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9 789241 563987 ISBN 978 92 4 156398 7
世界卫生统计系列是世界卫生组织每年对其 193个成员国健康相关数据的编辑，还包括对实现 卫生千年发展目标和其他相关目标取得的进展的 概述。
正如先前的版本，《2010年世界卫生统计》
的编纂也使用了世界卫生组织技术项目和区域办 公室持续发布的公示和数据库资料。指标的纳入 基于其对全球公共卫生的适用性，数据的可获得 性和质量情况及终估计值的信度和可比性。这些 指标对国民健康和关键地区卫生系统的现状提供 了全年的描述。
为尽可能确保各国报告数据的最优使用 — 需要处理和调整缺失值，校正已知偏倚和使各国 之间数据可比性最大化。此外，还使用了统计技 术和模型法来填补空白的数据。
世界卫生组织提供的《2010年世界卫生统 计》是其为提高人们获取高质量的人群健康指标 和各国卫生系统指标数据机会而不断努力的一部 分。如无其他说明，所有的估计值均已澄清了各 会员国的异议，并作为世界卫生组织的官方数据 公布于此。
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The World Health Statistics series is WHO’s annual compilation of health-related data for its 194 Member States, and includes a summary of the progress made towards achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and associated targets.
The series is produced by the WHO Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems of the Health Systems and Innovation Cluster. As in previous years, World Health Statistics 2015 has been compiled using publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO technical programmes and regional offices. A number of demographic and socioeconomic statistics have also been derived from databases maintained by a range of other organizations.
All the indicators shown have been included on the basis of their relevance to global public health, the availability and quality of the data, and the reliability and comparability of the resulting estimates.
Taken together, these indicators provide a comprehensive summary of the current status of national health and health systems in key areas.
WHO presents World Health Statistics 2015 as an integral part of its ongoing efforts to provide enhanced access to comparable high-quality statistics on core measures of population health and national health systems. Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures.
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2015
isbn 978 92 4 156488 5
2015
2015
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
World health statistics 2015.
1.Health status indicators. 2.World health. 3.Health services - statistics. 4.Mortality. 5.Morbidity. 6.Life expectancy. 7.Demography.
9.Statistics. I.World Health Organization.
ISBN 978 92 4 156488 5 (NLM classification: WA 900.1) ISBN 978 92 4 069443 9 (PDF)
© World Health Organization 2015
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264;
fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]).
Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html).
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions ex- cepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publica- tion. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The respon- sibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
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3
Table of Contents
Abbreviations 7 Introduction 8
Part I. Health-related Millennium Development Goals 11
Summary of status and trends 13
Summary of progress at country level 25
Part II. Global health indicators 39
General notes 41
Table 1. Life expectancy and mortality 43
Life expectancy at birth (years) Life expectancy at age 60 (years) Healthy life expectancy at birth (years) Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births)
Infant mortality rate (probability of dying by age 1 per 1000 live births) Under-five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 years of age per 1000 population)
Table 2. Cause-specific mortality and morbidity 55
Mortality
Age-standardized mortality rates by cause (per 100 000 population) Years of life lost (per 100 000 population)
Number of deaths among children aged < 5 years (000s)
Distribution of causes of death among children aged < 5 years (%) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)
Cause-specific mortality rate (per 100 000 population) Morbidity
Incidence rate (per 100 000 population per year) Prevalence (per 100 000 population)
Table 3. Selected infectious diseases 77
Cholera Diphtheria
Human African trypanosomiasis Japanese encephalitis
Leishmaniasis Leprosy Malaria Measles Meningitis Mumps Pertussis Poliomyelitis
Congenital rubella syndrome Rubella
2015
Neonatal tetanus Total tetanus Tuberculosis Yellow fever
Table 4. Health service coverage 89
Unmet need for family planning (%) Contraceptive prevalence (%) Antenatal care coverage (%)
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) Births by caesarean section (%)
Neonates protected at birth against neonatal tetanus (%) Immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%)
Children aged 6–59 months who received vitamin A supplementation (%) Children aged < 5 years with ARI symptoms taken to a health facility (%) Children aged < 5 years with suspected pneumonia receiving antibiotics (%) Children aged < 5 years with diarrhoea receiving ORT (ORS and/or RHF) (%) Children aged < 5 years sleeping under insecticide-treated nets (%)
Children aged < 5 years with fever who received treatment with any antimalarial (%) Pregnant women with HIV receiving antiretrovirals to prevent MTCT (%)
Antiretroviral therapy coverage among people eligible for treatment (%) Case-detection rate for all forms of tuberculosis (%)
Treatment-success rate for new tuberculosis cases (%)
Table 5. Risk factors 101
Population using improved drinking-water sources (%) Population using improved sanitation (%)
Population using solid fuels (%)
Infants exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life (%) Children aged < 5 years who are wasted (%)
Children aged < 5 years who are stunted (%) Children aged < 5 years who are underweight (%) Children aged < 5 years who are overweight (%)
Prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15–49 years (%)
Prevalence of raised fasting blood glucose among adults aged ≥ 18 years (%) Prevalence of raised blood pressure among adults aged ≥ 18 years (%) Adults aged ≥ 18 years who are obese (%)
Alcohol per capita consumption (≥ 15 years) (litres of pure alcohol)
Prevalence of smoking any tobacco product among adults aged ≥ 15 years (%) Prevalence of current tobacco use among adolescents aged 13–15 years (%) Prevalence of condom use by adults aged 15–49 years during higher-risk sex (%) Population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS (%)
Table 6. Health systems 112
Health workforce
Density of physicians per 10 000 population
Density of nursing and midwifery personnel per 10 000 population Density of dentistry personnel per 10 000 population
Density of pharmaceutical personnel per 10 000 population Density of psychiatrists per 10 000 population
Infrastructure and technologies Hospitals (per 100 000 population) Psychiatric beds (per million population)
Computed tomography units (per million population) Radiotherapy units (per million population)
Mammography units (per million females aged 50–69 years)
5 Essential medicines
Median availability of selected generic medicines in public and private sectors (%) Median consumer price ratio of selected generic medicines in public and private sectors
Table 7. Health expenditure 125
Health expenditure ratios
Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health Private expenditure on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure External resources for health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
Social security expenditure on health as a percentage of general government expenditure on health Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of private expenditure on health
Private prepaid plans as a percentage of private expenditure on health Per capita health expenditures
Per capita total expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$) Per capita total expenditure on health (PPP int. $)
Per capita government expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$) Per capita government expenditure on health (PPP int. $)
Table 8. Health inequities 137
Contraceptive prevalence: modern methods (%) Antenatal care coverage: at least four visits (%) Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) DTP3 immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Children aged < 5 years who are stunted (%)
Under-five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Table 9. Demographic and socioeconomic statistics 149
Total population (000s)
Median age of population (years) Population aged < 15 years (%) Population aged > 60 years (%) Annual population growth rate (%) Population living in urban areas (%)
Civil registration coverage (%) of births and cause of death Crude birth rate (per 1000 population)
Crude death rate (per 1000 population) Total fertility rate (per woman)
Adolescent fertility rate (per 1000 girls aged 15–19 years) Literacy rate among adults aged ≥ 15 years (%)
Net primary school enrolment rate (%) Gross national income per capita (PPP int. $) Population living on < $1 (PPP int. $) a day (%) Cellular phone subscribers (per 100 population)
Annex 1. Regional and income groupings 160
WHO regional groupings 160
Income groupings 161
2015
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Abbreviations
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AFR WHO African Region
AMR WHO Region of the Americas ARI acute respiratory infection ART antiretroviral therapy CRS Creditor Reporting System
cVDPV circulating vaccine derived poliovirus DAC Development Assistance Committee,
OECD
DHS Demographic and Health Survey DTP3 3 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-
pertussis vaccine EML essential medicines list
EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region EUR WHO European Region
GDP gross domestic product GHO Global Health Observatory HAI Health Action International HALE healthy life expectancy HepB3 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine Hib3 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae
type B vaccine
HIV human immunodeficiency virus IGME Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality
Estimation
ITN insecticide-treated net ITU United Nations International
Telecommunication Union LGU local government unit MCV measles-containing vaccine MDG Millennium Development Goal MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MSH Management Sciences for Health MTCT mother-to-child transmission NHA national health account OECD Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
ORS oral rehydration salts ORT oral rehydration therapy PPP Purchasing Power Parity RHF recommended home fluids SEAR WHO South-East Asia Region SHA System of Health Accounts SNA System of National Accounts UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS
UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WPR WHO Western Pacific Region YLL years of life lost
2015
Introduction
The World Health Statistics series is WHO’s annual compilation of health-related data for its 194 Mem- ber States, and includes a summary of the progress made towards achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and associated targets.
The series is produced by the WHO Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems of the Health Systems and Innovation Cluster. As in previ- ous years, World Health Statistics 2015 has been compiled using publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO technical programmes and regional offices. A number of demographic and so- cioeconomic statistics have also been derived from data produced and maintained by a range of national and international organizations. The latter include the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and its Population Division, the United Na- tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations International Telecom- munication Union (ITU) and the World Bank.
The indicators used in this report have been included on the basis of their relevance to global public health, on data availability and quality, and on the reliability and comparability of the resulting estimates. Taken together, these indicators provide a comprehensive summary of the current status of national health and health systems in the following nine areas:
■ life expectancy and mortality
■ cause-specific mortality and morbidity
■ selected infectious diseases
■ health service coverage
■ risk factors
■ health systems
■ health expenditure
■ health inequities
■ demographic and socioeconomic statistics.
Where necessary the estimates provided have been derived from multiple sources, depending on each indi- cator and on the availability and quality of data. In many countries, statistical and health information systems are weak and the underlying empirical data may not be available or may be of poor quality. Every effort has been made to ensure the best use of country-reported data – adjusted where necessary to deal with missing values, to correct for known biases, and to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time. In addition, statistical modelling and other techniques have been used to fill data gaps.
Because of the weakness of the underlying empirical data in many countries, a number of the indicators pre- sented here are associated with significant uncertainty.
It is WHO policy to ensure statistical transparency and to make available to users the methods of estimation and the margins of uncertainty for relevant indicators.
However, to ensure readability while covering such a comprehensive range of health topics, printed versions of the World Health Statistics series do not include the margins of uncertainty which are instead made available through online WHO databases such as the Global Health Observatory.1
While every effort has been made to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time, users are advised that country data may differ in terms of the definitions, data-collection methods, population coverage and estimation methods used.
More-detailed information on indicator metadata is available in the WHO Indicator and Measurement Registry.2
1. The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is WHO’s portal providing access to data and analyses for monitoring the global health situation. See: http://www.who.int/gho/en/, accessed 16 March 2015.
2. See: http://www.who.int/gho/indicator_registry/en/, accessed 16 March 2015.
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WHO presents World Health Statistics 2015 as an in- tegral part of its ongoing efforts to provide enhanced access to comparable high-quality statistics on core measures of population health and national health systems. Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures.
However, these best estimates have been derived us- ing standard categories and methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result, they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies.
