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Bibliotheca selecta Iulianii Lastrajoli

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Periodico dell’Associazione Turistica Pro Empoli

Fondatori MARIOBINI VINCENZOCHIANINI Giuliano Lastraioli CORRADOMASI Comitato Editoriale Franca Bellucci Fausto Berti Claudio Biscarini Emanuela Ferretti Marco Frati Mauro Guerrini (coordinatore)

Paolo Santini Walfredo Siemoni

Volume pubblicato con un contributo di

I fascicoli sono distribuiti gratuitamente ai soci dell’Associazione Turistica Pro Empoli

Inviare proposte e osservazioni a Bullettino Storico Empolese Associazione Turistica Pro Empoli Piazza Farinata degli Uberti, Palazzo Pretorio

50053 Empoli Tel. 0571 757533

Registrazione al Tribunale di Firenze n.1991 del 3 ottobre 1957 Direttore responsabile: Marco Mainardi

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%උൾඇൽൺ%ൺඋඇංඇං Saluto ... 7 *උൺඓංൺ$උඋං඀ඁං Saluto ... 8 0ൺඎඋඈ*ඎൾඋඋංඇං Editoriale ... 9 *ංඎඅංൺඇඈ/ൺඌඍඋൺංඈඅං MemorandumDFXUDGL0DXUR*XHUULQL ... 11 0ൺඎඋඈ*ඎൾඋඋංඇං

Bibliotheca selecta Julianii Lastrajolii ... 21

*ංඎඌൾඉඉൾ/ൺඌඍඋൺංඈඅං

Giuliano Lastraioli raccontato da suo figlio ... 57

&අൺඎൽංඈ%ංඌർൺඋංඇං

Una sera ... 63

$අൾඌඌൺඇൽඋඈ1ൺඅൽං

Capalle, 12 Agosto 1117. Una radicale svolta nelle origini di Empoli: il mancato insediamento monastico GH&XUWH1RYDe i suoi effetti

nell’incastellamento della SOHEVGH,PSROL ...69

3ൺඈඅඈ6ൺඇඍංඇං

«Plebs Sancti Johannis de Greti detto Sant’Ansano».

Storia della millenaria pieve di San Giovanni Battista a Sant’Ansano

in Greti attraverso i documenti ... 83

)ൺඎඌඍඈ%ൾඋඍං

Le imbreviature di ser Piero di Nuccio da Pontorme (1314-1327) 113

0ൺඋർඈ)උൺඍං

Empoli area di ponte. L’attraversamento delle acque fino al ‘diluvio’ del 1333 ...167

(අංඌൺൻൾඍඍൺ*ඎൾඋඋංൾඋං

Sul 3HUXWLOHRSXVFXOXPSUDHGLFDELOH del PDJLVWHU Michele Durazzini da Empoli ...189

)උൺඇർൺ%ൾඅඅඎർർං

Adele Caputi Bastogi. Calcolate presenze intorno al Risorgimento ...215

(අංඌൺൻൾඍඍൺ%ൺർർඁൾඋൾඍං

“È permesso?!...” ... 239

3ൺඈඅඈ3ංൺඇං඀ංൺඇං

Dino Campana e i Tallone. Con fermata a Empoli ... 253

%උൾඏං1ඈඍൾඉൾඋ0ൾආඈඋංൺ

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1968

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1987

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1988

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1990

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1992

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1994

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1997

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