LITHUANIAN VETERINARY ACADEMY
Žaneta Laureckienė
INFLAMMATION ETIOLOGY,
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF
GENITAL TRACT IN SOWS
Summary of Doctoral dissertation
Biomedicine Sciences, Veterinary Medicine (12B)
Kaunas, 2006
The research work has been carried out in the Lithuanian Veterinary Aca-demy, in 2002-2006, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Research supervisor –
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Aniulis (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medi-cine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy.
Research advisers:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Albina Aniulienė (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medi-cine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy;
Dr. Raimundas Mockeliūnas (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy.
Chairman of Veterinary Medicine Science Council –
Prof. Habil. Dr. Henrikas Žilinskas (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medi-cine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy.
Members:
Prof. Dr. Antanas Sederevičius (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy;
Prof. Habil. Dr. Vytautas Špakauskas (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine – 12B) Veterinary Institute of Lithuanian Veterinary Academy; Prof. Dr. Bronius Bakutis (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy;
Dr. Violeta Juškienė (Biomedical Sciences, Zootechny – 13B) Institute of Animal Sciences of Lithuanian Veterinary Academy.
Opponents:
Prof. Habil. Dr. Algimantas Matusevičius (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine – 12B) Lithuanian Veterinary Academy;
Prof. Habil. Dr. Ramutis Klimas (Biomedical Sciences, Zootechny – 13B) Šiauliai University.
Public defence of Doctoral thesis in Veterinary Medicine Science Council will take place at Lithuanian Veterinary Academy I auditorium 14 am on 29th November, 2006.
Address: Tilžės 18 LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.
The abstract of doctoral dissertation has been send on 27th of October, 2006 according to the confirmed address list.
This dissertation is available at the libraries of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy and LVA Veterinary Institute.
LIETUVOS VETERINARIJOS AKADEMIJA
Žaneta Laureckienė
PARŠAVEDŽIŲ GENITALINIO TRAKTO UŽDEGIMŲ
ETIOLOGIJA, PREVENCIJA IR GYDYMAS
Daktaro disertacijos santrauka
Biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina (12B)
Kaunas, 2006
Darbas atliktas 2002-2006 metais Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijoje.
Mokslinis vadovas –
Doc. dr. Eugenijus Aniulis (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B).
Mokslinio darbo konsultantai:
Doc. dr. Albina Aniulienė (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B);
Dr. Raimundas Mockeliūnas (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedici-nos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B).
Disertacija ginama Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos Veterinarinės medici-nos mokslo krypties taryboje:
Pirmininkas –
Prof. habil. dr. Henrikas Žilinskas (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, bio-medicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B).
Nariai:
Prof. dr. Antanas Sederevičius (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedi-cinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B);
Prof. habil. dr. Vytautas Špakauskas (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B);
Prof. dr. Bronius Bakutis (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B);
Dr. Violeta Juškienė (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos Gyvulininkystės institutas, biomedicinos mokslai, zootechnika – 13B).
Oponentai:
Prof. habil. dr. Algimantas Matusevičius (Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina – 12B);
Prof. habil. dr. Ramutis Klimas (Šiaulių universitetas, biomedicinos mok-slai, zootechnika – 13B).
Disertacija bus ginama viešame Veterinarinės medicinos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2006 m. lapkričio 29 d. 14 val. Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos I auditorijoje.
Adresas: Tilžės 18 g., LT-47181 Kaunas.
Disertacijos santrauka išsiuntinėta 2006 m. spalio 27d.
Disertaciją galima peržiūrėti Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos ir LVA Vet-erinarijos instituto bibliotekose.
INTRODUCTION
Swine breeding - a branch of livestock breeding which supplies residents with food products and raw materials for industry.
The success of swine reproduction is measured according to the number of piglets a sow produces per year, fertilisation index and size of litter. In order to achieve an optimal reproduction level, the sow’s anatomical and physiological systems must function well. A general understanding of basic swine anatomical and physiological reproduction systems can assist growers in foreseeing and eliminating possible disorders as well as easing decisions which affect swine breeding and related economic indicators.
A large swine prolificacy, short gestation duration and rapid growth rate using minimal amounts of work expenditures allow for a large production amount. Lithuanian large hog complexes produce approximately 50% of pork.
Having a large concentration of animals in hog complexes, sow prolifi-cacy is about 60-70%. The primary causes are due to sows affected by re-productional organ diseases, and post weaning – low fertilization rate often leading towards culling.
Statistical data shows that in hog complexes 10.6 – 47.7% are affected by reproductional organ inflammation.
Post-partum inflammation processes are caused by microbes which enter the uterus via the vagina, urinary organs or digestive tract. The timely use of available veterinary prophylactic and treatment preparations in post-partum sows safeguards their healthiness and fertilization post-weaning.
Tarasiul et al (1986) and Martineau (1992) suggest using parenteral anti-biotic applications for prophylaxis and treatment. There are literature re-sources (Dial and MacLacktan, 1988b; Bertschinger,1997, 1999a,b; Markowska-Daniel, 2001), which indicate that in treating post-partum re-productional organ inflammations, the use of systemic treatments is advis-able.
Aims of the study:
To determine the cause of post-partum reproductional tract inflammation and the influence of estradiol 17β and progesterone during parturition. Also, to confirm available veterinary preparations
2.5% Sol. Cobactan®, 5% Sol Enroxil, Metricure® and Clamoxyl ® Metritis efficacy in prophylaxis and treatment of reproductional tract in-flammations.
Goals of the study:
1. Determine the prevalence of genital tract inflammation in large hog complexes;
2. Identify vaginal microflora in gilts and sows during estrus; 3. Ascertain sow vaginal microflora and its role in inflammation etiol-ogy 1-2 days prior to parturition;
4. Determine post-partum cervical cranial region microflora composi-tion and its role in inflammacomposi-tion etiology;
5. Compare the accuracy of chlamydial diagnotic methods;
6. Determine post-slaughter genital tract microflora in healthy purebred gilts and culled sows. Determine morphological changes of uterine mucosa in culled sows;
7. Determine the dynamics of estriodol 17β and progesterone ranges in blood during parturition;
8. Determine the prophylactic efficacy of feed supplements Spectinomix 110, Lincosint 110 and veterinary preparation 5% Sol. Enroxil in treating reproductive tract inflammation;
9. Determine the prophylactic and treatment efficacy of 2.5% Sol. Co-bactan®, Metricure® ir Clamoxyl ® Metritis in post-partum uterine in-flammations.
Novelty of the study:
1. The prevalence of sow reproductive organ disease was ascertained in the Lithuania’s Republic’s large hog complexes;
2. The dominating microflora in sow reproductive organs and its influ-ence in post-weaning fertilisation were established;
3. The influence of prophylactic use of recommended feed supplements Spectinomix 110 and Lincosint 100 on reproductive organ microflora and piglet to weaning health was evaluated;
4. The prophylactic and treatment efficacy of veterinary preparations 2.5% sol. Cobactan®, Metricure®, Clamoxyl ® Metritis was established in sows with post-partum uterine inflammations.
Practical assignment significance:
A reproductive organ disease morbidity analysis was performed in large hog complexes. Attempts of feed supplements Spectinomix 110 and Lin-cosint 110 and their influence on sow reproductive tract microflora and pig-let health to weaning was performed. An evaluation was performed of vet-erinary preparations
5% Sol. Enroxil, 2.5% sol. Cobactan®, Metricure®, Clamoxyl ® Metri-tis and their influence on prevention and treatment sows reproductive tract inflammation.
Volume and structure of the study:
The dissertation was written in Lithuanian. It includes 102 pages; 12 headings, 9 tables, 23 illustrations, 136 literature references and an appendix (6 tables).
RESEARCH METHODS
Time, location and conditions of the research
Investigations were performed during 2002-2006 at the Lithuanian Vet-erinary Academy, Dept. of Non-contagious Diseases, Obstetrics and Gyne-cology Division, Animal Reproduction Laboratory, System Hog Complex, Ltd. Data regarding sow genital tract disease morbidity was collected and summarized from 19 large hog complexes throughout Lithuania. Caudal vaginal smear samples were collected from all sows using single-use trans-portable media (Invasive sterile, EUROTUBO, Mfg. I.A.S.A., Spain). Cer-vical samples for bacteriological testing were collected 1 – 3 days before parturition and on 4 – 5 d of after treatment with 2.5% Cobactan, Metricure and Clamoxyl® Metritis using single-use sterile pipettes. Seeding was per-formed on McConkey (McConkey agar, Oxoid, England), Mannitol Salt Agar (E&O Laboratories Ltd, Scotland), Columbia Agar Chocolate (E&O Laboratories Ltd, Scotland), Strept. Sel.C.O.B.A. (E&O Laboratories Ltd, Scotland).The plates were incubated for 24-48 h at 37ºC under aerobic con-ditions. Every 24 h the grown colony size and their colour were evaluated. Grown colonies were tested with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. To iden-tify Staph. aureus we used the latex kit, “Staphytect Plus Test DR 850” (Oxoid, England). Bacteriological investigations were performed at the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Animal Reproduction Laboratory.
Stock gilt and sow genital tract microflora testing during estrus
For this study 23 stock gilts and 84 sows that were in estrus 5-7 days weaning were selected. Sows which were in estrus 5-7 days post-weaning were divided into 4 groups: 18 gilts, 15 2nd breeding, 31 3rd breed-ing and 20 multi-bred sows.
Vaginal samples from 101 sows 1-2 days pre-parturition were bacte-riologically tested. Samples were obtained using single-use transportable media (Invasive sterile EUROTUBO Manufacturer I.A.S.A., Spain).
Post-partum testing of cranial region of cervix microflora
In seeking to identify post-partum uterine microflora composition, sam-ples were obtained for bacteriological testing from the cranial region of the cervix from 63 sows using apparatus PLM ( V.Gabrijolavičius, 1987).
Examination of uterine mucosa morphological changes
For this examination 3 sows which did not successfully fertilise post-partum were slaughtered. The uterine mucosal samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. The samples were prepared according to O.
Kublickiene’s (1978) method.
Estradiol 17β and progesterone blood value variation dynamics dur-ing parturition
For this experiment we selected 5 gilts, 5 bi para and 5 tri para sows. At post-parturition of the 1st piglet, we obtained 10ml of blood via vacutainer from the sow’s ear vein. The 2nd sample was obtained 1h after parturition of the 1st piglet and the 3rd sample was obtained after another hour. Blood se-rum was centrifuged for 15min. at 3000rpm. Micro test tubes were filled with 0.5 – 1ml blood serum and refrigerated to -20°C. A total of 45 samples were obtained.
The Estradiol 17β test was performed using the diagnostic kit E2-RIA-CT (BioSource Europe S.A., Belgium).
Progesterone amounts were determined using the diagnostic kit PROG-RIA-CT (BioSource Europe S.A., Belgium.)
Testing was performed at the Kaunas Medical University Clinic, Endo-crinology Institute, Radioimmune Testing Laboratory according to Duchens et al., (1994) methodology. Measurements were obtained via the Radioim-mune Analyzer ‘ГАММА – 12’(Russia).
Prophylaxis of sow reproductive organ inflammation
For the investigation 90 sows were selected. They were divided into 3 groups of 30 each. In Group 1, 15 sows with 10 days remaining to parturi-tion received in feed (100kg – 150gr) Spectinomix 110 (spectinomycin sul-phate 110g, filled to 1000g, ‘Sintofarm’, Italy), antibiotic additive and were fed this way until parturition. The Control Group did not receive feed addi-tives.
In Group 2, 15 sows with 10 days remaining to parturition received feed antibiotic Lincosint 110 (linkomycin hidrochloride 110g, filled to 1000g, ‘Sintofarm’ Italy). The Control Group did not receive feed additives.
Group 3 sows received daily IM injections - 5 ml 5% Sol. Enroxil 3 days remaining until parturition. The preparation was not used in Control Group sows.
Cranial region cervical samples for bacteriological testing were taken from the Experimental and Control Group sows on the day following partu-rition, using apparatus PLM (V.Gabrijolavičius, 1987). A total of 90 sam-ples were obtained.
Chlamidial evaluation
Using CF (Complement fixation) and ICF (Indirect complement fixa-tion) serologic reactions according to V.N. Siurin et al. (1986) methodology, 129 sows blood serum samples were tested for chlamidia. From the same 129 sows vaginal smears were obtained and direct immunofluorescence re-actions (IF) were performed. The smears were valued as positive which showed apple-green coloured interstices within the cells.
Post slaughter stock gilt and sow urogenital organ microflora
For microfloral testing from uterine horns, vaginal - near cervical ventral region and urinary bladder, we selected 13 healthy stock sows and 13 sows culled due to unsuccessful fertilization. Post-slaughter samples were ob-tained using single-use transportable media (Invasive sterile EUROTUBO Manufacturer I.A.S.A. Spain). Obtained samples were placed in an insulated carrier. The samples were sown on nutritive media 4-6 hours later.
Use of veterinary preparations treating reproductive organ inflam-mations, prophylaxis and treatment efficacy
Tests were conducted using 56 sows (42 Experimental and 14 Control), which showed signs of reproductive organ inflammation 1-2 days post-partum.
Group 1 sows (14 Experimental) received 2 consecutive daily IM injec-tions of 2.5% Sol. Cobactan® (cefquinome sulfate, equivalent of 25 mg, cefquinome 26.64 mg, excip. to 1 ml; ‘Intervet International GmbH’, Ger-many). Group 2 received – 4ml/100kg daily IM injections of 2.5% Sol.Cobactan® for 2 consecutive days and an intrauterine preparation Met-ricure® (cephapyrine 500mg, excip. to 19 g; ‘Intervet International B.V.’, Holland). Group 3 received single-dose intrauterine applications of Clamoxyl ® Metritis (amoxicillin tryhydrate 0.84g, excip. to 21.30g (‘Pfizer Animal Health’, Belgium). The Control Group sow reproductive organ invo-lution was limited to observation.
Samples were taken from the cervix of Experimental Group sows for bacteriologic testing 4-5 days post treatment.
The efficacy of used preparations was decided by changes within the uterine microflora, refertilisation, numbers of live and stillborn piglets, weight of newborn litter and weight of weaned piglets.
RESEARCH RESULTS
Incidence of sow genital tract inflammation
In analysing the morbidity of sow reproductive organ diseases in 19 hog complexes in our Republic, we determined that during 2002 28,614 sows – 13.7% - were registered with reproductive organ inflammations and during 2003 - 29,746 sows showing a morbidity rate of 10.6%.
Vaginal microflora during estrus
In examining vaginal mucosal samples from stock gilts during estrus, bacteriological pure cultures were grown 52.2%, ( Streptococcus spp.- 75.0%, KNS – 25.0%), mixed cultures – 21.7% (Streptococcus spp., KNS,
Enterobacteriaceae) and 26.1% samples were sterile.
25,00% 36,60% 39,10% 38,90%
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00%
Para I Para II Para III Para IV
Fig. 1. S. aureus identified from vaginal secretions of various-aged
sows
1 pav. Įvairaus amžiaus rujojančių paršavedžių makšties sekrete išskir-tas S. aureus
Para I gilt samples grew pure microbe cultures - 33.3% (Streptococcus spp.), mixed - 66.7%. (Streptococcus spp., KNS, Enterobacteriaceae spp.)
– 25% of the mixed microflora composition S. aureus was identified. Para II sows pure microbe cultures were obtained from 26.7% of the samples (Streptococcus spp.) and mixed cultures – 73.3% (Streptococcus spp., KNS,
Enterobacteriaceae spp.) – 73.3 %. In 36.6% of the mixed cultures S. aureus was identified. Para III sows, vaginal secretion pure cultures were
dominated by Streptococcus spp. (25.8 %), and mixed microflora
(Strepto-coccus spp., KNS, Enterobacteriaceae šeima) was identified 74.2%. In the
mixed microflora composition S. aureus was identified – 39.1%.
Para IV sow vaginal secretion pure cultures were grown in only 10.0% - (Streptococcus spp.), mixed - 90% (Streptococcus spp., KNS,
Enterobacte-riaceae spp.). In mixed cultures S. aureus (38,9%) was identified. Vaginal microflora in sows 1-2 days prior to parturition.
With 1-2 days remaining to parturition, vaginal secretion grew pure cul-tures in 23.76%, of cases, comprised of (Streptococcus spp. – 16.67% and
Enterobacteriaceae spp – 83.33%). Mixed microbe cultures were identified
in 61.4% of samples, comprised of Streptococcus spp., KNS,
Enterobacteri-aceaespp. No microbe cultures grew in 14.85%.
23,76%
14,85%
61,39%
Mixed culture Samples culture Notably
Fig.2. Vaginal secretion microflora 1-2 prior to parturition
2.pav. Makšties sekreto mikroflora likus 1-2 paroms iki apsiparšiavimo Microflora from the urogenital tract of postmortem healthy and re-productive organ inflammation affected sows.
Postmortem examination of stock gilts and culled sows urogenital tract microbial contamination showed that stock gilt uterine secretions were ster-ile, however samples taken from the urinary bladder grew pure cultures in 40% of cases (Streptococcus spp.), mixed – 60% (Streptococcus spp., KNS,
Enterobacteriaceae spp.). Samples from the vaginal cranial region grew
mixed microflora in 100% of cases (Streptococcus spp., KNS,
Enterobacte-riaceae spp.).
Mixed cultures of Streptococcus spp., KNS, Enterobacteriaceae spp., of which 38.5% S.aureus was identified grew in 100% of vaginal secretion samples obtained from sows culled due to unsuccessful refertilisation.
Sow urinary bladder secretion grew 30.8% pure Streptococcus spp. cul-tures and 69.2% grew mixed culcul-tures (Streptococcus spp.,
Enterobacteri-aceae family, KNS). All samples of sow vaginal secretion samples obtained
from the cranial region grew mixed cultures of which 53.8% S.aureus. was identified. 60,00% 40,00% 100,00% 0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 90,00% 100,00%
Uretra Vagina Uterus
Mixed culture Samples culture
Fig.3. Stock gilt urogenital tract microflora post slaughter
3.pav. Veislinių kiaulaičių urogenitalinio trakto mikroflora po pasker-dimo
Morphological changes of diseased sow uterine mucosa
The uterine content in slaughtered sows was dirty and grayish yellow. The endometrium was congested and swollen, small laminal haemorrhages and eosinophilic infiltration in all parts of the endometrium including glands and blood vessels was observed. Uterine glands were depleted and dilated.
Post-slaughter examinations of sow reproductive organs indicated exu-date and macro changes of endometrium. The diagnosis (chronic endometri-tis) was confirmed via histological examination of uterine mucosa.
Periglandular fibrosis and leukocytosis was noted, with predominant lymphocytes. The endometrium was congested, lumen vessels included lymphocytes and neutrophils. Accumulations of neutrophils and eosinophils were found in the stroma and glands. Granules of haemosiderin were in the
stratus compactum. The glands were depleted and those which survived
were atrophic, flattened, and reduced or cystic. Dilation of lymphatics in the
stratum compactum and lumina epithelium were evident.
Estradiol 17β and progesterone blood value variation dynamics dur-ing parturition
Our examinations show that estradiol 17β in Para I gilts was 10.279±0.53pmol/l which is 2.603pmol/l less than in Para II sows and even 3.082pmol/l less than in Para III sows.
Two hours post-parturition the lowest estradiol 17β amount was in 1st breeding gilts (7.970±1.15pmol/l), 1.121pmol/l in 2nd breeding and 1.261pmol/l in 3rd breeding sows.
During parturition, the progesterone amounts gradually decreased in all sows. Estradiol 17β and progesterone blood values were induced by the du-ration of parturition and number of stillborn piglets. Para I gilts had the low-est blood values of low-estradiolo 17β during parturition, and had conditionally more stillbirths than Para II and Para III sows.
Sow cervical secretion microflora 1-2 days post-partum
In examining sow cervical secretions 1-2 days post-partum, 20.63% samples were sterile, 23.82% - grew pure cultures and 55.55% - mixed mi-crobe cultures. Pure mimi-crobe cultures were comprised of Streptococcus spp.- 53.84% and Enterobacteriaceae spp. – 46.16%. Mixed microbe cultures were comprised of Enterobacteriaceae spp. – 22.86%, Streptococcus spp.- 40.00% and KNS – 37.14%.
Chlamidia identification
In examining sows using three comparative methods (CF, ICF, IF) we determined that using serological CF, chlamidia was diagnosed in 11.6%, ICF – 16.3% and IF – 22.5% of obtained samples.
Comparison of post-partum prophylactic effect of feed additives Spectinomix 110, Lincosint 110 and preparation 5% Sol. Enroxil on reproductive organ inflammation
With 10 days remaining to parturition, experimental group sows received feed additives of Spectinomix 110 and Lincosint 110, and their vaginal se-cretions obtained 1 day post-partum grew pure and mixed microbe cultures.
The same species ( Enterobacteriaceae spp., Streptococcus spp., KNS) were identified in both experimental and control group sows.
In using Spectinomix 110, post-partum cultures grew pure in 52.0% of cases and 48.0% - mixed. Respectively, the Control Group – 56.0% pure and 44.0% mixed.
Using Lincosint 110 in the Experimental Group, pure microbe cultures were identified in 53.3% of cases and mixed – 46.7%. The Control Group sow samples grew 46.7% – pure, and 53.3% – mixed cultures.
Table 1. Prophylactic efficacy of preparations Spectinomix 110,
Lin-cosint 110 and 5% Sol. Enroxil
Live
pig-lets Stillborn piglets Weaned piglets
Ex peri me nt al Gr ou p Sows Num-ber of sows Preparation Total pig-lets Nr. % Nr. % sk % Ex- peri- men-tal 15 Spectinomix 110 176 162 92 14 8 157 96.9 I Con-trol 15 - 180 156 84.6 24 15.4 131 83.9 Ex- peri- men-tal 15 Lincosint 110 159 151 94.96 8 5.04 143 94.7 II Con-trol 15 - 160 148 92.5 12 7.5 132 89.2 Ex- peri- men-tal 15 5% Sol.En-roxil 170 165 97 5 3 157 95.15 III Con-trol 15 - 164 149 90.85 15 9.15 132 80.49 I p≤0.037; II p≤0.082; III p≤0.001
Thre days prior to parturition the sows received daily IM injections of 5ml 5% sol. Enroxil. One day post-partum samples of vaginal secretions were sterile. In comparison the Control Group vaginal secretion samples grew 53.3% pure, and 46.7% mixed microbe cultures.
Tests show that antibiotic feed additives Spectinomix 110 and Lincosint 110 did not have an influence on vaginal microflora post-partum, however there were more healthy weaned piglets than in the Control Group (respec-tively p<0.037 and p<0.082)
During the 3rd investigation, prophylactically injecting 5% Sol. Enroxil to Experimental Group post-partum sows not only destroyed vaginal micro-flora but also increased the number of healthy weaned piglets by 14.66% (p≤0.001) over the Control Group.
Efficacy of veterinary preparations 2.5% Sol. Cobactan®, Met-ricure® and Clamoxyl ® Metritis in sow uterine inflammation prophy-laxis.
Bacteriological examinations of vaginal smears taken before parturition showed mixed microflora in 85.4%, including: Enterobacter sp.- 42.9%,
Streptococcus sp. – 57.1%, Staphylococcus sp. – 62.3%. Pure cultures
(Staphylococcus sp) were evidenced in 14.3% sows. In 50% uterine sam-ples, taken 4 – 5 d after treatment from group I sows, grew Enterobacter sp. in pure cultures. Mixed microflora (Enterobacter sp. and Streptococcus sp.) were found in 50%. In cervical smear samples from group II - 42.9% pure cultures (Enterobacter sp. - 14.3% and Staphylococcus sp. – 28.6%) were isolated. From samples in this group mixed cultures grew only in 14.2% (Enterobacter sp. - 7.1% and Staphylococcus sp.- 7.1%). No cultures grew in 42.9% of the samples. In cervical smear samples from group III sows no growth was observed in 41.4%. Pure cultures were identified in 37.1% (Enterobacter sp. 14.3%, Streptococcus sp. 22.8%) and mixed micro-flora in 21.4% (Enterobacter sp.- 7.1%, Streptococcus sp. – 7.1%,
Staphylo-coccus sp. – 7.2%.). In the control group (IV) from the cervical smears after
farrowing mixed microflora in 85.7%, and pure culture in 14.3% of the samples were found. Prevention of reproductive organ inflammation had an influence on the health of the piglets. The average weight of the litter was larger in the test groups in comparison to the control group (Table 1).
This was particularly evident in Group II, where Cobactan was com-bined with Metricure. Successful post-weaning fertilization required a dif-ferent number of insemination doses. The Control Group required 1.64 ± 0.23 semen doses, where as in Cobactan (Group I) – 1.5 ±0.52 doses, Co-bactan and Metricure (Group II)– 1.0 dose, and intrauterine Clamoxyl® Metritis (group III) also 1 AI. Comparing the used preparations with the control group, we noticed that the fertilization data obtained from the test
groups II and III were statistically significant (‹ 0.034 and ‹ 0.024). Table 2. Comparison of efficiency of preparations
Gr
ou
p
Prepara-tion Num-ber of
sows Route of ad- minis-tration AI
index Num-ber of piglets born alive Num-ber of piglets born dead Mean weigh t of deliv-ered (kg) Num-ber of piglets at wean-ing Mean weigh t of a litter at wean-ing I 2.5 % Cobac-tan® 14 i. m. 1.5 ±0.52 ±0.95 10.86 ±1.59 0.93 13.64 ±1.55 61.79 ±6.68 ±0.92 9.93 II 2.5 % Cobac-tan® and Met-ricure® 14 i. m. i.u. 1.0 ±0.51 10.57 ±0.61 0.29 13.86 ±0.77 75.00 ±7.60 10.57 ±0.51 III Clamoxyl® Metritis 14 i.u. 1.0 10.79 ±0.97 ±0.99 0.71 14.21 ±1.19 69.64 ±5.71 10.43 ±1.02 IV Control 14 - ±0.841.64 ±1.51 10.50 ±1.14 0.93 12.93 ±1.69 61.29 ±8.93 ±1.28 9.57 RESULT DISSCUSSION
Swine-breeding is one of the most developing areas of livestock breed-ing in Lithuania. Lately, approximately 50% of all pork produced comes from large hog complexes. As the concentration of animals increases, it be-comes more challenging to provide optimal husbandry, feeding and care conditions.
In large swine-breeding complexes, the role of timely prophylaxis and treatment preventing post-partum reproductional organ inflammation be-comes increasingly important.
In analyzing the morbidity of sow post-partum uterine inflammation in 19 swine-breeding complexes, it was determined that during 2002, an aver-age of 2.974 (10.6%) sows were affected out of 29.749. Though that is not a high morbidity rate, in other complexes it was 20.4 % - 47.7%. Other au-thors also write about a rather high uterine inflammation morbidity rate (Bilkei et al.1995; Waller et al. 2002). Their published statistical data is
similar to our analysis results.
Microflora is constantly found in the vaginal vestibule, vagina and distal region of the urinary bladder of healthy stock gilts and sows. The urinary bladder is usually sterile. In examining urine, microbes are found which arise from the urethra or vaginal vestibule (Moller et al., 1981; Berner, 1988; Maes et al.1999).
The research of Bave et al. (1993) shows that the variation of cervical and vaginal microbes depends on the individual sows reproductional tract mechanism – hormonal cycle, immunoglobulin and mucosal secretions, granulocyte phagocytic activity. McLean et al. (1974) indicates that parturi-tion and changes in feed raparturi-tion influence E.coli and other bacteria reproduc-tion in the porcine urogenital tract. His data shows that vaginal microbial contamination in older sows is larger.
In our research we tested microbial contamination of stock gilt and sow mucosal secretions during estrus. Bacteriological testing of 23 stock gilt mucosal samples grew 52.2% pure cultures, 21.7% mixed and 26.10% grew no cultures. Pure and mixed cultures were comprised of Streptococcus spp.,
Enterobacteriaceae spp. and KNS.
A large contamination was noted in Para I gilts. 33.3% samples grew pure cultures and 66.7% - mixed. In 25% of the mixed microflora cultures
S.aureus was identified.
As parturition numbers increased (Para II) so did vaginal mucosal bacte-rial contamination. In this group of sows, in comparison to Para I sows we identified 6.6% less pure, though 6.6% more mixed cultures. Notably, in mixed microbe composition – 33.6% samples contained S.aureus.
Investigation the vaginal mucous samples of Para III sows in estrus, 25.8% grew pure cultures and 74.2% grew mixed. Pure and mixed microbe cultures were comprised of Streptococcus spp., KNS and
Enterobacteri-aceae spp. microbes. Mixed microflora cultures of vaginal secretion samples
identified S.aureus in 39.1% of cases. This contagious microbe was identi-fied 14.1% more often than in Para I gilts and 2.74% more so than in Para II sows vaginal secretions.
Vaginal mucous samples from Para IV sows in estrus grew pure cultures in 10.0% of cases and 90.0% mixed.
All pure and mixed cultures grown from vaginal mucous samples from sows in estrus samples contained Enterobacteriaceae spp., Streptococcus
spp. and KNS, however in mixed cultures from older sows S. aureus was
identified. An increasing vaginal contamination of S. aureus was also de-termined by other authors (Maes et al. 1999; de Winter et al.2002).
We observed that bacteriolocially testing vaginal secretions with 1-2 days prior to parturition, the same microflora is found as in during estrus.
Pure microbe cultures comprised 23.76% and mixed – 61.39%. In this ex-perimental group 14.85% grew no cultures. S.aureus was not identified ei-ther, coinciding with Bostedt et al., (1998); Zhao Jing et al. (1998) and Bertschringer (1999) data.
However, there is data in literature stating that there is other microflora in pregnant and non-pregnant sow vaginas. Sanders and Bilkei (2004) indi-cate that stress prior and during parturition can predispose chronic urogeni-tal infections. Waller et al. (2002) noted that in large swine-breeding com-plexes with poor husbandry (microlimate, feeding, high density concentra-tion), sows were often affected by MMA. The passage of identified micro-flora into the vaginal vestibule, vagina and cervix is stipulated due to the sows sitting position (Berner, 1984).
Sow uterine microflora is comprised of broad spectrum anaerobe and aerobe species. Bilkei et al., 1994 and Waller et al., 2002 indicate that most commonly Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp.,
E.coli, Klepsiella spp. and Actinobacillus spp. are found. Most of these
bac-teria cause urogenital tract inflammations showing as vaginal secretions (De Winter et al.1995). Maes et al. (1999) data indicates that the existance of microorganisms in the uterus does not always cause endometritis. Jubb et al.(1993) research establishes that non-pregnant sows uteri are resistant to infection. McEntee (1990) findings indicate that the cervix is an effective protection barrier against microbe entry.
During estrus and parturition the cervix is open. Notwithstanding from the cervical barrier function, microbes can pass from the vagina into the uterus.
Our research indicates that secretions tested from the cranial region of the cervix of 63 sows 1-2 days post-parturition, pure cultures were com-prised of Enterobacteriaceae spp. – 46.16% and Streptococcus spp.- 53.84%. Mixed microbe cultures were comprised of Streptococcus spp.- 40.0%, Enterobacteriaceae spp.- 22.86% and KNS – 37.14%. The species we identified were confirmed by De Winter (1995), Bilkei et al. (1995) and Waller et al. (2002) research.
Their research indicates that the presence of microbes in the uterus not always causes endometritis nor early pregnancy partial embryo mortality.
Authors in literature and our research confirms that microbes identified in post-parturition uteri can be potential causative inflammation agents due to disorders of uterine muscle rigidity.
Another urogenital tract inflammation causative agent can be chlamidia (Chlamydie suis). They are a gram-negative reproducing cells. In primary foci, the disease manifests in pregnant sows and newborn piglets. Gerulis (2002) data indicates that clinical chlamidiosis appears under the influence
of stress when husbandry and feeding practices are poor.
We used 129 sows for our investigation and tested them via 3 methods (KSR, NKSR and TIF). We established variations in the testing method ac-curacy. Testing sow blood serum samples using the KSR method, a positive reaction was shown in 11.6% cases, NKSR method - 16.3% .
In testing the same 129 sows using the TIF method, a positive reaction was achieved in 22.5% of cases. The test positive reaction confirms that chlamidia reproduce in the cell. Our data coincides with Bagdonas (1998), Sachse (2002) and Gerulis (2002) research.
Examining microbiological and histopathological test samples from slaughtered sow reproductive tracts not only enables objective determination of lesions but aids in obtaining samples too. Miurhead (1986) indicates the necessity of urogenital tract microbiological and histopathological testing. Due to anatomical structure, obtaining uterine mucosa biopsy samples from live sows is complicated. The aforementioned author, having slaughtered 47 sows and in detail examined the urogenital tract, did not find any pathologi-cal uterine changes in notable 44% of cases. Seeking to examine stock gilt and sow non-fertility causes, we performed post-slaughter microbiological tests of the urogenital tract. Our data establishes that uterine secretion ples obtained from 5 slaughtered stock gilts were sterile. However in sam-ples obtained from urinary bladders grew pure cultures (Streptococcus spp.) in 2 samples (40.0%) and mixed microbe cultures (Enterobacteriaceae spp.,
Streptococcus spp. and KNS) were identified in 3 samples (60.0%).
Examin-ing microbiologically secretion from the cranial region of the vagina, mixed microflora was identified in all samples. (Enterobacteriaceae family, KNS ir Streptococcus spp).
Examining 13 uterine secretion samples from non-fertilised and thusly culled sows, all samples grew mixed microflora. A notable 38.5% of mixed microbe cultures contained S.aureus.
Examined urinary bladder secretios grew pure (30.8%) and mixed mi-crobe cultures (69,2%) Streptococcus spp. were identified in pure cultures and in mixed - Enterobacteriaceae spp., Streptococcus spp. and KNS.
S. aureus (53,8%) was identified in mixed microflora cultures from
sam-ples obtained from the cranial region of sow vaginas. Our test results con-firm the results of earlier investigations. Dial et al. (1988); Dee, (1992); Wendt, (1998); Makovska-Daniel, (2001) and Stczubial et al. (2003) indi-cate that E.coli, S.aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida,
Klep-siella spp. and, Enterobacteriaceae spp. are usually identified in cultures
grown from sow urogenital tracts.
Our performed post-slaughter urogenital tract secretion microbacterial tests indicate that stock gilt uteri are sterile. However, samples obtained
from the cranial region of the vagina or urinary bladder grow pure and mixed cultures. Uterine, urinary bladder and vaginal secretions obtained from culled sows grew saprophytic microflora alongside contagious
S.aureus, which produces toxins, causes endometritis and thereby impedes
normal fertilisation.
Prophylactic IM antibiotic injections during late pregnancy can prevent post-partum reproduction organ inflammation. Based on literature data, prostaglandins are usually indicated for this purpose (Oesrtophan, Dynolitic and others.)
According to K.Katowski’s (2003) data, 2 weeks prior to expected partu-rition, it is necessary to prophylactically administer Evetsel injections (so-dium selenite and Vit. vit. E). The aforementioned author’s data indicates that following Evetsel injections, sows do not show symptoms of mammary gland disease or vaginal secretions. The numbers of live births increase, litter weight is higher as is the number of weaned piglets.
Our study data indicates that 10 days prior to parturition, the use of anti-biotic feed additives Spectinomix 110 and Lincosint 110 did not decrease the incidence of reproductive organ bacterial contamination, however the numbers of numbers of weaned piglets increased by 13% (p≤0.037) and by 5.5% (p≤0.082) in our Control Group. IM injections of 5% Sol. Enroxil 3 days prior to parturition not only decreased reproductive organ bacterial contamination but also increased the number of weaned piglets by 14.66% (p≤0.01). Our study results coincide with Feldman et al.(1998) and Horstein et al. (1998) research.
Parturition prolonged by more than 3-4 hours usually results in more stillborn piglets and uterine lochia discharge is delayed. When uterine tonic-ity is compromised, the existing microbes reproduce and produce endotox-ins which lead to inflammation. For treatment, antibiotics and/or other com-binations of antimicrobial preparations are usually administered. Szcubial et al.(2003) identified causative uterine inflammation agents and in performing an antibiogram established that treating against E.coli, S.aureus, KNS and
Streptococcus spp. penicillin group preparations, Streptomycin,
Linkomy-cin, Tetracycline and Amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid is indi-cated.
In treatment it is important to use antibiotics to which identified mi-crobes are sensitive. Treating sow inflammation, Markovska-Daniel (2001) used: Group 1 diseased sows received two daily 10ml intra-uterine applica-tions of Amoxiclav® and Group 2 sows received systemic treatment – IM injections of Oxyytetracycline or Amoxicillin, and intra-uterine applications of Neomicine suspension. Her achieved research results confirm that Amoxiclav® is effective in treating MMA syndrome. Our performed
micro-biological tests (42 experimental and 14 control sows) of obtained pre-partum vaginal secretions grew 86.0% mixed microbe cultures;
Streptococ-cus spp.- 57.1%, Enterobacteriaceae spp. – 42.9% and KNS – 62.3%. Pure
cultures of KNS – were identified in only 14.0% of samples. Our research data is similar to that of Ross et al. (1983); Busse et al. (2002) and Szcubial et al. (2003).
In treating sows affected by reproductive organ inflammations we com-pared 3 veterinary preparations: 2.5% Sol. Cobactan®, Metricure® and Clamoxyl ® Metritis, all having a strong antimicrobial effect. After adminis-tering 2.5% Sol. Cobactan® injections and obtaining cervical secretions 4-5 days post-partum, 50.0% samples grew pure (Enterobacteriaceae spp.) and 50.0% grew mixed microbe cultures comprised of Streptococcus spp.,
En-terobacteriaceae spp. and KNS.
Using systemic treatment (2.5% Sol. Cobactan® IM and Metricure® in-tra-uterine) and obtaining cranial region cervical secretion samples 4-5 days post-partum, pure cultures were identified in 42.9% of the samples com-prised of Enterobacteriaceae spp. and Streptococcus spp.. Mixed cultures grew in 14.2% of samples and notably 42.9% of the uterine secretion sam-ples were sterile.
Sows treated with intra-uterine applications of Clamoxyl ® Metritis and samples obtained from the cervix grew pure cultures – 37.2%, mixed – 21.4%. A notable 41.4% proved sterile.
In 4-5 days post-partum, cervical secretion samples were obtained from Control Group sows that grew pure cultures – 14.3% , and mixed – 85.7%.
We can compare our study results with Gordzinski et al. (2001) treat-ment results. The aforetreat-mentioned author treated sows affected with MMA syndrome via injections of Metrisan AN, which is a combination of Am-picillin, Neomycin and agents that increase phagocyte activity. During the course of treatment the author observed a quick lochia discharge and later – a positive effect on fertilization. In using various antibiotics, a rapid healing was noticed by Wawron, (1997); Kryzanowski et al.(1998); Kotowski et al. (1998) and Gardzinski et al. (2001).
However, the application of intra-uterine medicines is not always applied in treating cervical closure. This treatment method can be applied only post-partum or during estrus. Intra-uterine preparation applications is especially effective in the case of acute inflammation (Busse et al., 2002).
The use of parenteral or IM antimicrobial preparations decreases uterine secretion microbial contamination, though it is quite important to note sow fertilization. That is shown via the insemination index (the number of in-seminations necessary for fertilisation).
Sows that received prophylactic IM injections of 2.5% Sol. Cobactan®
had a lower insemination index (1.5±0.52) which was 0.14 less than the sows in the Control Group.
The lowest insemination indexes were in those sow groups that had re-ceived prophylactic systemic metaphylaxis (2.5% Sol. Cobactan® IM and Metricure® intra-uterine) and in the other group – single-dose intrauterine Clamoxyl ®Metrite. The insemination index of the sows in the Experimen-tal Groups was 1.0. That shows that sows in estrus after weaning their pig-lets were fertilized after the first insemination. In comparing the 2nd (2.5% Sol.Cobactan® and Metricure®), as well as the 3rd (Clamoxyl ®Metritis) sow group, the insemination index with the Control Group that is statisti-cally credible (<0.034 and <0.024).
A better uterine lochal post-partum discharge is shown not only by the high insemination index, but alson by a lower number of stillborn piglets, a larger newborn litter weight, a larger weaned piglet number and their com-bined weight.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Sows raised in large swine-breeding farms often suffer from post-partum reproductive tract disease (0.7% – 87.2%).
2. Within stock gilt and sow vaginas, uteri and urinary bladders,
Strepto-coccus spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp. and KNS dominate in pure and mixed
culture associations; 21.6% of vaginal mucosa samples obtained from gilts in estrus are notably sterile.
3. Vaginal mucosa samples obtained from Para I and older sows on es-trus grew mixed cultures including S.aureus (25.0% – 39.1%).
4. The uterus of post-slaughter gilts is sterile in 26.10% of cases. How-ever, the urinary bladder and cranial region of the vagina grew pure (52.20%) and mixed microbe associated cultures (21.70%) which were comprised of Streptococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp. and KNS.
S.aureus was identified (25%-39.10%) in reproductive organ samples that
were obtained from Para I and older sows culled due to non-fertilisation. 5. Sows culled due to non-fertilisation showed morphological changes in the uterine mucosa: the subepithelial layers showed a strong lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltration, a flourishment of connective tissue was observed surrounding the glands which were deformed or atrophied. In the case of purulent endometritis, uterine purulence encompassing blood vessels and glands showed a high leucocyte infiltration.
6. Estradiol 17β and progesterone blood ratios determined the duration of parturition and numbers of piglets born live. In Para I sows, lower blood values of estradiol 17β amounts increased the number of stillborn by 1.2 – 1.4 in comparison to older sows.
7. Feed additives Spectinomix 110 and Lincosint 110 administered 10 days prior to parturition showed an influence in the numbers of live born. The number of weaned pigs increased by 5%-13% over the Control Groups (p≤0.037, p≤0.082).
8. Three days prior to parturition, 5ml IM injections of 5% Sol. Enroxil decreased vaginal microbial contamination and increased the number of live born. The Experimental Group weaned 14.66% (p≤0.001) more piglets than in the Control Groups.
9. For the purpose of treatment, IM injections of 2.5% Sol. Cobactan® lowered the number of sperm doses necessary for fertilisation by 0.14 (p≤0.016), while uterine applications of Metricure® - by 0.5 doses (p≤0.034) and Clamoxyl ®Metritis – by 0.5 doses (p≤0.024) than in the Control Group.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. It is advisable to administer feed additives Spectinomix 110 and Lin-cosint 110 to sows prior to parturition. 5%-13% more piglets are reared to the weaning stage. Administering 5ml injections of 5% Sol. Enroxil in-creased the number of live piglets by a notable 14.66%.
2. In preventing or treating reproductive organ inflammations it is advis-able to administer IM injections of 2.5% Sol. Cobactan® or intra-uterine applications of Clamoxyl ®Metritis and Metricure.
The list of publications
1. Laureckienė Ž., Klimaitė J., Bagdonas J., Gerulis G., Aniulis E., ‘Prevalence and Diagnostics of the Causes of MMA in Sows’ Scientific conference with international participation. Stara Zagora. 2003, p. 234-239;
2. Laureckienė Ž., Klimaitė J., ‘The Role of Microorganisms in Sow Uterine Inflammation’ International Doctorate Scientific Conference – To-day’s Youth Striving for Progress 2003’ Akademija, Lithuania, 2003, p. 235-241;
3. Laureckienė Ž., ‘Porine Chlamidiosis Diagnostics’, Centre for Re-productive Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala, 2003, 17, p.32-34;
4. Laureckienė Ž., Aniulis E., ‘Preparations Spectinomix 110, Linkosint 110 and Sol. 5% Enroxil. Efficacy in Prophylactically Treating Sow Endo-metritis’ International Scientific Conference Proceedings, Jelgava, Latvia, 2004, p.168-172;
5. Laureckienė Ž., Klimaitė J., Aniulienė A., Bižokas V. ir Aniulis E. – ‘Prevention of Sow Uterine Inflammation’ Bulletin of Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, Poland, 2006
(printing pending)
REZIUME
Analizuodami 19-je respublikos kiaulininkystės kompleksuose paršave-džių sergamumą gimdos uždegimais po apsiparšiavimo nustatėme, kad vidu-tiniškai iš 2002 m. apsiparšiavusių 29746 paršavedžių 2974 sirgo (10,6%). Kai kuriuose kompleksuose jis buvo 20,4–47,7%. Sveikoms veislinėms kiaulaitėms ir paršavedėms makšties prieangyje, makštyje, distalinėje šlapi-mo pūslės dalyje pastoviai randama mikroflora.
Savo tyrimais patikrinome veislinių kiaulaičių bei paršavedžių išskiria-mų gleivių rujos metu mikrobinį užterštumą. Bakteriologiškai tiriant 23 veislinių kiaulaičių rujos metu paimtus gleivių mėginius grynos mikrobų kultūros išskirtos 52,2%, mišrios – 21,7% ir 26,10% mikrobų kultūros neiš-skirtos. Grynas ir mišrias mikrobų kultūras sudarė Streptococcus spp.,
Ente-robacteriaceae šeima ir KNS.
Didesnis rujojančių pirmaparšių makšties gleivių mikrobinis užterštu-mas. 33,3% mėginių išskirtos grynos kultūros ir 66,7% - mišrios mikrobų kultūros. Šių paršavedžių grupėje mišrios mikrofloros sudėtyje 25% mėginių išskirta S.aureus.
Didėjant apsiparšiavimų skaičiui (antraparšės) makšties gleivių bakteri-nis užterštumas didėja. Šioje paršavedžių grupėje, lyginant su pirmaparšė-mis išskyrėme 6,6% mažiau grynų, bet 6,6% daugiau mišrių mikrobų kultū-rų. Mišrių mikrobų sudėtyje net 36,6% mėginių išskirta S.aureus.
Tiriant rujojančių trečiaparšių makšties gleives bakteriologiškai grynos kultūros išskirtos 25,8%, o mišrios 74,2% paimtų mėginių. Grynas ir mišrias mikrobų kultūras sudarė Streptococcus spp., KNS ir Enterobacteriaceae šeimos mikrobai. Makšties sekreto mėginiuose mišrios mikrofloros sudėtyje išskirta S.aureus (39,1%). Šio kontaginio mikrobo išskirta 14,1% daugiau negu pirmaparšių ir 2,74% daugiau negu antraparšių makšties sekrete.
Ketvirto apsiparšiavimo rujojančių kiaulių makšties gleivinėje grynos mikrobų kultūros buvo išskirtos tik - 10,0%, o mišrios - 90,0% tirtų mėgi-nių.
Visų tirtų rujojančių kiaulių iš makšties paimtų gleivių grynų ir mišrių kultūrų sudėtyje išskirta Enterobacteriaceae šeima, Streptococcus spp. ir KNS, tačiau vyresnių paršavedžių mišrių mikrobų kultūrų sudėtyje išskyrė-me S. aureus
Likus 1-2 paroms iki apsiparšiavimo ištyrę bakteriologiškai makšties sekretą, pastebėjome, kad rujos metu ir prieš apsiparšiavimą randama ta pati mikroflora. Grynas mikrobų kultūras sudarė - 23,76% ir mišrią mikroflorą - 61,39%. Šioje bandomojoje grupėje net 14,85% mikrobai nebuvo išskirti. Nebuvo išskirta ir S.aureus.
nuo gimdos kaklelio barjerinės funkcijos mikrobai iš makšties turi galimybę patekti į gimdą.
Mūsų atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad ištyrus 63 paršavedžių gimdos kaklelio kranialinės dalies sekretą praėjus 1-2 dienoms po apsiparšiavimo išskirtos grynos mikrobų kultūros, kurias sudarė Enterobacteriaceae šeima – 46,16% ir Streptococcus spp. – 53,84% . Mišrias mikrobų kultūras sudarė
Strepto-coccus spp.– 40,0%, Enterobacteriaceae šeima – 22,86% ir KNS – 37,14%.
Viena iš urogenitalinio trakto uždegimo priežasčių gali būti ir chlamidi-jos (Chlamydie suis). Tai gramneigiamos bakterichlamidi-jos besidauginančios ląste-lėse. Pirminiuose židiniuose liga prasideda paršingų kiaulių ir tik atvestų paršelių susirgimais. Trimis metodais (KSR, NKSR,TIF) ištyrus 129paršavedes nustatėme nevienodą jų tikslumą. Tiriant KSR metodu, tei-giamą reakciją davė – 11,6%, tiriant NKSR metodu – 16,3% tirtų iš parša-vedžių paimtų kraujo serumo mėginių. Tiriant tas pačias 129 paršavedes TIF metodu teigiamai reagavo – 22,5%. Paskerstų paršavedžių reprodukcinio trakto mikrobiologiniai ir histopatologiniai tyrimai leidžia objektyviai nusta-tyti pažeidimus, bei paimti medžiagą tyrimui. Norėdami patikrinti veislinių kiaulaičių ir paršavedžių neapsivaisinimo priežastis, atlikome poskerdiminį urogenitalinio trakto mikrobiologinį tyrimą. Mūsų duomenimis, paskerdus 5 veislines kiaulaites, paimti mėginiai iš gimdos sekreto buvo sterilūs. Tačiau paimtuose mėginiuose iš šlapimo pūslės grynos mikrobų kultūros
(Strepto-coccus spp.) išaugo 2-se mėginiuose (40,0%) ir mišrios mikrobų kultūros
(Enterobacteriaceae šeima, Streptococcus spp. ir KNS) išskirtos 3–se mėgi-niuose (60,0%). Tiriant mikrobiologiškai makšties kranialinės dalies sekretą visuose mėginiuose išaugo mišri mikroflora (Enterobacteriaceae šeima, KNS ir Streptococcus spp). Tiriant 13 neapsivaisinusių ir dėl to išbrokuotų paršavedžių paimtus gimdos sekreto mėginius visuose išskirta mišri mikrof-lora. Mišrios mikrobų kultūros sudėtyje net 38,5% mėginių išskirta
S.aureus.
Tiriant šlapimo pūslės sekretą išskirtos grynos (30,8%) ir 69,2% – miš-rios mikrobų kultūros. Grynas kultūras sudarė Streptococcus spp., o mišrias
Enterobacteriaceae šeima, Streptococcus spp. ir KNS.
Paršavedžių iš makšties kranialinės dalies paimtuose mėginiuose išskirta mišri mikroflora, kurios sudėtyje rasta ir S. aureus - (53,8%). Mūsų atlikti poskerdiminiai urogenitalinio trakto sekreto mikrobiologiniai tyrimai rodo, kad veislinių kiaulaičių gimda yra sterili. Tačiau makšties kranialinėje daly-je ir šlapimo pūslėdaly-je išskiriamos grynų ar mišrių mikrobų kultūros.
Tiriant išbrokuotų dėl neapsivaisinimo paršavedžių funkcinio gimdos gleivinės sluoksnio struktūrą pastebėjome, kad esant ūmiam endometritui kraujagyslės išsiplėtę, kai kurios iš jų užpildytos neutrofilais ir limfocitais. Esant lėtiniam endometritui epiteliniame sluoksnyje kraujagyslių kapiliarai
išsiplėtę, užpildyti eritrocitais bei pavieniais limfocitais ir neutrofilais.
La-mina propria dalyje kraujagyslės užpildytos neutrofilais ir limfocitais.
Ne-gausiai neutrofilų ir limfocitų yra liaukose ir aplink jas.
Stratum spongiosum dalyje, besiribojančioje su raumeniniu sluoksniu,
aplink liaukas išvešėjęs jungiamasis audinys (fibrozė). Kai kurios liaukos deformuotos, suspaustos arba atrofuotos, jų epitelis pabrinkęs. Epitelio ląste-lių branduoliai piknoziški arba išnykę.
Pirmuosius sąrėmius ir stangas sąlygoja estradiolo 17β kiekis kraujuje, kurį produkuoja placenta. Nuo šio hormono kiekio paršavedės kraujyje pri-klauso ir paršiavimosi trukmė. Mūsų tyrimai rodo, kad estradiolo 17β pir-maparšių kraujyje buvo 10,279±0,53 pmol/l tai yra 2,603 pmol/l mažiau negu antraparšių ir net 3,082 pmol/l mažiau negu trečiaparšių. Praėjus 2 valandoms po paršelio atvedimo žemiausias estradiolo 17β kiekis buvo pir-maparšių paršavedžių, šiek tiek aukštesnis (1,121pmol/l) antraparšių ir dar aukštesnis – trečiaparšių (1,261 pmol/l).
Paršingumo pabaigoje šeriant su pašarais ir švirkščiant į raumenis anti-biotikus galime profilaktuoti lyties organų uždegimus po apsiparšiavimo. Mūsų tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad paskutines 10 dienų iki numatomo paršia-vimosi su pašaru šeriant antibiotikų pašarinius priedus Spectinomix 110 ir Lincosint 110, paršavedžių lyties organų bakterinio užterštumo nesumažino, tačiau atjunkinta sveikų paršelių atitinkamai13% (p≤0,037) ir 5,5% (p≤0,082) daugiau negu kontrolinėse grupėse. Paskutines tris paršingumo dienas švirkščiant 5% Sol. Enroxil į raumenis ne tik sumažino lyties organų bakterinį užterštumą, bet ir atjunkinta 14,66% daugiau sveikų paršelių (p≤0,01). Užsitęsus paršiavimuisi ilgiau nei 3-4 val. dažnai atvedama dau-giau negyvų paršelių, užsitęsia gimdos išsivalymas. Sutrikus gimdos tonu-sui, joje esantys mikrobai dauginasi, gamina endotoksinus sukeldami užde-gimą. Gydant paršavedes sergančias lyties organų uždegimu mes palygino-me tris veterinarinius preparatus: 2,5% Sol. Cobactan®, Metricure® ir Cla-moxyl ® Metritis, pasižyminčius stipriu antimikrobiniu poveikiu. Po 2,5% Sol. Cobactan® injekcijos ir praėjus 4–5 dienoms po apsiparšiavimo iš pa-imto gimdos kaklelio sekreto 50,0% mėginių išskirta grynos
(Enterobacte-riaceae šeima ) ir 50,0% mišrios mikrobų kultūros, kurias sudarė Strepto-coccus spp., Enterobacteriaceae šeima ir KNS.
Naudodami sisteminį gydymą (2,5% Sol. Cobactan® į raumenis ir Met-ricure® į gimdą) 4–5 dieną po apsiparšiavimo iš gimdos kaklelio kranialinės dalies paimto sekreto grynos mikrobų kultūros išskirtos 42,9% mėginių, kurias sudarė Enterobacteriaceae šeima ir Streptococcus spp.. Mišrios kul-tūros išaugo - 14,2% ir net - 42,9% mėginių gimdos sekretas buvo sterilus. Įvedus į gimdą Clamoxyl ® Metritis iš gimdos kaklelio grynos mikrobų kultūros išskirtos – 37,2%, o mišrios – 21,4% mėginių. Net 41,4% mėginių
buvo sterilūs.
Kontrolinės grupės paršavedėms 4-5 d. po apsiparšiavimo iš gimdos kak-lelio sekreto išskirta 14,3% grynų ir 85,7% mišrių mikrobų kultūrų.
Naudojant antimikrobinius preparatus paranteraliai ar į raumenis suma-žiname gimdos sekreto mikrobinį užterštumą, tačiau gan svarbu yra parša-vedžių apsivaisinimas. Tai parodo apsėklinimo indeksas. Paršavedėms, ku-rioms prevencijos tikslu į raumenis švirkštėme 2,5% Sol. Cobactan® apsėk-linimo indeksas buvo 1,5±0,52, tai yra 0,14 mažesnis negu kontrolinėje pa-ršavedžių grupėje.
Žemiausi sėklinimo indeksai buvo paršavedžių grupėse, kurioms preven-cijos tikslu naudojome sisteminę metafilaktiką (2,5% Sol. Cobactan® į rau-menis ir Metricure® į gimdą) ir kitoje grupėje - Clamoxyl ®Metritis vien-kartinai į gimdą. Šių bandomųjų grupių paršavedžių apsėklinimo indeksas buvo 1,0. Tai yra, surujojus paršavedėms po paršelių nujunkymo jos apsi-vaisino po pirmojo sėklinimo. Lyginant antros (2,5% Sol.Cobactan® ir Met-ricure®), o taip pat ir trečios (Clamoxyl ®Metritis) grupių paršavedžių ap-sėklinimo indeksus su kontrolinės grupės duomenys statistikai patikimi (<0,034 ir <0,024).
Apie geresnį gimdos išsivalymą po apsiparšiavimo, rodo ne vien aukštas apsėklinimo indeksas, bet ir mažesnis atvestų negyvų paršelių skaičius, di-desnis atvestų paršelių lizdo svoris, nujunkintų paršelių skaičius, bei jų liz-do svoris nujunkymo metu.
IŠVADOS
1. Stambiuose kiaulininkystės kompleksuose paršavedės po apsiparšia-vimo lyties organų ligomis serga dažnai (0,7–87,2%).
2. Veislinių kiaulaičių ir paršavedžių makštyje, gimdoje, šlapimo pūslėje dominuoja Streptococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae šeima ir KNS grynų ir mišrių mikrobų kultūrų asociacijose. Rujojančių kiaulaičių makšties gleivių net 21,6% mėginiai yra sterilūs.
3. Pirmaparšių ir vyresnių paršavedžių rujos metu makšties gleivėse mišrios mikrofloros sudėtyje išskirtas S.aureus (25,0–39,1%).
4. Poskerdiminiai veislinių kiaulaičių gimda 26,10% yra sterili. Tačiau jų makšties kranialinėje dalyje ir šlapimo pūslėje išskirta grynos (52,20%) ir mišrios mikrobų asociacijos (21,70%) kurias sudarė Streptococcus spp.,
Enterobacteriaceae šeima ir KNS. Pirmaparšių ir vyresnių paršavedžių
išbrokuotų dėl neapsivaisinimo, iš lyties organų išskirtas S.aureus (25– 39,10% ).
5. Išbrokuotų dėl neapsivaisinimo paršavedžių gimdos gleivinėje nustatyti morfologiniai pokyčiai: subepiteliniame sluoksnyje stipri
limfo-citinė bei neutrofilinė infiltracija, aplink liaukas išvešėjęs jungiamasis audinys, jos deformuotos ar atrofuotos. Pūlinio endometrito atveju – pūliai gimdos spindyje, aplink kraujagysles ir liaukas gausi leukocitų infiltracija.
6. Paršiavimosi metu estradiolo 17β ir progesterono santykis kraujyje nulemia jo trukmę, atvestų paršelių gyvybingumą. Pirmaparšių žemesnis estradiolo 17β kiekis kraujyje padidino 1,2-1,4 negyvų paršelių skaičių lygi-nant su vėlesnių apsiparšiavimų kiaulėmis.
7.Pašariniai priedai Spectinomix 110 ir Lincosint 110 šeriant juos pas-kutines 10 dienų iki paršiavimosi turėjo įtakos paršelių gyvybingumui. At-junkinta paršelių 5%-13% daugiau negu kontrolinėse grupėse (p≤0,037, p≤0,082).
8.Paskutines 3d iki paršiavimosi į raumenis švirkščiant 5ml 5% Sol. En-roxil sumažino makšties užterštumą mikrobais, pagerindami atvestų paršelių gyvybingumą. Bandomojoje grupėje atjunkinta 14,66% (p≤0,001) paršelių daugiau nei kontrolinėse grupėse.
9.Švirkščiant į raumenis 2,5% Sol. Cobactan® gydymo tikslu paršavedžių apvaisinimui sunaudota 0,14 spermos dozių mažiau (p≤0,016), švirkščiant į gimdą Metricure® - 0,5 dozės (p≤0,034) ir Clamoxyl ®Metritis – 0,5 dozes (p≤0,024) negu kontrolinėje grupėje.
Straipsnių sąrašas
1. Laureckienė Ž., Klimaitė J., Bagdonas J., Gerulis G., Aniulis E., Prevalence and diagnostics of the sauses of MMA in sows // Scientific con-ference with international participation. Stara Zagora. 2003, p. 234-239;
2. Laureckienė Ž., Klimaitė J., Mikroorganizmų reikšmė paršavedžių gimdos uždegimui // Tarptautinė doktorantų mokslinė konferencija „Jauni-mas siekia pažangos 2003“ Akademija. 2003, p. 235-241;
3. Laureckienė Ž., Porine chlamidiosis diagnostics // Centre for repro-ductive biology in Uppsala, Uppsala, 2003, 17, p.32-34;
4. Laureckienė Ž., Aniulis E., Preparations Spectinomix 110, Linkosint 110 and Sol. 5% Enroxil. Eficacy in prophylactically treating sow endomer-titis // International scientific conference proceedings, Jelgava, Latvia, 2004, p.168-172;
5. Laureckienė Ž., Klimaitė J., Aniulienė A., Bižokas V. ir Aniulis E. Prevention of sow uterine inflammation // Bulletin of Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, Poland, 2006 (atiduota spausdinimui)
Aprobavimas
Darbo tema paskelbti 5 straipsniai. Rezultatai pristatyti mokslinėse kon-ferencijose:
1. Tarptautinė mokslinė konferencija, Stara Zagora, Bulgarija, 2003 06 01-05;
2. Mini simpoziumas „Farm animal reproduction – conserving local ge-netic resorces“, Ariogala, Lietuva, 2003 09 13-15;
3. VI tarptautinė mokslinė konferencija , Kaunas, Lietuva 2003 10 02 Tema: Mokslinė konferencija „Jaunimas siekia pažangos“, LŽŪU, Lie-tuva, 2003 11 14-15;
Dalyvavimas konferencijose, seminaruose
1. Nova – Bova „Bovine reproduction“, Tartu, Estija, 2003 05 12-16; 2. Kiaulių gydymas ir profilaktika dideliame auginimo sektoriuje, Kau-nas, Lietuva, 2003 06 08
4. Mokslinė konferencija „Gyvulių reprodukcijos ir praktikos aktuali-jos”// LVA, Lietuva, 2004 05 20
5. Mokslinė konferencija „Animals, Health. Food Quality“, Jelgava, Latvija, 2004 10 14-15;
6. VI Middle Europe Buiatrics Congress.“Achievements and prospects of ruminants medicine“ Krakow, Poland. 2005 06 01-04.
TRUMPOS ŽINIOS APIE AUTORIŲ
Žaneta Laureckienė gimė 1971m. Marijampolės raj. Baigė Kazlų Rūdos vid. mokyklą 1988m. 1990m. įstojo į Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos (LVA) Veterinarijos fakultetą. Aukštojo mokslo diplomas įgytas 1995m. 1995-1997m. studijavo LVA magistrantūroje, Užkrečiamųjų ligų katedroje. Veterinarijos mokslų magistro laipsnis įgytas 1997m. 2002m. įstojo į LVA, Neužkrečiamųjų ligų katedroje doktorantūros studijas.
Maketavo: R. Trainienė
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