Circular Economy and Resilience Thinking for Historic Urban Landscape Regeneration: The Case of Torre Annunziata, Naples

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Article

Circular Economy and Resilience Thinking for

Historic Urban Landscape Regeneration: The Case of

Torre Annunziata, Naples

Katia Fabbricatti * and Paolo Franco Biancamano

Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, 80135 Naples, Italy; ing.pfb@gmail.com * Correspondence: katia.fabbricatti@unina.it; Tel.:+39-3398814015

Received: 6 May 2019; Accepted: 14 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019  Abstract: The landscape, as an archive of the traces of the history of man and nature, can be considered a holistic indicator of sustainable, inclusive, safe, resilient cities as set out in Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. The UNESCO Recommendations on Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) reflect it as a dynamic/evolving system that changes over time to meet social needs: it requires to be managed in a sustainable way, not only as a resource to be preserved. The beauty of the landscape is a common element in the development policies of many small-medium European and Italian cities. However, the state of abandonment and decay, the lack of investments, of often emigrated skills are the detractors. The circular economy model applied to the HUL leads to the ability to maximize the value of settlements, activating social, economic and environmental synergies. The research identifies the relationship among Circularity, Productivity and Resilience as an effective key to achieve the goals of Agenda 2030. The methodological approach tested on the case study of Torre Annunziata, Naples has reached a system of resilience performance indicators to express the complex nature of HUL and define a scenario of circular regeneration, based on the recreation of a virtuous circuit between physical, environmental, social, economic systems.

Keywords: circular urban regeneration; historic urban landscape; resilience performance indicators; collaborative economy

1. Introduction

Global and local risks (climate crisis, scarcity of resources, migratory emergency, weakening of the share capital, erosion of cultural capital and identity of places, etc.) make it urgent to identify operational tools that enhance the responsiveness of urban landscapes to disruptions and accelerate change towards local, regional and global sustainability and resilience.

The Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development created and promoted by the UN for the next future [1] specifically direct one of the 16+1 strategic goals towards "making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" (SDGs 11). In particular, the goal number 11 highlights the need “to enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries” (11.3), “[. . . ] to strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage” (11.4), “[. . . ] to increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels” (11.B).

The landscape, as an archive of the traces of the history of man and nature [2–4], can be considered a holistic indicator of the sustainable, inclusive, safe, resilient city [5]. The perspective

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of landscape offers an integrated, holistic, and systemic approach to analyze urban transformations toward sustainable development.

There is an empirical evidence that a poor and degraded landscape determines a loss of economic, social/ cultural, touristic attractiveness. The quality of the landscape has often been considered as a pre-condition for urban regeneration, capable of delivering different benefits (not only economic). This uniqueness of the landscape can become a catalyst for productive activities, especially creative/ innovative, if achieved with careful governance [5].

The Historic Urban Landscape, characterized by a high aesthetic quality, has been considered and managed as a great attractor. It is defined by the UNESCO Recommendations 2011 [4] as “[. . . ] the result of a historic layering of cultural and natural values and attributes, extending beyond the notion of ‘historic center’ or ‘ensemble’ to include the broader urban context and its geographical setting” (point 8). The Recommendations on the Historic Urban Landscape, based on the relational principle among the physical forms of the urban contexts, “their spatial organization and connection, their natural features and settings, and their social, cultural and economic values” [4] (point 5), suggest the search for creative combinations of different forms of landscape to activate new urban dynamics. The EU Convention [2] and UNESCO Recommendations on HUL [4] reflect the landscape as a dynamic/ evolving system that changes over time to meet social needs: it requires to be managed wisely/ sustainably, not only as a resource to be preserved.

The quality of the landscape, understood as the beauty of both natural and man-made systems, is a common element in the local development policies of many small and medium Italian and European cities (less than 50,000 inhabitants) [6,7]. However, the contribution of this “beauty” to sustainable development is often hampered by the state of abandonment and degradation of the urban landscape, uncontrolled changes in urban density and growth, the lack of investment in the renovation and maintenance of buildings, and the lack of skills that are often emigrated. Moreover, this condition undermines the perception of places and values that communities attributed to it.

In order to preserve “the quality of the human environment, enhancing the productive and sustainable use of urban spaces, while recognizing their dynamic character, and promoting social and functional diversity” [4] (point 11), the Recommendations ask the different actors to support communities in their demand for development and change, while contributing to preserving the characteristics and values linked to their history, collective memory and environment. In particular, Academic, university institutions, centers of research are encouraged to develop aspects of HUL “to document the state of urban areas and their evolution, to facilitate the evaluation of proposals for

change, and to improve protective and managerial skills and procedures” (point 26).

In relation to the requirements of the Recommendations, the paper, developed as part of the Projects of National Relevance (PRIN 2010–2011), identifies the relationships between the concepts of Circularity, Productivity and Resilience as an effective key to interpreting the phenomena that occur in the HUL to achieve the goals of Agenda 2030 of inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities (Figure1).

A circular city model can be interpreted as a long term process of coherent co-evolution between man and his living environment [8], whose values must be rediscovered and regenerated. Applied to HUL, it can be a helpful tool to maximize the value of settlements, activating social, economic and environmental synergies [9]. Productivity, intended in its broadest sense, not only economic, as the ratio between input and output of multiple types of resources, underlines in this context the ability of a circular economy model to activate new chains of value creation. The plurality of values recognized in the cultural heritage/ landscape contribute to multiplying the flows of benefits in a virtuous circuit. Finally, resilience as a dynamic concept, focused on how to persist and evolve with change [10,11], expresses in this context the regenerative capacity of HUL. In our research it is understood not only as an attribute but also as an approach to the themes of HUL. Resilience thinking [10,12] “can be viewed as a subset of sustainability science and has a strong focus on complex adaptive and truly intertwined social-ecological systems of people, communities, economies, societies,

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and cultures interacting across spatial and temporal scales with ecosystems” [13]. It well interprets the multidimensional and dynamic nature of HUL and the need to respond to urban challenges through the balance between conservation and innovation, strengthening the relationships among physical/ environmental, social and economic components. Resilience thinking seeks to understand the life cycles and complexity of systems (including the innovation systems) in order to better manage them, for system productivity and process circularity.

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 30

Figure 1. Conceptual framework for the regeneration of HUL (author’s elaboration).

A circular city model can be interpreted as a long term process of coherent co-evolution between man and his living environment [8], whose values must be rediscovered and regenerated. Applied to HUL, it can be a helpful tool to maximize the value of settlements, activating social, economic and environmental synergies [9]. Productivity, intended in its broadest sense, not only economic, as the ratio between input and output of multiple types of resources, underlines in this context the ability of a circular economy model to activate new chains of value creation. The plurality of values recognized in the cultural heritage/ landscape contribute to multiplying the flows of benefits in a virtuous circuit

.

Finally, resilience as a dynamic concept, focused on how to persist and evolve with change [10,11], expresses in this context the regenerative capacity of HUL. In our research it is understood not only as an attribute but also as an approach to the themes of HUL. Resilience thinking [10,12] “can be viewed as a subset of sustainability science and has a strong focus on complex adaptive and truly intertwined social-ecological systems of people, communities, economies, societies, and cultures interacting across spatial and temporal scales with ecosystems” [13]. It well interprets the multidimensional and dynamic nature of HUL and the need to respond to urban challenges through the balance between conservation and innovation, strengthening the relationships among physical/ environmental, social and economic components. Resilience thinking seeks to understand the life cycles and complexity of systems (including the innovation systems) in order to better manage them, for system productivity and process circularity.

On the basis of this theoretical model, the research proposes new tools to describe the systemic and complex nature of the HUL and, entrusting productive value to the complex system of resources generated by the landscape, promote and evaluate actions to make the organization of the city more efficient and less wasteful through processes of circularization.

The methodological process has been tested on the case study of the small-medium municipality of Torre Annunziata, Naples. The HUL of this port city is in fact characterized by the presence of world famous sights, such as the volcano Vesuvius, the excavations of Pompeii, the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the villa of Oplontis, by a peculiar historical productive vocation of the urban landscape and by an abandoned port that expresses a great potential within the Gulf of Naples. On the other hand, the urban landscape presents high rates of social distress and building degradation, showing minimum levels of resilience, sustainability, security and equality.

The research develops an operational approach through the case study aimed at interpreting and regenerating HUL and, at the same time, produces a methodological approach for possible replicability in homogeneous areas with similar problems.

Figure 1.Conceptual framework for the regeneration of HUL (author’s elaboration).

On the basis of this theoretical model, the research proposes new tools to describe the systemic and complex nature of the HUL and, entrusting productive value to the complex system of resources generated by the landscape, promote and evaluate actions to make the organization of the city more efficient and less wasteful through processes of circularization.

The methodological process has been tested on the case study of the small-medium municipality of Torre Annunziata, Naples. The HUL of this port city is in fact characterized by the presence of world famous sights, such as the volcano Vesuvius, the excavations of Pompeii, the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the villa of Oplontis, by a peculiar historical productive vocation of the urban landscape and by an abandoned port that expresses a great potential within the Gulf of Naples. On the other hand, the urban landscape presents high rates of social distress and building degradation, showing minimum levels of resilience, sustainability, security and equality.

The research develops an operational approach through the case study aimed at interpreting and regenerating HUL and, at the same time, produces a methodological approach for possible replicability in homogeneous areas with similar problems.

The paper is organized in the following sections, after this introduction: first, a literature review on the HUL and the perspective of the circular economy model and resilience thinking; then, a brief presentation of the case study; a third section defines the materials and methods of the research; in the fourth section are presented and discussed the results of the experimentation on the case study of Torre Annunziata; finally the conclusions of this research effort and future steps for improving it.

2. Literature Review

Historic Urban Landscape, Circular Urban Regeneration Processes and Resilience Thinking

The role of landscapes as an archive of the traces of the history of man and nature and for the survival of local cultures is internationally recognized [2–4]. In these documents, interactions between man and nature are declared "cultural landscapes" or “cultural heritage”, as illustrative of the evolution

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of human society and settlement over time, recognized unique and authentic. “Landscapes, whether of aesthetic value or not, provide the setting for our daily lives; they are familiar and the concept of landscape links people to nature, recognizing their interaction with the environment. The very notion of landscape is highly cultural, and it may seem redundant to speak of cultural landscapes; but the describing term ‘cultural’ has been added to express the human interaction with the environment and the presence of tangible and intangible cultural values in the landscape” [14]. The Charter of Krakow again reads: “Landscapes as cultural heritage result from and reflect a prolonged interaction in different societies between man, nature and the physical environment. They are testimony to the evolving relationship of communities, individuals and their environment. In this context their conservation, preservation and development focus on human and natural features, integrating material and intangible values” [15].

The European Landscape Convention [2] underlines the uniqueness of each landscape and its systemic and relational nature. It is “a specific part of territory as it is perceived by the populations, whose character derives from the action of natural and/or human factors and from their interrelations” [2] (art.1). Landscape in this sense is a collective creation whose forms of realization are not only a historical narrative but also a physiognomic expression of the identity peculiarities of a specific culture. For this reason, the landscape must be managed with this specificity in mind and must be recognised as a "social construction" [16]. By expressing the diversity of the cultural and natural heritage of each population, it represents its identity [2] (art. 5a). The UNESCO Recommendations recognise the complex and dynamic nature of the landscape system, that includes “not only the representation of the material culture of peoples, the so-called material heritage, but also the cultural and social practices and values, the economic processes and the dimensions of the intangible heritage as a vehicle for diversity and identity” [4]. The recognition by the community of the value of "heritage" of this landscape turns it into a resource that can improve the quality of life of populations, strengthening social cohesion and triggering processes of economic development [17].

The innovative contribution of the Recommendations is to identify in the "development" the opportunity to preserve the sedimented values, overcoming the traditional conflict between conservation and transformation [18]. The UNESCO Recommendations on HUL recognise that a high landscape quality can contribute to the increase of urban productivity. “The Historic Urban Landscape approach is aimed at preserving the quality of the human environment, enhancing the productive and sustainable use of urban spaces, while recognizing their dynamic character, and promoting social and functional diversity. It integrates the goals of urban heritage conservation and those of social and economic development” [4] (point 11). In this perspective, the Recommendations open the way to the definition of an "integrated" conservation strategy based on the principle of relationality [9]. Actions on the landscape must be based on a systemic vision and on a dynamic/ productive interpretation of the territory as an innovative aspect, as a process of use and creation of value (in terms of use values, social values, symbolic values, market values) [5]. The recognition of the dynamic/ productive nature of the landscape implies the ability to respond to the challenges posed by the changes taking place on a global scale with strategies that wisely integrate conservation with innovation, strengthening the relations between the physical/ environmental, social and economic components. The systemic logic of the HUL allows for a reinterpretation of the traditional economic model in a circular perspective that, creatively integrating conservation and development, promotes synergies between different agents/ institutions in a dynamic proactive way. In this context, the circular economy model leads to the ability to maximize the value of settlements, activating social, economic and environmental synergies [19].

In the context of the HUL, as result of historic layering, transition processes produce waste not only in terms of sub-system and component residues but also in terms of unsustainable pressures on the urban landscape [8]. Differently from the linear economy model, the circular paradigm can respond switching trade-offs between users’ needs and design requirements accounting for our planet’s needs [20]. It reduces wastes rebalancing pressures on urban landscape due to the climate change, users’ and market’s expectations changes, increasing age of the built environment.

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The circular economy model is the condition for achieving most of the goals of Agenda 2030 and the New Urban Agenda [21]. The circular economy model is closely interdependent with the regeneration of the landscape. It renews its values through recovery actions and contributes to its quality by increasing the density of relationships, symbiosis and synergies that multiply the flows of benefits in a virtuous circuit [9]. This model can be implemented at different levels, diversifying actions and identifying relationships and synergies between different actors involved [22]. By placing the local cultural resources at the base of the objectives of resilience and sustainable development, the HUL perspective stimulates synergies and circular processes to obtain, through a process of mediation between the different forces in conflict, the greatest good for all the actors in terms of improving the quality of life, conditions of productive efficiency, sense of identity [9]. The HUL suggests a new unitary vision that encourages change, variability, diversity and also hybrid solutions, in order to improve overall systemic resilience [4].

In 2015 and for the first time, cultural heritage was recognized as playing a role in addressing global risks within the new international policy for disaster risk reduction, adopted during the Third United Nations World Conference Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR), at Sendai, Japan (Sendai Framework 2015–2030) [23]. The conference highlighted the effectiveness of cultural heritage in understanding disaster risks and strengthening governance, investing in resilience and preparing for response, recovery and reconstruction. Cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, as the result of long periods of adaptation between man and his environment, incorporates useful elements to overcome potential risks. It can be a powerful catalyst for interacting with local populations, bringing them together and reinforcing the sense of belonging in the preventive and recovery phases; moreover, the protection of the cultural heritage can sustain a rapid recovery through the economy it can generate. The active role the community can play in the protection of its cultural heritage and in the enhancement of the resilience of the socio-urban system (phase of prevention, response, recovery and reconstruction) is precisely because it is the repository of local culture. This is the meaning of "heritage community", identified in 2005 by the Faro Convention [16]. It is composed by “people who value specific aspects of cultural heritage which they wish, within the framework of public action, to sustain and transmit to future generations” (art. 2b). In this way the social value of the cultural heritage is highlighted; it becomes the element that characterizes and holds together a community [24].

Resilience, in its development towards socio-ecological complex adaptive systems, has become not only a desirable state, but above all a dynamic vision [25], of adaptive and transformative actions, where the values that constitute the identity and authenticity of landscapes are strengthened and innovate [26]. The thought and practice of resilience can offer an innovative way to describe and understand the complex dynamic nature of the HUL, proposing creative and innovative solutions. “Resilience thinking seeks to understand the life cycles and complexity of systems (including the innovation systems) in order to better manage them, placing specific issues within a comprehensive context. Adaptation should be understood as a component of resilience—the ability of the system to change or assume different behavioural properties when reacting to the stimuli” [27].

With its flexibility, a resilience thinking-based approach provides a toolbox to improve innovation policy management and ensure that governance and regulatory systems can adjust and become more sustainable [27].

The main reference of the research was the City Resilience Framework, developed by the Rockefeller Foundation and Arup [28]. It, on the basis of the previous City Resilience Index [29], is a tool that should enable to convene around a common idea of “who and what make cities more resilient” [28]. Both the framework and the index are intended to facilitate a process of engagement with cities that generates new ideas and opportunities to involve new actors in civil society, government and business to make cities resilient. The City Resilience Framework provides tools through which the complexity of cities and the different factors that contribute to their resilience can be understood. It comprises 12 key goals (minimal human vulnerability; diverse livelihoods and employment; effective safeguards to human health and life; collective identity and community support; comprehensive

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security and rule of law; sustainable economy; reduced exposure and fragility; effective provision of critical services; reliable communications and mobility; effective leadership and management; empowered stakeholders; integrated development planning) that describe the outcomes of a resilient city, complemented by seven qualities that “distinguish a resilient city from one that is simply livable, sustainable or prosperous” [28]:

• _{Reflectiveness, expressing the quality of the system to accept the inherent and ever-increasing} uncertainty and change in today’s world;

• _{Robustness, which expresses the quality of a well-designed, built and managed system, so that it} can withstand the impacts of hazardous events without significant damage or loss of functionality; • _{Redundancy, expressing in a system “the presence of multiple ways to achieve a given need or}

fulfill a particular function”;

• _{Flexibility, as the capacity of the system to “change, evolve, adapt in response to changing circumstances”;} • _{Resourcefulness, instrumental to “a city’s ability to restore functionality of critical systems,}

potentially under severely constrained conditions”;

• _{Inclusiveness, emphasizing “the need for broad consultation and engagement of communities,} including the most vulnerable groups”;

• _{Integration, expressing the need to exchange of information between systems to enable them} “to function collectively and respond rapidly through shorter feedback loops throughout the

city” [28].

By placing HUL perspective and the circular economy model at the base of the resilience qualities defined by Arup, the research aims to combine the systemic, evolutionary and productive nature of the landscape with the objectives of urban resilience and sustainability.

3. Case Study: The Productive Historic Urban Landscape of Torre Annunziata, Naples

The research develops a methodological process and new tools to describe the systemic and complex nature of the HUL and promote and evaluate actions to make the organization of the city more efficient and less wasteful through processes of circularization. The methodological process and new tools have been tested on the case study of the small-medium municipality of Torre Annunziata, Naples. It extends into the Gulf of Naples to an area of 7.33 square kilometers with a population density of 5961 inhabitants for square km. It is part of an area identified by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and the Campania Region as Buffer Zone of Pompeii. It comprises the area surrounding the UNESCO sites of Pompeii, Oplontis and Herculaneum. The municipalities in this area have a high degree of complexity: on the one hand, landscapes of great beauty, a social capital with high-potential, an archaeological heritage of inestimable value, a production system with significant peculiarities (gardening, quality food and wine productions, pasta and coral industry, commercial and leisure shipbuilding); on the other hand, underused and degraded buildings, without adequate green spaces, unclean and unsafe public spaces, youth unemployment and crime, negative dynamics of associationism and volunteering.

The municipality of Torre Annunziata is an important example of a pattern that is generated and renewed, developing a productive propensity offered by its climatic and morphologic position, as well as by technological progress. The social-urban system of Torre Annunziata is in fact strongly characterized by its original manufacturing vocation and by a dense system of tangible and intangible relations between the physical/ environmental, social and economic components [30,31]. In particular, its historic center has a precise connotation resulting from the interaction between the environmental characteristics of the landscape and the manufacturing and residential production needs; it represents the expression of the changes over time due to the technological innovation in the manufacture of pasta. For centuries, the entire municipal economy has revolved around the synergies between places and resources: exposure to the sun and winds, the construction characteristics of the settlement are the factors that allowed production, increased by the presence of the port area for the import of wheat

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from Russia and the export of dry pasta. Authors have interpreted this peculiar settlement system as Productive Urban Landscape: “complex and adaptive system, result over time of procedures and methods for the supply of resources, their processing and distribution of the finished product, where technological opportunities are connotative aspect” [31]. The post-war productive divestment and the residential re-use of the historical center have exposed the urban system to conditions of physical, social and economic vulnerability over time. The port area, a great potential within the Gulf of Naples, has also been abandoned and cut off from the city. Currently the municipality is in a state of social discomfort and physical degradation, generated by the processes of transition.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Operationalising the UNESCO Recommendations on the Historic Urban Landscape

In order to interpret the complexity of the historic urban landscape of Torre Annunziata, an interrelated system of indicators has been defined. According to the ninth paragraph of UNESCO Recommendations on HUL [4], the multi-scale indicators define the layers of which the landscape is composed.

The content of the landscape can be defined from the "hard" data: • _topography;

• _{geomorphology;} • _hydrology; • _{natural features;}

• _{built environment (historical and contemporary);} • _{infrastructure (above and below ground);}

• _{open spaces and gardens;} • _{land use (land use patterns);} • _{spatial organization.}

To these, perceptual data are added (soft): • _perceptions;

• _{visual relationships;}

• _{all the other elements of the urban structure.} It also includes:

• _{practices and social and cultural values;} • _{economic processes;}

• _{intangible dimensions of heritage as related to diversity and identity.}

The data are structured on three main dimensions that describe the general characteristics of the productive and historical urban landscape of Torre Annunziata, common to the municipalities of the Buffer Zone of Pompeii:

1. Physical/environmental dimension: the main criteria considered are related to environmental and geographical characteristics (including environmental risk data - geological, seismic, volcanic - physical size, and other data describing spatial aspects). The environmental quality of the territory affects its ability to retain and to attract individuals and companies. In fact, some environmental and geographical characteristics can affect the production guidelines and the activities of companies;

2. Social dimension: stands for indicators that describe the productive potential of the municipalities of the Buffer Zone, in order to assess their contribution to local economic growth (population density, unemployment, supply of employment and housing opportunities, etc.);

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3. Economic dimension: groups together indicators that describe the economic and commercial vitality and attractiveness of the reference context (economic value of public and private property, real estate market, liveliness of the entrepreneurial system, etc.).

The indicators are based on publicly available information and data, which can be gathered through queries to the databases of the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), to the portal of the Revenue Agency, to the Ministry of Environment, but also to the local databases of the supra-municipal institutions and of the municipal and academic research studies and of the third sector. The collection of territorial data, although not limited to the assessment of individual sites, is a useful tool for the preliminary analysis.

The collection of data is supplemented by a fourth group of indicators that represent a scale of greater detail:

4. Productive dimension: is the set of indicators that describe the productive and manufacturing sectors prevailing in the municipalities.

The nature of the landscape system suggests a multidimensional approach, also in relation to socio-economic well-being [32]. The following synthetic criteria have been identified on the base of social data, not only quantitative data, inspired by the theory of adaptive systems [33]:

• _{demographic structure;} • _workforce;

• _{education and human capital;} • _{civic commitment;}

• _{collaborative resource management.}

Economic data can be divided into two major categories: vivacity of the real estate market and economy of the enterprise system. The spatial variability of the criteria, determined by the spatial inhomogeneity of the development processes and by the existence of local factors, significantly affects the income, wealth, individual opportunities and development of the enterprises [34,35]. The main criteria are:

• _{Vivacity of the real estate market: this is the set of indicators of the real estate value of assets,} such as the value per square meter, the percentage change, the NNT (Number of Normalized Transactions), the index of attractiveness and all available and comparable indicators on the areas; • _{Economics of the entrepreneurial system: this is the second macro-category. It is made up of} many factors linked not only to the vitality of the enterprise in the areas considered, but also to economic networks with external systems.

The detection of the physical/environmental dimension involves the search for elements that describe the ability of a system to maintain self-regeneration capacity (autopoiesis) or, on the contrary, factors of greater structural fragility. The available factors describing the physical/environmental dimension in relation to the productive system can be grouped in:

• _{security and land management;} • _{quality of the built environment;} • _{infrastructural services;}

• _{energy and wastes;}

• _{safeguard and green areas.}

In addition, there are elements that belong to the productive dimension of HUL that describe its peculiarity:

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• _{DOP (Protected Designation of Origin) and IGP (Protected Geographical Indication) productions;} • _{DOC (Controlled Designation of Origin) and IGT (Territorial Geographical Indication) productions;} • _{shipbuilding enterprise.}

Multiscale analysis allows us to turn our attention to the specific context of Torre Annunziata and GIS tools support the construction of thematic maps for the definition of multidimensional systems. The Geographic Information System (GIS) allows to overlay the knowledge of spatial data [36] reducing the information (numerical indicators, open data, points of interest, etc.) in the complex and systemic territorial context. The integration of knowledge tools through GIS allows to build complex maps containing information on the quality of the environment and landscape [37].

On the basis of the identified indicators, the Social Discomfort Index (IDS) and the Building Discomfort Index (IDE), defined by the Prime Minister’s Decree (DPCM) directives 10/15/2015 (Official Gazette n. 249 10/26/15) as the weighted average of the deviations of the indicator values by their respective national averages, allow an initial definition of the processes that take place on the territory. For research purposes, this data provides information to define the pressures and transition processes of physical/ environmental, social and economic systems and, at the same time, provides information about the “waste” to be reintegrated into the circular process of urban regeneration.

According to the directives of the DPCM, the indices, divided into census boxes, were calculated as follows:

IDS= 0.40 ∗ (DIS (i) − DISNAZ) + 0.30 ∗ (OCCNAZ - OCC (i)) + 0.15 ∗ (GIOV (i) − GIOVNAZ)+ 0.15 ∗ (SCOLNAZ − SCOL (the)) where:

DIS (i)= unemployment rate OCC (i)= employment rate

GIOV (i) of juvenile concentration ratio= SCOL (i)= schooling rate

IDE= [(ERP + ERM)/Tot ER]/0.168 where:

ERP= residential buildings of the degraded urban area in poor condition ERM= residential buildings of the degraded urban area in mediocre condition Tot ER= Total residential buildings of the degraded urban area

Subsequently, in order to identify the relationships between the indicators of the urban context and to observe what criteria can determine direct or indirect impacts, positive or negative, on the landscape, a correlation matrix has been elaborated. The correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, each value of the first corresponds to a linear relationship with the values of the second, i.e., the tendency of a variable to change depending on another, and not necessarily a cause-effect relationship [38].

The correlation matrix has a double objective: to identify the relationships between the indicators in the urban context; to allow the construction of scenarios, which take into account the effects of transformations not only on the criteria concerned, but also on those closely related.

The data collection of indicators at different spatial scales and at different time intervals allows to analyze the processes of transition and transformations of the socio-urban system over time, in order to define the possible drivers. These, together with the data processed through the correlative analysis, inform the potential evolutionary dimension of HUL.

4.2. Performance Indicators for a Circular Regeneration of the Historical Urban Landscape

The research proposes a system of performance indicators as a tool to guide and monitor the actions to be taken on HUL. They must be able to interpret the interrelationships between the values of HUL and define the actions of regeneration and management to make the organization of the city

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“less wasteful” and more reactive and regenerative, through processes of circularization involving all dimensions (social, environmental, economic, cultural) of the urban landscape. In this perspective, it is possible to consider degraded and abandoned spaces and social distress no longer as a waste, but as an opportunity for experimentation and potential for the development of circular regeneration processes [39].

The seven qualities of resilience, as defined by the Rockefeller Foundation City Resilience Framework [28], represent in this research the seven classes of performance for a resilient and sustainable historical urban landscape. They have been made explicit by grouping the measurable descriptive indicators, previously elaborated (Section4.1), first into resilience classes, then into classes of indicators, divided by physical-environmental, social, economic, productive dimensions.

Meetings between stakeholders of the social and entrepreneurial systems with the research group and the facilitators have supported the explication of the qualities of resilience for the circular urban regeneration of Torre Annunziata. The results of the correlation matrix, in which the relationships between the indicators in the context emerged, were useful for grouping the indicators into performance classes (Table1).

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Table 1.Articulation of the qualities of resilience in performance indicators of the productive urban landscape of Torre Annunziata, Naples (author’s elaboration).

Quality of Resilience Classes of Resilience Dimensions Classes of Indicators Indicators Sources

REFLECTIVENESS

Programming and

management of resources Physical Environmental Safeguard andGreen Areas

Presence of protected areas _{SIT (Territorial} Informative System) Areas subject to regulatory constraints

Innovation capacity

Social

Civic commitment

Number of non-profit employees for 10.000 inhabitants

ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics) Range of non-profit employees in the decade 2001-2011

Number of social cooperatives for 10.000 inhabitants (Campania Regional Law 2016)

Range of social cooperatives in the decade 2001-2011

Collaborative resource management

Percentage of collaboration agreements between the municipality

and the citizens on the total population Labsus Report 2017 Number of non-profit-making operators which have concluded

agreements or arrangements with institutions ISTAT Number of partnerships between public sector, private sector and people represented by civil society (4P)

ISTAT data processing: survey of non-profit institutions Landscape quality Physical Environmental Quality of the built environment

Index of building discomfort

ISTAT Percentage of buildings in excellent or good state of conservation on the total of inhabited buildings

Safeguard and Green Areas

Public green index

SIT Density of the urban fabric (sqm of built environment on the total)

Economic Vitality of the real_{estate market}

Average residential real estate value

OMI(Real estate Market Observatory) Real estate transactions (NNT)

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Table 1. Cont.

ROBUSTNESS Security and Resource Management Physical Environmental Risk and landscape management

Population exposed to seismic risk

ISTAT Population exposed to hydrogeological risk

Population exposed to volcanic risk

Planning tools (Regional Law 16/2004 and upgrades) Web site

Infrastructure services

Motorway junctions

SIT Distance from airports

Railway stations

Provision of ICT resources ISTAT

Energy and waste

Approval of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) Web site Annual municipal production of electricity from renewable

sources (photovoltaic)

GSE (Energy Services Manager) Separate Waste Collection Index (2014)

ISPRA (Higher Institute for Environmental Safeguard and Research)

Social Collaborative_{resource management}

ISTAT data processing: survey of non-profit institutions Cultural Identity Physical Environmental Safeguard and Green Areas

Presence of protected areas

SIT Areas subject to regulatory constraints

Consistency of the historical urban fabric

Percentage of buildings in excellent or good state of conservation on the total of inhabited buildings built before 1919 ISTAT

Social

Education and human capital

Schooling rate

ISTAT Resident population with old and new system of degree+

university degrees+ non-academic tertiary degrees old and new regulations

Civic commitment

ISTAT Range of non-profit employees in the decade 2001-2011

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Table 1. Cont.

Range of social cooperatives in the decade 2001-2011 Collaborative

resource management

Number of contractual agreements between public authority (regional, provincial or local) and higher education institutions

ISTAT: survey of non-profit institutions

Economic Economy of the_{entrepreneurial system}

Percentage of active companies

ISTAT Percentage of employees

Entrepreneurial density Entrepreneurial propensity

Average value of residential properties

Number of Normalized Real estate Transactions (NNT) Real Estate Market Intensity Index (Ratio between NNT and the quantity of existing real estate units)

Productive

Agriculture and floriculture

Utilized Agricultural Area - SAU (ha)

MIBACT (Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities) SAU - Floriculture

Number of farms

Percentage of floriculture companies Products D.O.P. and I.G.P.

(Reg. CE 510/06)

DOP products (Y/N)

MIBACT IGP products (Y/N)

Wines D.O.C. and I.G.T. DOC products (Y/N) MIBACT

IGT products (Y/N)

Shipbuilding industry Nautical entrepreneurial (Y/N) MIBACT Nautical staff (Y/N)

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Table 1. Cont.

REDUNDANCY Diversification of resources Physical Environmental Safeguard and Green Areas

Public green index

Density of the urban fabric (sqm of built environment on the total)

Risk and landscape management

Motorway junctions

Railway stations

Energy and waste

Approval of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) Web site Annual municipal production of electricity from renewable

sources (photovoltaic) GSE

Separate Waste Collection Index (2014) ISPRA

Social Education and_{human capital}

Schooling rate

Economic

Vitality of the real estate market

Average residential real estate value

OMI Real estate transactions (NNT)

Real Estate Market Intensity Index

Economy of the entrepreneurial system

Number of Normalized Real estate Transactions (NNT) Real Estate Market Intensity Index (Ratio between NNT and the quantity of existing real estate units)

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Table 1. Cont.

Productive

Agriculture and floriculture

Utilized Agricultural Area - SAU (ha)

MIBACT SAU - Floriculture

Farms (n)

Percentage of floriculture companies Products D.O.P. and I.G.P.

(Reg. CE 510/06)

DOP products (Y/N)

MIBACT IGP products (Y/N)

Wines D.O.C. and I.G.T. DOC products (Y/N) MIBACT

IGT products (Y/N)

Shipbuilding industry Nautical entrepreneurial (Y/N) MIBACT Nautical staff (Y/N)

Diversification of

infrastructure systems Physical Environmental Infrastructure services

Motorway junctions

Railway stations

FLEXIBILITY Modularity and decentralization of infrastructure and urban management Physical Environmental Safeguard and Green Areas

Motorway junctions

Railway stations

Energy and waste Approval of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) Web site Annual municipal production of electricity from renewable

sources (photovoltaic) GSE

ISTAT data processing: survey of non-profit institutions

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Table 1. Cont.

Innovation capacity Social

Education and human capital

Schooling rate

Number of contractual agreements between heritage entrepreneurs and higher education institutions

ASIA (Statistical register of active enterprises) Number of contractual agreements between cultural heritage

entrepreneurs and public authorities

ISTAT: survey of non-profit

institutions;survey of public institutions Economic Research and

development Number of active R&S units ISTAT

Adaptability to new functions

Physical Environmental

Safeguard and Green Areas

Public green index

SIT Density of the urban fabric (sqm of built environment on the total) Quality of the

built environment Percentage of empty dwellings over total ISTAT

Economic Economy of the_{entrepreneurial system}

Number of Normalized Real estate Transactions (NNT) Real Estate Market Intensity Index (ratio between NNT and the quantity of existing real estate units)

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Table 1. Cont.

RESOURCEFULNESS

Availability of resources

Physical Environmental Infrastructure services

Motorway junctions

Railway stations

Social

Demographic structure

Number of residents

ISTAT Percentage of resident immigrants

Population density (inhabitant/sq.km) Average age of the population Youth concentration rate

Workforce

Percentage of labor force in total population

ISTAT Percentage of non-work force in total population

Percentage of employees in the total workforce Percentage of non-employed in total labor force Unemployment rate

Civic commitment

Range of social cooperatives in the decade 2001-2011 Education and

human capital

Schooling rate

Coordination in the management of resources

Physical Environmental Risk and

landscape management

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Table 1. Cont.

INCLUSIVENESS Sharing and commitment

to choose Social

Civic commitment

Range of social cooperatives in the decade 2001-2011

INTEGRATION

Network connectivity

Physical Environmental Infrastructure services Provision of ICT resources ISTAT

ISTAT data processing: survey of non-profit institutions Economic Research and

development Number of active R&S units ISTAT

Intermodality of

transport systems Physical Environmental Infrastructure services

Motorway junctions

Railway stations Interscalar mode

of functions Social

Number of contractual agreements between authorities at different levels (regional - local, provincial - local, provincial - local, etc.)

Website of Campania Region

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According to the City Resilience Framework, the Reflectiveness expresses the quality of a system to accept the inherent and ever-increasing uncertainty and change in today’s world. To this end, a reflective cities “has mechanisms to continuously evolve and will modify standards or norms based on emerging evidence, rather than seeking permanent solutions based on the status quo” [28]. In our research, the Reflectiveness has been defined through groups of indicators that concern, in particular, the Programming and management of resources and the Innovation capacity related to the Civic commitment and the Collaborative resource management. The Robustness expresses the quality of a well-designed, built and managed system, so that it can withstand the impacts of hazardous events without significant damage or loss of functionality. In this meaning, the Robustness can be interpreted and defined by indicators that belong to the classes of Landscape quality, Security and Resource Management and Cultural Identity. These elements represent the complex system of factors, of a perceptive, morphological, relational, functional nature, through which the uniqueness of the landscape system is manifested. They must be rediscovered, reinterpreted and innovated to prefigure its evolving nature. In a long-term, circular strategic vision, it is essential to combine the attributes/ performance of Robustness with those of Flexibility. The latter, intended as the capacity of the system to “change, evolve, adapt in response to changing circumstances”, has an innovative factor by enhancing the capacity of HUL to regenerate its own identity. It can be interpreted trough groups of indicators expressing the Modularity and decentralization of infrastructure and environmental management, the Innovation capacity of the system and the Adaptability to new functions. The latter is understood to be both the ability of the system to accommodate changes due to technological development or new market demands. Redundancy was defined as “the presence” - in a system - “of multiple ways to achieve a given need or fulfill a particular function”. It has been expressed through indicators that articulate its ability for diversification to “accommodate disruption, extreme pressures or surges in demand”, such as the classes of Diversification of resources, tangible and intangible, and Diversification of infrastructure systems. The Resourcefulness “implies that people and institutions are able to rapidly find different ways to achieve their goals or meet their needs during a shock or when under stress. [...] It is instrumental to a city’s ability to restore functionality of critical systems, potentially under severely constrained conditions” [28]. In this study, the Resourcefulness was understood as the ability to address change through the coherence of the decision-making process and the systematization of resources at different scales, measurable through classes of indicators that describe the Availability of resources and the Coordination in their management. The Inclusiveness was understood as the ability to deal with change through Sharing and commitment to choose. This attribute highlights the strategic role of the community in the processes of protection, management and maintenance of HUL. Together with the quality of the Integration, it defines the importance of “exchanging information between systems, to enable them to function collectively and respond rapidly through shorter feedback loops throughout the city” [28]. Community participation, commitment and relations are an engine for improving social cohesion, the ability to respond to difficulties and the capacity for innovation. In the circular regenerative processes of HUL, in particular, the quality of Integration has been interpreted as Network connectivity, Intermodality of transport systems, Interscalar mode of functions. These classes of indicators also express the link between the increase in partnerships between the different actors and the quality of urban regeneration actions. It is also about the characteristics of infrastructure and public or open spaces, which stimulate relational activities, and, in particular in the Mediterranean area, tell of a priority value of use and social interaction. In this research, the landscape is a dimension that "unites" and allows the comparison between multiple identities, represented by traditions, skills and talents of the communities, mediating between different points of view, in a perspective of common interest [24]. 5. Results and Discussion

This section discusses the results of the methodological approach and the tools developed and tested on the case of Torre Annunziata. The discussion focuses on the process of analysis and diagnosis

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Sustainability 2019, 11, 3391 20 of 29

of the productive historic urban landscape of Torre Annunziata up to the phase of definition and evaluation of the scenarios of urban regeneration.

The first step was to analyze and describe the complex and multidimensional nature of the historic urban landscape of Torre Annunziata, through the system of descriptive indicators elaborated in the research (Section4.1). The Social Discomfort Index (IDS) (Figure2) and the Building Discomfort Index (IDE) (Figure3) have allowed a first definition of the processes underway in the territory.

difficulties and the capacity for innovation. In the circular regenerative processes of HUL, in particular, the quality of Integration has been interpreted as Network connectivity, Intermodality of transport systems, Interscalar mode of functions. These classes of indicators also express the link between the increase in partnerships between the different actors and the quality of urban regeneration actions. It is also about the characteristics of infrastructure and public or open spaces, which stimulate relational activities, and, in particular in the Mediterranean area, tell of a priority value of use and social interaction. In this research, the landscape is a dimension that "unites" and allows the comparison between multiple identities, represented by traditions, skills and talents of the communities, mediating between different points of view, in a perspective of common interest [25].

5. Results and Discussion

This section discusses the results of the methodological approach and the tools developed and tested on the case of Torre Annunziata. The discussion focuses on the process of analysis and diagnosis of the productive historic urban landscape of Torre Annunziata up to the phase of definition and evaluation of the scenarios of urban regeneration.

The first step was to analyze and describe the complex and multidimensional nature of the historic urban landscape of Torre Annunziata, through the system of descriptive indicators elaborated in the research (Section 4.1). The Social Discomfort Index (IDS) (Figure 2) and the Building Discomfort Index (IDE) (Figure 3) have allowed a first definition of the processes underway in the territory.

Figure 2. Municipality of Torre Annunziata: Social Discomfort Index (IDS). Figure 2.Municipality of Torre Annunziata: Social Discomfort Index (IDS).

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 30

Figure 3. Municipality of Torre Annunziata: Building Discomfort Index (IDE).

The two indexes have been summarized in a single synthetic indicator showing the presence of degraded areas (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Municipality of Torre Annunziata: degraded areas.

Taking the oldest part of Torre Annunziata as a sample discussion area (Figure 4), it shows the high level of physical degradation and social discomfort. This area is strongly characterized by the presence of ancient pasta manufacturing. The surrounding landscape, marked by the skyline with the volcano Vesuvius, is degraded by the poor quality of the built environment characterized by

Figure 3.Municipality of Torre Annunziata: Building Discomfort Index (IDE).

The two indexes have been summarized in a single synthetic indicator showing the presence of degraded areas (Figure4).

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Sustainability 2019, 11, 3391 21 of 29 Figure 3. Municipality of Torre Annunziata: Building Discomfort Index (IDE).

The two indexes have been summarized in a single synthetic indicator showing the presence of degraded areas (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Municipality of Torre Annunziata: degraded areas.

Taking the oldest part of Torre Annunziata as a sample discussion area (Figure 4), it shows the high level of physical degradation and social discomfort. This area is strongly characterized by the presence of ancient pasta manufacturing. The surrounding landscape, marked by the skyline with the volcano Vesuvius, is degraded by the poor quality of the built environment characterized by

Figure 4.Municipality of Torre Annunziata: degraded areas.

Taking the oldest part of Torre Annunziata as a sample discussion area (Figure4), it shows the high level of physical degradation and social discomfort. This area is strongly characterized by the presence of ancient pasta manufacturing. The surrounding landscape, marked by the skyline with the volcano Vesuvius, is degraded by the poor quality of the built environment characterized by abandoned buildings, industrial warehouses, service stations, fast roads. After the war, the development, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, caused the overall degradation of the landscape accompanied by a social malaise. It is one of the areas with the highest rate of unemployment and crime, which constitute a further obstacle to development. In recent years, the economic crisis has led to the systematic closure of businesses in the area. The presence of industrial establishments strongly characterizes the landscape: the buildings have a predominantly linear development and are characterized by a considerable volume, with inaccessible walls, reflecting the settlement methods of traditional industry. The degradation makes these spaces alien to the city; the abandonment has consequently an impact on the landscape, already characterized by heavy road infrastructure, now insignificant and partially abandoned.

In order to identify the relationships between urban context indicators and to observe which criteria can determine the direct or indirect impacts, positive or negative, on the landscape, a correlation matrix has been developed (Figure5).

By placing the productive and economic dimensions as a privileged observer, it is possible to highlight the following interdependencies (Figure5):

• _{the vitality of the real estate market is positively influenced by a high population density;} • medium/high incomes are located in areas with a higher number of elderly people; • _{civic engagement is stronger in areas of higher average income;}

• _{the level of unemployment is higher where there is a higher concentration of youth rates;} • _{the rate of urban decay is not linked to any particular indicator, with the (weak) exception of the}

viability of the real estate market;

• _{the economic dimension (real estate values and entrepreneurial vitality) improves considerably} where the schooling rate is higher;

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Sustainability 2019, 11, 3391 22 of 29 abandoned buildings, industrial warehouses, service stations, fast roads. After the war, the development, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, caused the overall degradation of the landscape accompanied by a social malaise. It is one of the areas with the highest rate of unemployment and crime, which constitute a further obstacle to development. In recent years, the economic crisis has led to the systematic closure of businesses in the area. The presence of industrial establishments strongly characterizes the landscape: the buildings have a predominantly linear development and are characterized by a considerable volume, with inaccessible walls, reflecting the settlement methods of traditional industry. The degradation makes these spaces alien to the city; the abandonment has consequently an impact on the landscape, already characterized by heavy road infrastructure, now insignificant and partially abandoned.

In order to identify the relationships between urban context indicators and to observe which criteria can determine the direct or indirect impacts, positive or negative, on the landscape, a correlation matrix has been developed (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Correlation among criteria (author’s elaboration).

By placing the productive and economic dimensions as a privileged observer, it is possible to highlight the following interdependencies (Figure 5):

• the vitality of the real estate market is positively influenced by a high population density; • medium/ high incomes are located in areas with a higher number of elderly people; • civic engagement is stronger in areas of higher average income;

• the level of unemployment is higher where there is a higher concentration of youth rates; • the rate of urban decay is not linked to any particular indicator, with the (weak) exception of the

viability of the real estate market;

Figure 5.Correlation among criteria (author’s elaboration).

Finally, the productive dimension (horticultural, DOP, DOC wines and boating) has close relationship with the level of education, which seems to be the link for the multidimensional reading of the productive landscape.

In order to define the possible drivers and the current development trajectories of the Municipality of Torre Annunziata, the data of the indicators have been analyzed at different spatial scales (buffer-zone, municipal, local) and at different time intervals (before the ’900, after the Second World War, after the ’80 s). This, together with the results of the correlative analysis, allowed to interpret the processes of transition and transformations over time of the socio-urban system. In the absence of a municipal and large-scale planning, the results of the study report the perspective of a progressive deterioration of HUL and the sale of existing properties. In the short term, the redevelopment of a neighborhood in the northern area and the upgrading of port infrastructure aimed at improving existing entrepreneurial activities could be hypothesized. In the long term, actions for the implementation of the existing regulatory tools to be financed are predictable.

5.1. Performance Indicators for the Circular Urban Regeneration of the Historic Urban Landscape of Torre Annunziata

This step of the research was aimed to assess the development trajectories of the historic urban landscape of Torre Annunziata and to define a circular regeneration scenario as collective opportunity to increase both the potential for communities’ cohesion and the capacity to produce innovation.

The system of classes of resilience and of classes of indicators, previously elaborated (Section4), was made explicit thanks to the measurable descriptive indicators and to the results of the correlative analysis. The table shows the articulation of the qualities of resilience in performance indicators of the productive urban landscape of Torre Annunziata (Table1). The quality of Robustness, for example,

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is the most significant quality in our research. It expresses the characteristics of the social-urban system, which on the one hand give it a capacity for resistance and on the other, if properly managed, an innovative and productive capacity. This quality, at municipal scale, is made explicit through the classes of resilience of Landscape quality, of Security and Resource Management, of Cultural Identity.

The first was developed through groups of indicators that express the physical/environmental dimension of Quality of the built environment and of the Green areas, but also, as suggested by the correlation analysis, the economic dimension related to the Vitality of the real estate market.

The class of Security and Resource Management was developed through groups of indicators that express the ability to manage Risk and Landscape, the availability of Infrastructure services and to manage Energy and Waste in the physical/environmental dimension, and the Collaborative resource management in the social dimension. This last class of indicators expresses partnerships between multiples and multilevel actors (collaboration pacts, public private people partnership, community cooperative, etc.) as tools for new governance and as a driver for improving social cohesion, responsiveness to difficulties, innovation capacity [38].

The class of resilience Cultural Identity was investigated through groups of indicators that highlight the Safeguard and Green Areas and the Consistency of the historical urban landscape in the physical/environmental dimension, then through social data expressing Education and human capital, Civic commitment and Collaborative resources management relating to heritage entrepreneurs and higher education institutions. The social dimension of cultural identity, in fact, highlights the value of heritage for the community to improve the quality of life, and especially the active role of communities in the protection and promotion of their cultural heritage [17]. Furthermore, the partnership between public authorities and higher education institutions focuses on the strategic role that these institutions can play as providers and promoters of knowledge capital [8,39]. This partnership activates a strategic decision making process to increase site attractiveness and to reinforce the overall virtuous socio-economic circle: the local authority provides financial support, investing resources in favor of higher education institutions and enhancing local culture, while the higher education institution supports urban development and stimulates innovation and civic engagement. Finally, the economic and productive dimensions of the resilience class of Cultural Identity have been articulated by indicators that express the Economy of the entrepreneurial system, and the peculiar resources of HUL, represented by Agriculture and floriculture, Products DOP and IGP, Wines DOC and IGT, and Shipbuilding industry.

Thanks to the standardization and aggregation of indicators with the methodology of perfect point [40], for each of the resilience indicators the values at the municipal scale have been identified. In this way it was possible to measure and compare the resilience qualities expressed by the different municipalities belonging to the Buffer zone of Pompeii. The ideal point on which the model is based identifies the ideal value assigned to a given criterion, which represents the optimal value the decision maker should strive for. This parameter coincides with the maximum value of the criterion examined. The worst point is the opposite of the ideal point and the default value is the worst in the attribute table. The following spider diagram [41] permits to compare the performance in terms of resilience expressed by different municipalities belonging to the buffer zone (Figure6):

The graph shows a different behavior between the municipalities located directly on the coast and those inland. The Municipality of Torre Annunziata has an average behavior in relation to all the municipalities of the buffer zone, but worse than the other coastal municipalities. In fact, a predominantly homogeneous behavior is observed for the seven qualities of resilience, with the exception, in negative, for the quality of Flexibility and in positive for the quality of Reflexivity.