Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention
David S. Alberts ´ Lisa M. Hess (Editors)
Fundamentals
of Cancer Prevention
With 37 Figures
1 2
Editors
David S. Alberts Lisa M. Hess
Arizona Cancer Center Cancer Prevention and Control 1515 N. Campbell Avenue PO Box 245024
Tuscon, AZ 85724
ISBN-10 3-540-24212-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-24212-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2005920701
A catalog record for this book is available from Library of Congress.
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Editor: Dr. Ute Heilmann, Heidelberg, Germany Desk Editor: Meike Stoeck, Heidelberg, Germany Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Cover Design: Frido Steinen-Broo, eStudio Calamar, Spain Typesetting: K+V Fotosatz GmbH, Beerfelden, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 21/3151/Di 5 4 3 2 1 0
David S. Alberts
I would like to dedicate this book to my beautiful wife of 42 years, Heather, who has taught me to ªwalk the talkº of cancer prevention every day of my life, and to my magnificent grandchildren, Sammy, Sophie, Sydney and Emma, who I am certain will carry the banner of health promotion to the mid-century for a much healthier Ameri- can society.
Lisa M. Hess
I would like to dedicate this book to my precious daughter Rachael, who every mo- ment teaches me the value of health and the beauty of life.
Dedication
Each year, more than 550,000 deaths result from invasive cancer in the United States alone. This is greater than the deaths that would be caused by two Boeing 747 air- plane crashes every day, 365 days per year. The number of deaths in this one country alone is enough to make the mind grow numb. Recently, the American Cancer Society documented that for those under the age of 85, cancer deaths outnumber heart dis- ease deaths and cancer is the leading cause of death among both men and women (Je- mal, et al. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:10±30).
Cancer death rates from the most common solid tumors, such as breast cancer, co- lon cancer and prostate cancer, are declining at a relatively slow rate despite recent ad- vances in screening technologies, methods of early detection, and improved cytotoxic and biologic therapy.
If we are to see a major reduction in cancer mortality, especially for those patients under the age of 65 years, a great deal more emphasis and research funding must be placed on cancer prevention and early detection. Furthermore, efforts must be made to educate primary care physicians and caregivers, who are the first line of defense against cancer. Until physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants are em- powered to see each patient in their practices as a target for cancer prevention inter- ventions, we may never make a dramatic impact on cancer death rates.
Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention is a text specifically for primary healthcare pro- viders written by the Cancer Prevention and Control Program faculty of the Arizona Cancer Center and collaborators. This first edition has attempted to provide a compre- hensive educational experience for primary healthcare providers. We believe that only through the dissemination of information to those individuals who see patients before cancer begins will major strides be made to see a reduction in the burden of cancer worldwide. We look forward to working with this extremely important segment of our healthcare network to conquer the ever-increasing problem of cancer mortality and morbidity.
Tuscon, February 2005 David S. Alberts
Lisa M. Hess
Preface
Introduction to Cancer Prevention . . . . 1 David S. Alberts and Lisa M. Hess
Assessing Human and Economic Benefits of Cancer Prevention . . . . 11 Stephen Joel Coons and Benjamin M. Craig
The Role of Diet, Physical Activity and Body Composition
in Cancer Prevention . . . . 25 Cynthia A. Thomson, Zhao Chen, and Robert B. Lutz
Hereditary Risk for Cancer . . . . 61 Katherine S. Hunt
Human Categories and Health:
The Power of the Concept of Ethnicity. . . . 85 Kathryn Coe and Craig T. Palmer
Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Cancer Prevention . . 105 Linda K. Larkey, Heather Greenlee, and Lewis E. Mehl-Madrona
The Drug Development Process . . . 131 Naja E. McKenzie
Developing Topical Prodrugs for Skin Cancer Prevention . . . 139 Elaine L. Jacobson, Hyuntae Kim, Moonsun Kim, Georg T. Wondrak,
and Myron K. Jacobson
Skin Cancer Prevention . . . 161 Maria Lluria-Prevatt and David S. Alberts
Colorectal Cancer Prevention . . . 203 Ayaaz Ismail, Eugene Gerner, and Peter Lance
Lung Cancer Prevention . . . 223 Iman Hakim and Linda Garland
Breast Cancer Prevention . . . 255 Patricia A. Thompson, Ana Maria Lopez, and Alison Stopeck
Contents
Prostate Cancer Prevention . . . 277 Suzanne Stratton and Frederick Ahmann
Cervical and Endometrial Cancer Prevention . . . 315 Francisco Garcia, J. Newton, and Susie Baldwin
Ovarian Cancer Prevention . . . 349 Kathryn Coe, Ana Maria Lopez, and Lisa M. Hess
Cancer Survivorship . . . 363 Robert Krouse and Noreen M. Aziz
Subject Index . . . 393
X Contents
Mailing address of all authors (except K. Hunt, H. Greenlee, N. Aziz, and R. Lutz) Arizona Cancer Center
Cancer Prevention and Control 1515 N. Campbell Avenue PO Box 245024
Tuscon, AZ 85724 USA
List of Contributors
Ahmann, Frederick Alberts, David Baldwin, Susie Chen, Zhao Coe, Kathryn Coons, Stephen Joel Craig, Benjamin Garcia, Francisco Garland, Linda Gerner, Eugene Hakim, Iman Hess, Lisa Ismail, Ayaaz Jacobson, Elaine Jacobson, Myron Kim, Hyuntae
Kim, Moonsun Krouse, Robert Lance, Peter Larkey, Linda Lluria-Prevatt, Maria Lopez, Ana Maria McKenzie, Naja Mehl-Madrona, Lewis Newton, J.
Palmer, Craig Stopeck, Alison Stratton, Suzanne Thomson, Cynthia Thompson, Patricia Wondrak, Georg
Aziz, Noreen
Office of Cancer Survivorship DCCPS, NCI 6130 EPN, Room 4090 Bethesda, MD 20892
USA Lutz, Robert
Empire Health Systems Spokane, WA 99210 USA
Hunt, Katherine Mayo Clinic 13400 E. Shea Blvd.
Desk CR
Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA Greenlee, Heather Columbia University
Mailman School of Public Health 722 West 168th Street
New York, NY 10032, USA
