1. Rights UNH. The Right to Water.
2. Gianfranco Finzi ULA, Paolo Cacciari, Gabriele Pelissero, Alessandro Finzi, Daniele Nepa, Stefania Villani. LE ACQUE IN AMBITO SANITARIO: caratteristiche, usi, problematiche ed indicazioni sulle metodologie di controllo. 2010.
3. M LP. Principi di microbiologia medica. 2002.
4. WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 1 Recommendations. 2008. 5. Consumers E. La normativa acqua che fa acqua – Parte 2. 2019.
6. Arpae. L'INQUINAMENTO MICROBIOLOGICO.
7. Craun GF. Water Not Sole Source of Disease Transmission. Journal AWWA 1986; 78(7): 4-.
8. Rossie Jr WL. Control of Water Quality in Transmission and Distribution Systems.
Journal AWWA 1975; 67(8): 425-7.
9. Nagy La Fau - Olson BH, Olson BH. The occurrence of filamentous fungi in drinking water distribution systems. (0008-4166 (Print)).
10. Italiana GudR. DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 2 febbraio 2001, n. 31. 2001. 11. Italiana GUdR. DECRETO 10 febbraio 2015 2015.
12. Repubblica GUd. DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 8 ottobre 2011, n. 176 2011.
13. Parsek MR, Singh PK. Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis. (0066-4227 (Print)).
14. Watnick P, Kolter R. Biofilm, city of microbes. (0021-9193 (Print)).
15. Lindsay D, von Holy A. Bacterial biofilms within the clinical setting: what healthcare professionals should know. (0195-6701 (Print)).
16. Donlan RM. Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. (1080-6040 (Print)).
17. Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton J, Stoodley P. Bacterial Biofilms: From the Natural Environment to Infectious Diseases. Nature reviews Microbiology 2004; 2: 95-108.
18. Exner M, Kramer A Fau - Lajoie L, Lajoie L Fau - Gebel J, Gebel J Fau - Engelhart S, Engelhart S Fau - Hartemann P, Hartemann P. Prevention and control of health care- associated waterborne infections in health care facilities. (0196-6553 (Print)).
19. de Moel P, Verberk JQJC, Dijk J. Drinking water: Principles and practices; 2006. 20. Allison S, Martiny J. Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 2008; 105 Suppl 1: 11512-9.
21. Shade A, Peter H, Allison S, et al. Fundamentals of Microbial Community Resistance and Resilience. Frontiers in Microbiology 2012; 3: 417.
22. V. Gomez-Alvarez aSP, a J. G. Pressman,a D. G. Wahmana and R. P. Revetta. Resilience of microbial communities in a simulated drinking water distribution system subjected to disturbances: role of conditionally rare taxa and potential implications for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 2016.
23. Hwang C, Ling F Fau - Andersen GL, Andersen Gl Fau - LeChevallier MW, LeChevallier Mw Fau - Liu W-T, Liu WT. Microbial community dynamics of an urban drinking water distribution system subjected to phases of chloramination and chlorination treatments. (1098-5336 (Electronic)).
24. Ortolano GA, McAlister MB, Angelbeck JA, et al. Hospital water point-of-use filtration: A complementary strategy to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection. American
Journal of Infection Control 2005; 33(5, Supplement): S1-S19.
25. McDade Je Fau - Shepard CC, Shepard Cc Fau - Fraser DW, Fraser Dw Fau - Tsai TR, Tsai Tr Fau - Redus MA, Redus Ma Fau - Dowdle WR, Dowdle WR. Legionnaires' disease: isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in other respiratory disease. (0028-4793 (Print)).
26. Winn WC, Jr. Legionnaires disease: historical perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 1988; 1(1): 60-81.
27. Fields BS, Benson Rf Fau - Besser RE, Besser RE. Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation. (0893-8512 (Print)).
28. Brabender W Fau - Hinthorn DR, Hinthorn Dr Fau - Asher M, Asher M Fau - Lindsey NJ, Lindsey Nj Fau - Liu C, Liu C. Legionella pneumophila wound infection. (0098-7484 (Print)).
29. Lowry PW, Tompkins LS. Nosocomial legionellosis: a review of pulmonary and extrapulmonary syndromes. (0196-6553 (Print)).
30. Lowry PW, Blankenship Rj Fau - Gridley W, Gridley W Fau - Troup NJ, Troup Nj Fau - Tompkins LS, Tompkins LS. A cluster of legionella sternal-wound infections due to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated tap water. (0028-4793 (Print)).
31. Rogers J, Dowsett Ab Fau - Dennis PJ, Dennis Pj Fau - Lee JV, Lee Jv Fau - Keevil CW, Keevil CW. Influence of Plumbing Materials on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Legionella pneumophila in Potable Water Systems. (0099-2240 (Print)).
32. Wingender J, Flemming HC. Contamination potential of drinking water distribution network biofilms. (0273-1223 (Print)).
33. Freije MR. Formulating a risk reduction strategy for waterborne pathogens in hospital water systems. (0196-6553 (Print)).
34. Barker J, Brown MR. Trojan horses of the microbial world: protozoa and the survival of bacterial pathogens in the environment. (1350-0872 (Print)).
35. Axelsson-Olsson D, Waldenström J, Broman T, Olsen B, Holmberg M. Protozoan Acanthamoeba polyphaga as a potential reservoir for Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ
Microbiol 2005; 71(2): 987-92.
36. Hsu PP, Kang Sa Fau - Rameseder J, Rameseder J Fau - Zhang Y, et al. The mTOR- regulated phosphoproteome reveals a mechanism of mTORC1-mediated inhibition of growth factor signaling. (1095-9203 (Electronic)).
37. Buse HY, Ashbolt NJ. Counting Legionella cells within single amoeba host cells. (1098-5336 (Electronic)).
38. Leoni E, De Luca G Fau - Legnani PP, Legnani Pp Fau - Sacchetti R, Sacchetti R Fau - Stampi S, Stampi S Fau - Zanetti F, Zanetti F. Legionella waterline colonization: detection of Legionella species in domestic, hotel and hospital hot water systems. (1364- 5072 (Print)).
39. Wright AE. LEGIONELLA IN HOTELS AND HOSPITALS. The Lancet 1985; 326(8458): 776.
40. Borella P, Guerrieri E Fau - Marchesi I, Marchesi I Fau - Bondi M, Bondi M Fau - Messi P, Messi P. Water ecology of Legionella and protozoan: environmental and public health perspectives. (1387-2656 (Print)).
41. Kokkinos P, Gogos C, Alamanos Y, Vantarakis A. Prevalence of Legionella spp. in water systems of hospitals and hotels in South Western Greece. International journal of
42. Erdogan H, Arslan H. Colonization of Legionella Species in Hotel Water Systems in Turkey. Journal of travel medicine 2007; 14: 369-73.
43. Piemonte R. Raccomandazioni per la sorveglianza, la prevenzione e il controllo di polmoniti da legionella.
44. Fine MJ, Auble Te Fau - Yealy DM, Yealy Dm Fau - Hanusa BH, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. (0028-4793 (Print)). 45. Conte M. Microbiologia medica. Batteriologia e virologia 2015.
46. WHO. Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis. 2007.
47. salute Md. Linee guida per la prevenzione ed il controllo della legionellosi. 2000. 48. ISO. Water quality-detection and enumeration of Legionella. 1998.
49. ISO. Water quality-detection and enumeration of Legionella. 2004.
50. Delia S, Laganà P, Minutoli E. Occurrence of Legionella in beach shower facilities.
J Prev Med Hyg 2007; 48(4): 114-7.
51. Napoli C, Fasano F, Iatta R, Barbuti G, Cuna T, Montagna MT. Legionella spp. and legionellosis in southeastern Italy: disease epidemiology and environmental surveillance in community and health care facilities. BMC Public Health 2010; 10(1): 660.
52. Palmore TN, Stock F, White M, et al. A cluster of cases of nosocomial legionnaires disease linked to a contaminated hospital decorative water fountain. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol 2009; 30(8): 764-8.
53. Costa J, d'Avó AF, da Costa MS, Veríssimo A. Molecular evolution of key genes for type II secretion in Legionella pneumophila. Environmental Microbiology 2012; 14(8): 2017-33.
54. Haupt TE, Heffernan Rt Fau - Kazmierczak JJ, Kazmierczak Jj Fau - Nehls-Lowe H, et al. An outbreak of Legionnaires disease associated with a decorative water wall fountain in a hospital. (1559-6834 (Electronic)).
55. Montagna MT, Cristina ML, De Giglio O, et al. Serological and molecular identification of Legionella spp. isolated from water and surrounding air samples in Italian healthcare facilities. Environmental Research 2016; 146: 47-50.
56. Stallworth C, Steed L, Fisher MA, Nolte FS. Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella londiniensis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50(12): 4178-9.
57. Svarrer CW, Uldum SA. The occurrence of Legionella species other than Legionella pneumophila in clinical and environmental samples in Denmark identified by mip gene sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2012; 18(10): 1004-9.
58. Isenman HL, Chambers ST, Pithie AD, et al. Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae: Clinical features and outcomes of 107 cases from an endemic area.
Respirology 2016; 21(7): 1292-9.
59. Vaccaro L, Izquierdo F, Magnet A, et al. First Case of Legionnaire's Disease Caused by Legionella anisa in Spain and the Limitations on the Diagnosis of Legionella non- pneumophila Infections. PloS one 2016; 11(7): e0159726.
60. Rota MC, Pontrelli G, Scaturro M, et al. Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Rome, Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133(5): 853-9.
61. Castellani Pastoris M, Ciceroni L, Lo Monaco R, et al. Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a cooling tower in Genova-Sestri Ponente, Italy. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official
62. Rota M, Scaturro M, Fontana S, et al. Cluster of travel-associated Legionnaires disease in Lazise, Italy, July to August 2011. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les
maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin 2011; 16(40).
63. Scaturro M, Fontana S, Crippa S, et al. An unusually long-lasting outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease, 2005-2008, Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143(11): 2416-25.
64. ECDC. Legionnaires' disease - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017. 2017. 65. Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10(4): 720-41.
66. Carraro E, Bonetta S, Palumbo F, Gilli G. Rischio microbiologico associato al consumo di acqua potabile nei paesi industrializzati. 2004.
67. Smith JL. The role of gastric acid in preventing foodborne disease and how bacteria overcome acid conditions. Journal of food protection 2003; 66(7): 1292-303.
68. Montecucco C, Rappuoli R. Living dangerously: how Helicobacter pylori survives in the human stomach. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 2001; 2(6): 457-66.
69. Foster JW. Escherichia coli acid resistance: tales of an amateur acidophile. Nat Rev
Microbiol 2004; 2(11): 898-907.
70. Bansil R, Celli JP, Hardcastle JM, Turner BS. The Influence of Mucus Microstructure and Rheology in Helicobacter pylori Infection. Frontiers in immunology 2013; 4: 310.
71. Stark RM, Gerwig GJ, Pitman RS, et al. Biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori.
Letters in applied microbiology 1999; 28(2): 121-6.
72. Mizoguchi H, Fujioka T, Kishi K, Nishizono A, Kodama R, Nasu M. Diversity in Protein Synthesis and Viability of<em>Helicobacter pylori</em> Coccoid Forms in Response to Various Stimuli. Infection and immunity 1998; 66(11): 5555.
73. SHIRAI M, KAKADA J, SHIBATA K, MORSHED MG, MATSUSHITA T, NAKAZAWA T. Accumulation of polyphosphate granules in Helicobacter pylori cells under anaerobic conditions. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2000; 49(6): 513-9.
74. Baldwin DN, Shepherd B, Kraemer P, et al. Identification of Helicobacter pylori genes that contribute to stomach colonization. Infection and immunity 2007; 75(2): 1005-16. 75. Hofman P, Waidner B, Hofman V, Bereswill S, Brest P, Kist M. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2004; 9 Suppl 1: 15-22.
76. Marshall B. Helicobacter pylori: 20 years on. Clinical medicine (London, England) 2002; 2(2): 147-52.
77. Sipponen P. Update on the pathologic approach to the diagnosis of gastritis, gastric atrophy, and Helicobacter pylori and its sequelae. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2001; 32(3): 196-202.
78. Hopkins RJ, Girardi LS, Turney EA. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori eradication and reduced duodenal and gastric ulcer recurrence: a review. Gastroenterology 1996; 110(4): 1244-52.
79. Pietroiusti A, Forlini A, Magrini A, Galante A, Bergamaschi A. Isolated H. pylori duodenal colonization and idiopathic duodenal ulcers. The American journal of
gastroenterology 2008; 103(1): 55-61.
80. Zagari RM, Fuccio L, Bazzoli F. Investigating dyspepsia. BMJ (Clinical research
ed) 2008; 337: a1400.
81. Nardone G, Staibano S, Rocco A, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and its eradication on cell proliferation, DNA status, and oncogene expression in patients with chronic gastritis. Gut 1999; 44(6): 789-99.
83. Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Diss TC, et al. Regression of primary low-grade B- cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet (London, England) 1993; 342(8871): 575-7.
84. Robinson K, Argent Rh Fau - Atherton JC, Atherton JC. The inflammatory and immune response to Helicobacter pylori infection. (1521-6918 (Print)).
85. C Dube TN, AM Clarke, N Mkwetshana. Helicobacter pylori antigenemia in an asymptomatic population of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: public health implications. 2009.
86. Hultén K, Enroth H Fau - Nyström T, Nyström T Fau - Engstrand L, Engstrand L. Presence of Helicobacter species DNA in Swedish water. (1364-5072 (Print)).
87. West AP, Millar MR, Tompkins DS. Effect of physical environment on survival of Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45(3): 228-31.
88. Klein PD, Graham DY, Gaillour A, Opekun AR, Smith EO. Water source as risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children. Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group. Lancet (London, England) 1991; 337(8756): 1503-6.
89. Bardhan PK. Epidemiological features of Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases
Society of America 1997; 25(5): 973-8.
90. Malaty HM, Graham DY, Isaksson I, Engstrand L, Pedersen NL. Co-twin Study of the Effect of Environment and Dietary Elements on Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori Infection. American Journal of Epidemiology 1998; 148(8): 793-7.
91. Ahmed KS, Khan AA, Ahmed I, et al. Impact of household hygiene and water source on the prevalence and transmission of Helicobacter pylori: a South Indian perspective.
Singapore medical journal 2007; 48(6): 543-9.
92. Perry S, de la Luz Sanchez M, Yang S, et al. Gastroenteritis and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in households. Emerging infectious diseases 2006; 12(11): 1701-8.
93. Riley MA, Wertz JE. Bacteriocins: Evolution, Ecology, and Application. Annual
Review of Microbiology 2002; 56(1): 117-37.
94. Azevedo R. Understanding the complex nature of self-regulatory processes in learning with computer-based learning environments: An introduction. Metacognition and
Learning 2007; 2: 57-65.
95. Moreno Y, Piqueres P, Alonso JL, Jiménez A, González A, Ferrús MA. Survival and viability of Helicobacter pylori after inoculation into chlorinated drinking water. Water
Research 2007; 41(15): 3490-6.
96. Braganra S, Azevedo N, Simões L, Keevil C, Vieira M. Use of fluorescent in situ hybridisation for the visualisation of Helicobacter pylori in real drinking water biofilms.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 2007; 55: 387-93.
97. Winiecka-Krusnell J, Wreiber K, von Euler A, Engstrand L, Linder E. Free-living amoebae promote growth and survival of Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian journal of
infectious diseases 2002; 34(4): 253-6.
98. Gribbon LT, Barer MR. Oxidative metabolism in nonculturable Helicobacter pylori and Vibrio vulnificus cells studied by substrate-enhanced tetrazolium reduction and digital image processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61(9): 3379-84.
99. Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA. DVC-FISH and PMA- qPCR techniques to assess the survival of Helicobacter pylori inside Acanthamoeba castellanii. Research in microbiology 2016; 167(1): 29-34.
100. Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA. Detection of viable Helicobacter pylori inside free-living amoebae in wastewater and drinking water samples from Eastern Spain. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19(10): 4103-12.
101. Venneman K, Huybrechts I, Gunter MJ, Vandendaele L, Herrero R, Van Herck K. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Europe and the impact of lifestyle on its natural evolution toward stomach cancer after infection: A systematic review.
Helicobacter 2018; 23(3): e12483.
102. Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, Samuel DG, Thorne K, Akbari A, Williams JG. Review article: the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and the incidence of gastric cancer across Europe. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2016; 43(3): 334-45.
103. Matysiak-Budnik T, Mégraud F. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection with special reference to professional risk. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official
journal of the Polish Physiological Society 1997; 48 Suppl 4: 3-17.
104. De Giacomo C, Lisato L, Negrini R, Licardi G, Maggiore G. Serum immune response to Helicobacter pylori in children: epidemiologic and clinical applications. The Journal of
pediatrics 1991; 119(2): 205-10.
105. Roma E, Panayiotou J, Pachoula J, et al. Intrafamilial spread of Helicobacter pylori infection in Greece. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2009; 43(8): 711-5.
106. Quaglia NC, Dambrosio A. Helicobacter pylori: A foodborne pathogen? World J
Gastroenterol 2018; 24(31): 3472-87.
107. Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, et al. Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet (London, England) 1992; 339(8798): 896-7.
108. Palli D, Vaira D, Menegatti M, Saieva C. A serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in 3281 Italian patients endoscoped for upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 1997; 11(4): 719-28.
109. Giannuzzi F, Giannuzzi U, Bianciardi L, et al. Risk factors for acquiring Helicobacter pylori infection in a group of Tuscan teenagers. The new microbiologica 2001; 24(2): 165- 70.
110. Dutil S, Tessier S, Veillette M, et al. Detection of Legionella spp. by fluorescent in situ hybridization in dental unit waterlines. Journal of applied microbiology 2006; 100(5): 955-63.
111. Baker KH, Hegarty JP. Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water is associated with clinical infection. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2001; 33(10): 744-6.
112. Ho SA, Hoyle JA, Lewis FA, et al. Direct polymerase chain reaction test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29(11): 2543-9. 113. L. B. La validazione dei metodi microbiologici: aspetti applicativi, controllo del processo analitico e valutazione dell’operatore. In Atti Documento Arpa Emilia Romagna,
Giornata di formazione, Bologna, 25 novembre 2004, 1-28 2004.
114. Dietersdorfer E, Kirschner A, Schrammel B, et al. Starved viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Legionella strains can infect and replicate in amoebae and human macrophages.
Water Research 2018; 141: 428-38.
115. Totaro M, Casini B, Valentini P, Miccoli M, Lopalco PL, Baggiani A. Assessing natural mineral water microbiology quality in the absence of cultivable pathogen bacteria.
Journal of Water and Health 2018; 16(3): 425-34.
116. He LM, Lu J, Shi W. Variability of fecal indicator bacteria in flowing and ponded waters in southern California: implications for bacterial TMDL development and implementation. Water Res 2007; 41(14): 3132-40.