Chapter 2 - Application of Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy Chapter 1 - Thermal desorption spectroscopy 3 Abstract 1 Index

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Index

Abstract

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Chapter 1 - Thermal desorption spectroscopy

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1.1 Adsorption and Desorption fundamental principles……….3

1.2 Adsorption and Desorption kinetics………...4

1.2.1Adsorption isotherms………..4

1.3 Polany-Wigner equation………..6

1.3.1 Material balance equation for Thermal Desorption in a vacuum system………..9

1.4 Theories of Thermal Desorption………...11

1.4.1 The Mobile precursor model in Adsorption and Desorption………...11

1.4.2 Statistical thermodynamics of Adsorption and Desorption……….13

1.5 Treatment of experimental desorption data………17

1.5.1 Heating rate variation method……….17

1.5.2 Gas Evolution method (constant Heating Rate)………..19

1.5.3 Coverage measurement made during Programmed Desorption………..20

1.5.4 Leading Edge Analysis………21

Chapter 2 - Application of Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy

2.1 Application of Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy to Astrophysics………...23

2.1.1 The interstellar medium………...23

2.1.2 The interstellar gas………..24

2.1.3 The interstellar dust……….26

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2.1.5 Ices and energetic agents………32

2.2 Thermal desorption spectroscopy application to Geophysics………36

2.2.1 Zoisite……….36

2.3 Thermal desorption spectroscopy application to high-energies Physics………...40

2.3.1 Large Hadron Collider: problems to vacuum system………..40

2.3.2 The LHC vacuum system………...43

2.3.3 Gas recycling and instability pressure induced by ions………...48

2.3.4 Cryosorbent materials………..50

Chapter 3 - Carbon Nanotubes: properties and applications

3.1 Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)………....………..52

3.2 Electronic structure of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes………...61

3.2.1 Energy dispersion relation of Armchair, Zigzag and Chiral nanotubes………..63

3.2.2 Density of States and Energy gap………66

3.3 Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes………...68

3.4 Carbon Nanotubes Bundles………...70

3.5 CNTs properties………..71

3.6 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes………80

3.7 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes………83

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4.1

4.2 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy on Carbon Nanotubes……….87

4.2.1 Molecular Hydrogen Adsorption on MWCNT………...87

4.2.2 Krypton Adsorption on SWCNT………...105

4.3Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy in Astrophysics………...109

4.3.1 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy of solid ammonia………...109

4.3.2 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy of solid methane……….123

4.4 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy in Geophysics……….136

4.4.1 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy of zoisite………136

Conclusions

Bibliography

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Acknowledgements