 2007.
Valentino, Pietro A. "Urban Heritage, Territorial Policies and the Cultural District Approach in Italy." Urban Planning International, no. 25 (2010).
· Domestic Legislations & Theories:
National Cultural Heritage Administration of China[中国国家文物局]. “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics.” 1982.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development[中国住房和城乡建设部]. “Requirements of Historically and Culturally Famous Cities’ Conservation Planning.” 1994.
Luo, Yameng[罗亚蒙]. A Dictionary of Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities[中国历史文化名城大辞典]. Beijing: People Daily Press. 1998.
Wu, Liangyong[吴良镛]. Beijing Charter- Presented at the XX Congress of the UIA, Beijing. 1999.
Wang, Jinghui[王景慧]. Ruan, Yisan[阮仪三]. Wang, Lin[王林]. Conservation Theory and Planning of Historic-Cultural Cities[历史文化名城保护 理论与规划]. Shanghai: Tongji University Press. 1999.
Liang, Sicheng[梁思成]. Collected Works of Liang Sicheng. Beijing: China Architecture and Buildings Press. 2001.
Li, Qirong[李期荣]. Urban Planning and Historical and Cultural Protection[城市规划与历史文化保护]. Nanjing: Southeast University Press.
2002.
National Cultural Heritage Administration of China[中国国家文物局]. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics. 2002.
Agnew, Neville. Demas, Martha. Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China Issued by China ICOMOS-USA: The Getty Conservation
Institute. 2004.
Luo, Jiaming[罗佳明]. Research on China's World Heritage Management System[中国世界遗产管理体系研究]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press.
2004.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development[中国住房和城乡建设部]. GB 50357-2005Code of Conservation Planning of Historical Cities. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. 2005.
Wu, Jiang[伍江]. Wang, Lin[王林]. Conservation Planning and Management of Historic Areas[历史文化风貌区保护规划编辑与管理]. Shanghai:
7
Jia, Hongyan[贾鸿雁]. General Theory of Famous Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities[中国历史文化名城通论]. Nanjing: Southeast University
Press. 2007.
Shan, Jixiang[单霁翔]. "From Cultural Landscape to Cultural Landscape Heritage, 1st Part[从文化景观到文化景观遗产]". Southeast Culture, no. 214(2): 7-18(2010).
Shan, Jixiang[单霁翔]. "From Cultural Landscape to Cultural Landscape Heritage, 2nd Part[从文化景观到文化景观遗产]". Southeast Culture, no. 215(3): 7-12(2010).
Architecture School of Tsinghua University[ 清 华 大 学 建 筑 学 院 ]. Dataset of Urban Planning, Vol.8, Historic Urban Conservation and
Regeneration[建筑规划资料集，第八分册城市历史保护与城市更新]. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press. 2008.
ICOMOS. “Heritage at Risk: China.” 2012. Domestic and International Practices: · International Practices:
Zevi, Bruno. Saper vedere l'urbanistica. Ferrara di Biagio Rossetti, la prima città moderna europea. Einaudi. 1971. Commune di Bologna. Peep Centro Storico. Bologna: Comune di Bologna, Assessorato all'Edilizia Pubblica. 1972. Appleyard, Donald. The Conservation of European Cities. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 1979.
Roger, J. P. Kain. Planning for Conservation. London: Mansell. 1981.
Alan, Dobby. Conservation and Planning (Living Environment). London: Hutchinson Press. 1984.
Fitch, James Marston. Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management of the Built World. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 1990. Tiesdel, Steven. Oc, Taner. Heath, Tim. Revitalizing Historic Urban Quarters. Oxford: Architectural Press.1996.
Comune di Genova. “Piano operativo per il Centro Storico.” 2001
Comune di Genova. “Piano della Citta , conferenza strategica al 2004-2010.” 2002 89. Comune di Genova. “Genova 2004-2006: Un bilancio per il future.” 2006 88.
MiBAC (Italian Ministry of Cultural Properties and Activities). “Il modello del Piano di Gestione dei Beni Culturali iscritti alla lista del Patrimonio dell'Umanita . Linee Guida.” 2004
MiBAC (Italian Ministry of Cultural Properties and Activities). “Progetto di definizione di un modello per la realizzazione dei Piani di Gestione dei siti UNESCO.” 2005
Pericu, Giuseppe. Leiss, Alberto. Genova Nuova La Citta E Il Mutamento Con Un Dialogo Tra Giuseppe Pericu E Renzo Piano. Roma: Donzelli Editore, 2007.
Dennis, Rodwell. Conservation and Sustainability in Historic Cities. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2007.
Bu Ang De. Tradition and Modernity: Italian restoration in architecture and urban experience (Chinese Edition). Nanjing: Southeast University Press. 2007
Karl, Kupka. Redevelopment by Tradition - Urban Renewal in World Heritage Cities. Venice: Cluva Publisher. 2012.
Fang, Frassoldati[方馥兰]. Similarities and Differences in the Discourse of the Protection of Urban Historical Heritage Comparative Study of Urban
Protection in China and Italy[城市历史遗产保护话语中的共性与分歧——中意城市保护比较研究]. Beijing: Intellectual Property Press.
2013.
Zhang, Song[张松]. "The Theory and Practice of Japanese Historical Environmental Protection——Law, Policy and Public Participation[日本 历史环境保护的理论与实践——法律、政策与公众参与]." Architecture, no.4(2001).
Yumiko, Saizu[才津祐美子]. Live in Shirakawa-go, a World Heritage Site[世界遺産白川郷を生きる]. Tokyo: Shinyosha[新曜社]. 2020. · Domestic Practices:
Duan, Songyan[段松廷]. "From Lijiang Phenomenon to Lijiang Lijiang Model[从丽江现象到丽江模式]." Planner, no.16(6): 54-57(2002). Zhou, Jian[周俭]. Zhang, Song[张松]. Wang, Jun[王骏]. "Seeking Development in Protection and Keeping Features in Development——The
Outline of the Concept Planning of the World Heritage City Lijiang Development[保护中求发展，发展中守特色——世界遗产城市丽江发 展概念规划要略]." City Planning Journal, no.2(2003).
Shanxi Urban and Rural Planning and Design Institute[山西省城乡规划设计研究院]. "Pingyao Historical and Cultural City Protection Plan[平 遥历史文化名城保护规划]". 1989．
Shanxi Urban and Rural Planning and Design Institute[山西省城乡规划设计研究院]. Tongji University National Historical and Cultural City Research Centre[同济大学国家历史文化名城研究中心]. Urban and Rural Construction Bureau of Pingyao County[平遥县城乡建设局]. "Pingyao Town General Master Plan[平遥县县城总体规划]". 2000.
Shanxi Urban and Rural Planning and Design Institute[山西省城乡规划设计研究院]. "Detailed Protective Planning of Pingyao Ancient Town[平遥古城保护性详细规划]". 2005.
Lu, Zhigang[陆志刚]. The Protection and Development of Historical Towns in Jiangnan Water Town[江南水乡历史城镇保护与发展]. Nanjing:
9
Ruan, Yisan[阮仪三]. Yuan, Fei[袁菲]. "Towards the Era of New Jiangnan Water Town—Protection and Reasonable Development of Ancient Towns in Jiangnan Water Village[迈向新江南水乡时代一一江南水乡古镇的保护与合理发展]." Journal of Urban Planning, no.2: 35-40(2002).
Zhang, Xi[张曦]. Ge, Xi[葛昕]. "Life Style Protection and Cultural Inheritance in Historic District - Suzhou Ancient Neighborhood Renovation[历 史街区的生活方式保护与文化传承——看苏州古街坊改造]." Planner, no.6(2003).
Wang, Yucun[王雨村]. "From Tongfang Lane to Xintiandi - Suzhou Historical Street Protection and Countermeasures[从桐芳巷到新天地—— 谈苏州历史街区保护与对策]." Planner, no.6(2003).
Xiang, Bingjun[相秉军]. "Significance and Ways of Evacuation in Suzhou Ancient City[苏州古城疏散的意义和途径]." Planner, no.6(2003). Ruan, Yisan[阮仪三]. The Analects of Urban Heritage Conservation[城市遗产保护理论]. Shanghai: Science and Technology Press. 2000.
Zhang, Song[张松]. An Introduction to Integrated Conservation - A Way for the Protection of Cultural Heritage and Historic Environment[文化遗 产和历史保护的一种整体方法]. Shanghai: Science and Technology Press. 2001.
Lu, Di[陆地]. Death and Rebirth of Historic Buildings - The research on the reuse of historic buildings[建筑的生与死：历史性建筑再利用研究].
Nanjing: Southeast University Press. 2004. Introduction of Xiangxi & Fenghuang:
Fenghuang County Compilation Group[凤凰县志编译小组]. Fenghuang County Records[凤凰县志]. Changsha: Hunan People Press. 1988.
Fenghuang Minority Compilation Group[凤凰少数民族编译小组]. Fenghuang Minority Records[凤凰县民族志]. Beijing: Chinese City Press.
1997.
Local Records Compilation Committee of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture[湘西自治州地方志编篆委员会]. Xiangxi Prefecture Record[湘西州 志]. Changsha: Hunan People Press. 1999.
Minority Compilation Group[民族志编篡小组]. Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Records - Minories[湘西土家族苗族自治州从 书·民族志]. Changsha: Hunan People Press. 1999.
Gao, Ziwei[高自位]. Fenghuang Ting Records[凤凰厅志]. Haikou: Hannan Press. 2001
Liu. Chang[刘畅]. Xiangxi Fenghuang[湘西凤凰]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University Press. 2006. Architecture and Landscape Tradition of Xiangxi & Fenghuang:
Peng, Yigang[彭一刚]. Landscape analysis of traditional villages and towns[传统村镇聚落景观分析]. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press.
Wei, Yili[魏挹澧]. Fang, Xianfu[方咸孚]. Wang, Qikai[王齐凯]. Zhang, Yukun[张玉坤]. Towns and Traditional Buildings in Xiangxi[湘西城镇与 风土建筑]. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press. 1995.
Xiao, Xiangdo[肖湘东]. “Research on the layout and space of Xiangxi national architecture [湘西民族建筑布局和空间的研究].” Master’s thesis, Central South University of Agriculture and Forestry. 2004.
Huang, Jiajin[黄家瑾]. Qiu, Canhong [邱灿红]. Hunan Traditional Houses [湖南传统民居]. Changsha: Hunan University Press. 2006.
Liu, Su[柳肃]. Xiangxi Residential Houses [湘西民居]. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press. 2007.
Hunan Provincial Department of Construction[湖南省建设厅]. Villages and Buildings in Historical Towns in Xiangxi [湘西历史城镇村寨与建 筑]. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press. 2008.
Wang. Hongtao[王宏涛]. 2009. “Ecological Research on Traditional Houses in Xiangxi[湘西地区传统民居生态性研究].” Master's thesis, Hunan University.
Yang, Mingming[杨明明]. The Last Ancient Villages in Xiangxi[湘西最后的古村落]. Guangzhou: Huacheng Press. 2013. Architecture and Landscape Tradition of Miao & Tujia Minority:
Xiang, Yerong[向业容]. “Research and Modern Enlightenment of the Miao Stilt Houses[干栏式苗族民居的研究及其现代启示].” Master’s thesis, Xi'an Jiaotong University. 2008.
Cao, Yufeng[曹玉凤]. “Cultural Communication Studies on the Changes of Traditional Houses in Tujia Settlement Area of Xiangxi [湘西土家族 聚居区传统民居变迁的文化传播学研究]” Master’s thesis, Hunan University. 2009.
Yao, Huajing[姚婳婧]. “A Study on the Construction Technology of Tujia Traditional Houses in Xiangxi [湘西土家族民居营建技艺研究].” Master’s thesis, South China University of Technology. 2012.
Li, Qi[李祁]. Zhang, Wei[张伟]. “A Brief Analysis of the Contrastive Study of the Decoration of the Stilt Houses of the Miao and Tujia in Guizhou And Chongqing [浅析黔渝地区苗族、土家族干栏民居装饰对比研究].” Master’s thesis, Kunming University of Science and Technology. 2012.
Shi, Hefang[施鹤芳]. “Research on the Architecture Form and Architecture Culture of the Miao's Dwellings in Southeast Guizhou [黔东南苗族 民居建筑形态与建筑文化研究].” Master’s thesis, Harbin Normal University. 2014.
Zhou, Ting[周婷]. “Research on the Adaptability Mechanism of Tujia Architecture Evolution in Xiangxi——by the Case of Yongshun[湘西土家 族建筑演变的适应性机制研究——以永顺为例].” Master’s thesis, Tsinghua University. 2014.
11
1.4
Research MethodologiesThis research combines user interviews, literature researches, projects induction and comparison methodologies.
User interviews: It mainly refers to the personal interview to the users of the town, including both residents of the ancient town and tourists went there before. Through it, we can get a direct impression and perceptions of users, which could clarify our research direction.
Literature Research: By collecting and analysing the literature materials, it could provide the much more comfortable and more effective accessibility for an overview of domestic and overseas trends and achievements on relevant subjects, which could further inspire and instruct the detailed and practical researches of this thesis. Besides, it also includes the related literature on local history, culture, as well as social and economic backgrounds.
Induction Methodology: After finishing the above two studies, it is necessary to induce the collected materials, for example, the classification of the historical building blocks according to their outstanding typical styles or their built time, to attempt to table proposals for respective categories.
Comparison Methodology: For this subject, it is necessary to compare the different positive and negative experience of internal and domestic projects, as well as discussing what is the reasons for the results of various projects. It could help us to find the guideline for the proposal and strategy of our subject.
1.5
Research LimitationThe main limitation of the research is the lack of relevant materials, especially some historical data. Since most of the historic buildings have been experiencing considerable transformations, it is difficult to identify their original conditions and the transformed process without documents or maps in different historical periods. There is hardly any core agency, department, office or organization working on collecting comprehensive information and documents. Hence, researchers have to collect related materials from different sources, like some individuals, civil organizations, governmental agencies, etc.. Some of them are not willing to offer them, resulting in inevitably incomplete understandings on some aspects.
Another limitation could be attributed to the limited field survey, mainly the measuring data of historic buildings. Due to the limited time and far away from the site, it is nearly impossible for detailed surveying and mapping of all historic buildings. While the professional measurements from governmental agencies only focused on the few landmark buildings with the most exceptional values. Therefore, for some buildings, only photos and field experiences could further facilitate the understandings, which undoubtedly is not systemic, specialized and comprehensive.
13
17
1. Pius VII was a man of culture and attempted to reinvigorate Rome with archaeological excavations in Ostia which revealed ruins and icons from ancient times. He also had walls and other buildings rebuilt and restored the Arch of Titus. He ordered the construction of fountains and piazzas and erected the obelisk at Monte Pincio.
THE LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
IntroductionThis chapter is mainly about the establishment and development process of the international and Chinese system of cultural landscape heritage. Firstly, it analyses the process of world cultural landscape heritage from individual conservation of the independent buildings in western countries. Then this chapter explains the concept of cultural landscape heritage and the establishment of its category. With the determination of the concept of the cultural landscape, the cultural landscape heritage protection movement has also been carried out in-depth.
The cultural landscape heritage has its particular features in the context of Chinese culture. The categories and the development process of Chinese cultural landscape heritage conservation are introduced elaborately, which could be a theoretical basis for subsequent research.
2.2
The Beginning of Conservation of HeritageThe conservation of world heritage is an inevitable part of the progress of human society and the development of civilization, which had also undergone from unilateral conservation by the state and gradually transformed into an international issue with the common concern. The beginning of the heritage conservation movement dated back to the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, during which time the European natural and social sciences developed rapidly.
Under such historical and cultural backgrounds, philosophers and writers in Britain, France, and Italy had realized the importance of protecting historic buildings. They started to call for the conservation of important them in their country. From this, the modern heritage conservation movement officially began. At that time, the preservation of heritage is only for the independent buildings in their city or country.
Italy
Italian awareness of protecting heritage began very early. In1802 Pope Pius VII1 issued a decree to protect heritage, and the decree stipulates that artworks must not be excavated or exported without the permission of the Pope. They also used funds to allocated to promote the development of museums and the further improvement of archaeology.
From 1820 to 1821, heritage was officially identified as an integral part of the local culture and history in Italy. They also established the "Archaeological Restoration" theory, emphasising that the restoration of heritages must reflect the differences in repaired parts. During this period, Cardinale promulgated L'editto del Cardinale Pacca, which was the first real attempt for the conservation of cultural heritage in legal. Although this law was only valid for the Papal States, it had an impact on the entire Apennine peninsula. [3] In 1861, Publica Istruzione stipulated regulations on art, museums and archaeology. Since then, the conservation and restoration of artworks and buildings in Italy had been brought under strict national management.
2. Prosper Me rime e was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and an important figure in the history of architectural preservation. From 1830 until 1860 he was the inspector of French
historical monuments and was
responsible for the protection of many historic sites, including the medieval citadel of Carcassonne and the restoration of the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris.
3. William Morris was a British textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement. He was a major contributor to the revival of traditional British textile arts and methods of production.
Philip Speakman Webb was an English architect sometimes called the Father of Arts and Crafts Architecture.
France
In France, the writer and historian Prosper Me rime e2 played a significant role in protecting historical monuments. In 1837, he created the Commission des Monuments Historiques. The commission devoted to distributing funds for the safeguard of the buildings and facilitates of the administration by the State. The first list of artworks and buildings was made public in 1840. It included 934 properties such as megalithic, Gallo-Roman monuments, medieval churches and castles and objects such as stained glass, tapestries and tombs after that France began the systematic protection of historic buildings.
In 1887 and 1913, "la conservation des monuments historiques et objets d’ art" and "la loi sur les monuments
historiques" were promulgated in France. It can also be seen from these laws that the protection of cultural
heritage in French initially began with the protection of historical buildings.
United Kingdom
The origin of British heritage protection is not official. In 1877, the British Morris and Ruskin3 founded the Protection of Ancient Buildings (S.P.A.B.), the first private building protection Society in Britain. In 1878 Morris wrote the famous Manifesto that extends protection to all times and styles and remains until now the philosophical basis for the Society's work. [4]
In 1882, a series of private protection activities prompted the British government to pass the first heritage protection law - Ancient Monuments Protection Act.
2.3
Development of International Legislations, Charters and Theories on HeritageIn the 19th century, the theory of restoration of historical buildings had developed in Europe and other countries and gradually formed schools. At the same time, various states have also promulgated related protection laws and regulations on the restoration and protection of historical buildings and monuments. During this period, the protection of cultural heritage was carried out by the individual nation independently. Until the post-war period, due to the relationship of international cooperation, the protection of cultural heritage began to evolve into international action gradually.
Major Legislations and Acts
2.3.1.1
Athens Charter-1931&1933Under the influence of the European heritage protection activities, in the 1930s, international attention was gradually paid to world heritage protection activities. At this time, two Athens charters were promulgated successively.
At First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments in Athens in 1931, the
Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments was produced, which mainly focuses on individual
monuments and their surroundings. It focused on three issues: first, the protection measures for single monuments or small archaeological sites; secondly, the protection techniques and methods; And finally, the attention to the visual environment in which they are located. The main content of the Athens Charter in 1933
19
4. Abu Simbel temples are two massive rock temples at Abu Simbel, a village in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt, near the border with Sudan. They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser, about 230 km southwest of Aswan. The complex is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments", which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan).
was to pay attention to the basic principles of modern urban planning. "The role of historical buildings and blocks in modern cities" has become one of the core issues. The final document was based on solving the contradiction between the new part and the original part of the city, and the historical protection problem is viewed from the scale of the entire city. Although the concepts of the two Athens charters are entirely different, the proposed solutions complement each other and lay the foundation for the protection of historical heritage. [5]
Since The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments became a model once proposed, under its advocacy, some countries such as Italy formed their historical monument protection and restoration regulations, thus starting the period of national legislation to protect architectural heritage era. [6]
2.3.1.2
Venice Charter-1964Although the promulgation of the two "Athens Charters" represented that the protection of historical heritage has attracted international attention, the methods of the "Athens Charters" had not become a universal standard at that time.
After World War II, with the rapid development of modern industry, the concept of architecture has slowly changed. "Architecture" changed from works of art to "machines for living". At the same time, the large-scale reconstruction of the old city caused the widespread demolition of historical buildings, destroying the original historical features of the city, and replaced by matchbox-style modern buildings that emphasize "functionalism."
In 1959, the United Nations proposed to rebuild the Abu Simbel Temples4 in Egypt. This resolution had caused a strong international response. As early as 1952, Egyptian President Nasser promoted the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile, which directly threatened the protection of the temple complex of Din Abu Simbel. For this reason, Egypt and Sudan jointly submitted a request for assistance to UNESCO. On March 8, 1960, UNESCO appealed the help from cultural heritage protection experts, and 51 countries responded successively. From 1960, experts from all over the world spent 40 years finally cutting the temple completely and rebuilding it with its old appearance. This event was later called the "Abu Simbel" movement and became the most important reason for the birth of the World Heritage Protection Movement.
Based on this event, Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments was held in Venice, Italy, in 1964, put forward by UNESCO. The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic
Monuments of 1931 was revised and updated, and the Venice Charter was promulgated. With the 1964 Venice Charter as the symbol, the concepts of the Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments were
finally accepted by the international public and became a universally recognized universal standard. The
Venice Charter was an essential milestone in the development of world cultural heritage protection. It
determined the basic concepts, theories and principles of the protection of monuments and architectural heritage in the form of international norms, laying a theoretical foundation for the scientific and internationalization protection of it. [7]
In the following year of the promulgation of the Venice Charter, the International Council of Antiquities (ICOMOS) was formed by professionals of cultural heritage from all over the world. This is the only
international non-governmental organization in the field of protection and restoration of monuments. After its establishment, ICOMOS issued a series of guiding documents for the restoration and protection of international monuments, which constituted the basic framework of modern protection theory and promoted the rapid development of world heritage protection in the world.
2.3.1.3
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage-1972In 1972, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted at The General Conference of UNESCO 17th session in Paris, France. The Convention proposed the concept “common heritage of mankind”, and established the World Heritage Committee to register and protect human heritage with outstanding universal value.
In the Convention, Cultural Heritage is divided into three types:
(i) Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;
(ii) Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;
(iii) Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.
Those that meet the following three criteria are Natural Heritage:
(i) Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view;
(ii) Geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation;
(iii) Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty. [8]
The Convention stipulated the definition of cultural and natural heritage, as well as the standards and protection measures required to be included in the World Heritage List. But it separated cultural heritage from the natural environment. As a result of this problem, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation
of the World Heritage was published in 1977. However, it only proposed standards for evaluating world
cultural heritage and natural heritage and their authenticity, integrity, and related management requirements. It did not provide specific operational guidance for the evaluation of heritages. The concept of Cultural Heritage was a new concept that had emerged with the development of society. Its emergence reflected the growing inclusiveness of people's understanding and treatment of their own culture.
