• Non ci sono risultati.

L’acquisizione della scrittura

la competenza notazionale

1. L’acquisizione della scrittura

Nello studio dello sviluppo delle competenze di scrittura nel corso del primo ciclo di ZJ\VSHWYPTHYPHJPZPH[[LUKLJOLPSIHTIPUVPTWHYPHWHKYVULNNPHYLSHZJYP[[\YHZ[Y\TLU-[HSL)VZJOP)PNVaaPL-HSHZJOP LTL[[HX\LZ[HJHWHJP[nHSZLY]PaPVKP\U\ZVWPƒ

HY[PJVSH[VKLSSHZJYP[[\YHYHWWYLZLU[H[VKHSSH[LZ[\HSP[n)VZJVSV"

0STHUJH[VYHNNP\UNPTLU[VKLSSLHIPSP[nZ[Y\TLU[HSPOHNYH]PJVUZLN\LUaLZPHWLYPS

JVUZVSPKHTLU[VKLSS»H[[P]P[nKPZJYP[[\YHKP[LZ[PZPHWPƒPUNLULYHSLWLYSVZ]PS\WWVKP[\[[L

SL Z\JJLZZP]L HIPSP[n ZJVSHZ[PJOL 3»HJX\PZPaPVUL KP HKLN\H[L JVTWL[LUaL VY[VNYHÄJOL

costituisce infatti una tappa cruciale per il conseguimento di capacità avanzate in scrit-tura.

3»HJX\PZPaPVULKLSSHZJYP[[\YHPUPaPHSLOHPUVS[YLPTWVY[HU[PPU[LYJVUULZZPVUPHUJOLJVU

S»HWWYLUKPTLU[VKLSSHSL[[\YHJVTLLZWSPJP[HTLU[LZLNUHSH[VKHPTVKLSSPKP-YP[O 

LKP.VZ^HTPL)Y`HU[ "U\TLYVZLZVUVHUJOLSLJVUMLYTLLTWPYPJOLKLSS»PTWVY-[HUaHKP\UHPKLU[PÄJHaPVULWYLJVJLKLSSLKPɉJVS[nJVUULZZLHSSLWYPTLMHZPKPZJYP[[\YHHP

ÄUPKP\USVYVZ\WLYHTLU[VAHUVIPUPL<ZHP

3HI\VUHWHKYVUHUaHHSP]LSSVZ[Y\TLU[HSLuJVUKPaPVULULJLZZHYPHTHUVUZ\ɉJPLU-[LWLYS»HJX\PZPaPVULKP\U»HKLN\H[HJVTWL[LUaHHSP]LSSV[LZ[\HSL+L)LYUHYKPL(U[VSPUP



0STHUJH[VYHNNP\UNPTLU[VKLSSLHIPSP[nZ[Y\TLU[HSPOHNYH]PJVUZLN\LUaLZPHWLYPS

JVUZVSPKHTLU[V KLSS»H[[P]P[n KP ZJYP[[\YH KP [LZ[P ZPH WPƒ PU NLULYHSL WLY SV Z]PS\WWV KP

[\[[LSLZ\JJLZZP]LHIPSP[nZJVSHZ[PJOL"HKLZZVZPHZZVJPHUVPSYPZJOPVKPWYLJVJPKPɉJVS[n

ULSS»HJX\PZPaPVULKLSSLTL[LLK\JH[P]LLWPƒPUNLULYHSLHSJ\ULMVYTLKPKPZHNPVZJVSH-Z[PJV3HYPSL]HUaHKLSSVZ[\KPVKLSSLKPɉJVS[nULSWYVJLZZVKPHSMHIL[PaaHaPVULLTLYNLU[L

risiede nel fatto che il padroneggiamento veloce e corretto della trasposizione segno-Z\VUVLZ\VUVZLNUVuPUMH[[PJVUKPaPVULULJLZZHYPHHUJOLZLUVUZ\ɉJPLU[LWLYJOt

SV Z[\KLU[L UV]PaPV HJJLKH HSSH MHZL PU J\P SH KLJVKPÄJH L SH JVKPÄJH KLP ZLNUP ZJYP[[P

KP]LUNVUV]LPJVSVZ[Y\TLU[HSLUVUHTIPN\VKLSSLJVTWVULU[PZLTHU[PJOLZPU[H[[PJOLL

1+PWHY[PTLU[VKP:JPLUaLKLSSH-VYTHaPVULL7ZPJVSVNPH<UP]LYZP[nKP-PYLUaL

[LZ[\HSPKLSSHJVT\UPJHaPVULZJYP[[H7LYJVU]LYZVPSWLYTHULYLKPKPɉJVS[nPUSL[[\YHLPU

ZJYP[[\YHYPZJOPHKPWYLNP\KPJHYLSVZ]PS\WWVKLSSVZ[\KLU[LLZWLY[V]\VPKPYL[[HTLU[LWLY

PSKPSH[HYZPLKPSWLYTHULYLKLSS»PUNVTIYVTULZ[PJVLJVNUP[P]VJVZ[P[\P[VKHSS»PTWHJJPVZ\S

WPHUVZ[Y\TLU[HSLJVUL]PKLU[PJVUZLN\LUaLHUJOLZ\SWPHUVKLSYLUKPTLU[VPUJVTWP[P

ZJVSHZ[PJPPTWSPJHU[PSHSPUN\HZJYP[[H]\VPPUKPYL[[HTLU[LWLYPSJHSVTV[P]HaPVUHSLMHJPS-TLU[LHZZVJPH[VHSKPSHaPVUHYZPKP\U¸ZHWLYSLNNLYLLZJYP]LYL¹KHWVYZPHSZLY]PaPVKLSSH

scolarizzazione avanzata.

3HSL[[LYH[\YHL]PKLUaPHJVTLPSWYVJLZZVKPHJX\PZPaPVULKLSSHSPUN\HZJYP[[HZPHTLNSPV

JVTWYLUZPIPSLZLPU[LZVJVTL\UJVU[PU\\TL]VS\[P]VJVUSLWYVWYPLVYPNPUPULSSLWYPTL

LZWLYPLUaLKP]P[HKP\UIHTIPUVWP\[[VZ[VJOLJVTL\UMLUVTLUV[\[[VVUPLU[LJOL

inizia con l’avvio della scolarizzazione. Questa prospettiva ha portato a concettualizzare S»LZPZ[LUaHKP\UH¸HSMHIL[PaaHaPVULLTLYNLU[L¹KLÄUPIPSLJVTLS»PUZPLTLKLSSLJVTWL-tenze e delle conoscenze antecedenti l’apprendimento formale di scrittura e lettura e che JVUJVYYVUVHSSHZ\HYLHSPaaHaPVUL;LHSLL:\SaI` 3HWYLZLUaHKP[HSPJVTWL[LUaL

uJVUMLYTH[HHUJOLPUYLSHaPVULHKP]LYZPJVU[LZ[PZVJPVSPUN\PZ[PJP-LYYLPYVL;LILYVZR`

  "7VU[LJVY]V6YZVSPUP)\YNLL9LZUPJR "7PU[V(JJVY[P.HTHUUVZZPL*HTL-YVU"7PU[V(JJVY[P.HTHUUVZZPL*HTLYVU

:[\KPYLJLU[PTVZ[YHUVS»LZPZ[LUaHKPKP]LYZLJVTWL[LUaLKPHSMHIL[PaaHaPVULLTLY-NLU[LWYLZLU[PULPIHTIPUPPUL[nWYLZJVSHYL[YHSVYVKPZ[PU[LLPU[LYYLSH[LJVTLTVZ[YH[V

ULSTVKLSSVTLZZVHW\U[VKH7PU[VLJVSSHIVYH[VYPVNNL[[VKPU\TLYVZLYPJLYJOLW\I-ISPJH[LHSP]LSSVUHaPVUHSLLPU[LYUHaPVUHSL!7PU[VL[HSJMYÄN\YH

3»LSLTLU[VKPUV]P[nKP[HSLTVKLSSVuJVZ[P[\P[VKHSSHWYLZLUaHHJJHU[VHSSL[YHKPaPVUHSP

Figura 1. Un modello di alfabetizzazione emergente per la lingua italiana COMPETENZA

FONOLOGICA

COMPETENZA TESTUALE

CONOSCENZA NOTAZIONALE SUI SISTEMI DI SCRITTURA

individuare le unità sonore che sostituiscono il flusso del linguaggio

e manipolarle intenzionalmente

saper superare il piano della singola unità di significato veicolata dalla parola per costruire una rete di connessioni tra parole

capacità di elaborare forme di scrittura simili all’ortografia convenzionale

JVTWL[LUaLJOLMVYTHUVPSJVZ[Y\[[VKPHSMHIL[PaaHaPVULLTLYNLU[LHIPSP[nSPUN\PZ[PJOLNLUL-YHSPJVTWL[LUaHMVUVSVNPJHLJVTWL[LUaH[LZ[\HSLKP\UMH[[VYLKPJVUVZJLUaHUV[HaPVUHSL

*VU[HSL[LYTPULZPKLZPNUHSHJHWHJP[nKPIHTIPUPWYLZJVSHYP3LHIPSP[nKPZJVTWVYYLSLWHYVSL

ULPZ\VUPJVZ[P[\LU[PLKP[YHK\YYLPZ\VUPJVYYPZWVUKLU[PPUZLNUPVY[VNYHÄJPLKPTL[[LYSPPU

YLSHaPVUL[YHKPSVYVLSHIVYHUKVMVYTLKPZJYP[[\YHZPTPSPHSS»VY[VNYHÄHJVU]LUaPVUHSL

7LYJOt PS JVU[YPI\[V KLSSH YPJLYJH ZPH JVTWSL[V u [\[[H]PH ULJLZZHYPV HWWYVMVUKPYL P

YHWWVY[PJOLPU[LYJVYYVUV[YHSLJVUVZJLUaLLTLYNLU[PKLPIHTIPUPKLSSHZJ\VSHWLYS»PU-MHUaPHLSHJHWHJP[nKPSLNNLYLZJYP]LYLLMHYKPJVU[VJOLJPZPH[[LUKLZPHYHNNP\U[HHS

[LYTPUL KLS WYPTV JPJSV KLSSH ZJ\VSH LSLTLU[HYL 9LSH[P]HTLU[L H X\LZ[V W\U[V Z[\KP

H JHYH[[LYL SVUNP[\KPUHSL Z\SS»HWWYLUKPTLU[V KLSSH SL[[\YH L ZJYP[[\YH OHUUV L]PKLUaPH-[V\UHJVYYLSHaPVULHS[HTLU[LZPNUPÄJH[P]H[YHSHJHWHJP[nKPYPJVUVZJLYLJVYYL[[HTLU[L

Z\VUPLKPWYV]HYLHPU]LU[HYULSHZJYP[[\YHLSHJHWHJP[nKPZJYP[[\YHLSL[[\YHPUPaPHSLPU

WYPTHLSLTLU[HYLJVUMLYTHUKVJOLLɈL[[P]HTLU[LPIHTIPUPWPƒHIPSPMVUVSVNPJHTLU[LL

ZPTIVSPJHTLU[LPTWHYHUVWPƒMHJPSTLU[LHZ[HIPSPYLSHJVYYPZWVUKLUaHNYHMLTHMVULTH

essenziale nelle prime fasi dell’imparare a leggere e a scrivere.

3VZ[\KPVKLSSH]HSPKP[nWYLKP[[P]HKP[HSLTVKLSSV7PU[VL[HS TL[[LPUS\JLPT-WVY[HU[PLSLTLU[PKPUV]P[nULSTVKVPUJ\PSLKP]LYZLHIPSP[nKPHSMHIL[PaaHaPVULLTLYNLU[L

JVUJVYYVUVHSS»HJX\PZPaPVULKLSSHJHWHJP[nMVYTHSPaaH[HKPSLNNLYLLZJYP]LYL3HJVUZH-WL]VSLaaHUV[HaPVUHSLWYLKPJLS»HJX\PZPaPVULKLSSHJVYYL[[LaaHVY[VNYHÄJHUVUJOtKLSSH

JVKPÄJHLKLJVKPÄJHHSMHIL[PJHZPHULSSVZ]PS\WWVUVYTHSLJOLPUX\LSSVH[PWPJVTLNSPV

LWPƒKPX\HU[VUVUMHJJPHSHJVUZHWL]VSLaaHMVUVSVNPJH[YHKPaPVUHSTLU[LJVUZPKLYH[H

JLU[YHSLWLYWYLWHYHYLHSSHSL[[\YHLZJYP[[\YHJMYÄN\YH

Figura 2. La predittività del modello sulla scrittura strumentale COMPETENZA

FONOLOGICA

CONOSCENZA NOTAZIONALE SUI SISTEMI DI SCRITTURA

Scrittura di parole (fluidità)

Scrittura di numeri (fluidità)

Dettato di non parole (correttezza)

Dettato di parole (correttezza)

La potenza predittiva del modello mostra come la conoscenza notazionale sui sistemi KPZJYP[[\YHZPH\UPTWVY[HU[LWYLKP[[VYLKLSSLJVTWL[LUaLKPZJYP[[\YHPUPaPHSPJVYYL[[LaaH

e velocità ). Per imparare a scrivere e leggere parole è necessario sviluppare una sen-ZPIPSP[nHSSHM\UaPVULKLPZLNUPLU[YVPSJVKPJLZJYP[[VTLU[YLSHJVTWL[LUaHMVUVSVNPJH

emerge come predittiva solo della scrittura sotto dettatura di non parole e la competen-za testuale non predice nessuna delle competenze strumentali in scrittura indagate. La JVUVZJLUaHUV[HaPVUHSLLZWYLZZPVULKP\UHZLUZPIPSP[nHSSHM\UaPVULJOLPZLNUPZ]VSNVUV

PUYLSHaPVULHPZ\VUPHSS»PU[LYUVKLSJVKPJLZJYP[[VHWWHYLK\UX\L\U»HIPSP[nJY\JPHSLPUL[n

WYLZJVSHYLWLYJOtJVUZLU[LSHJVKPÄJHJVYYL[[HKLPZLNUPZJYP[[PLKuZPNUPÄJH[P]HTLU[L

JVYYLSH[HJVUSLJVTWL[LUaLKPZJYP[[\YHPUPaPHSPPUWHY[PJVSHYLJVUSHJVYYL[[LaaHVY[VNYH-ÄJHJPVuPS[YHK\YYLPUZLNUPVY[VNYHÄJPSHWHYVSHLSLZ\LJVTWVULU[PZVUVYL

 3H WVZZPIPSP[n KP PUKP]PK\HYL HUJVYH WYPTH KLSS»HSMHIL[PaaHaPVUL MVYTHSPaaH[H KP]LYZP

NYHKPKPZLUZPIPSP[nHSSLYLNVSLKPUV[HaPVULVY[VNYHÄJHJVU[YPI\PZJLHYHɈVYaHYL\UHSP-ULHPU[LYWYL[H[P]HJOLOHKPTVZ[YH[VJOLZPHULPIHTIPUPJOLULNSPHK\S[PPJVTWP[PJOL

]HS\[HUVSHWYVJLZZHaPVULVY[VNYHÄJHZVUVHSSHIHZLKLSSH]HYPHIPSP[nPUKP]PK\HSLULSS»HS-MHIL[PaaHaPVULMVYTHSPaaH[HHUJOLH]LUKVLZJS\ZVSH]HYPHUaHHZZVJPH[HHSS»LSHIVYHaPVUL

MVUVSVNPJH*\UUPUNOHTL:[HUV]PJO 

,SLTLU[V\S[LYPVYLKPNYHUKLPU[LYLZZLuSHJHWHJP[nKLSSHJVTWL[LUaHUV[HaPVUHSLPU

L[n WYLZJVSHYL KP WYLKPYL UVU ZVSV S»HKLN\H[LaaH KLSS»HSMHIL[PaaHaPVUL MVYTHSPaaH[H TH

HUJOLSLZ\LKPɉJVS[nLKPZ[\YIPX\HSPSHKPZSLZZPHLSHKPZVY[VNYHÄH!YLJLU[PYPJLYJOLTV-Z[YHUVPUMH[[PJOLPZVNNL[[PJOLTHUPMLZ[HUVX\LZ[PKPZ[\YIPZWLJPÄJPKLSS»HWWYLUKPTLU[V

ULSJVYZVKLS[LYaVHUUVKLSSHZJ\VSHWYPTHYPHZPKPɈLYLUaPHUVHJPUX\LHUUPKHPSVYVJV-L[HULP:636ULSSHJHWHJP[nUV[HaPVUHSLTLU[YLPU]LJLZVUVHKLZZPPKLU[PJPWLYX\HU[V

YPN\HYKHSLHS[YLMVYTLKPHSMHIL[PaHaaPVULLTLYNLU[LJVUZHWL]VSLaaHMVUVSVNPJHPUJS\-ZH8\LZ[HJVTWL[LUaHKPZ[PU[HKHX\LSSHMVUVSVNPJHNPnHSP]LSSVWYLZJVSHYLWV[YLIIL

JVU[YPI\PYLHZWPLNHYLJVTLTHPHSJ\UPPUKP]PK\PJOLOHUUV\UHI\VUHJVTWL[LUaHMVUV-SVNPJHUVUPTWHYHUVHSLNNLYLLZJYP]LYLHKLN\H[HTLU[L)PNVaaP

*VZ»uK\UX\LX\LZ[HJVZyJY\JPHSLJHWHJP[n&

3HJVUZHWL]VSLaaHUV[HaPVUHSLZPYPMLYPZJLHSS»HJX\PZPaPVULKLP]HYPZPZ[LTPKPUV[HaPVUL

JOLJVTWHPVUVULSWLYPVKVWYLZJVSHYL!KPZLNUVZJYP[[\YHHSMHIL[PJHZJYP[[\YHKPU\TLYP

UV[HaPVULT\ZPJHSLZLNUPKP]LYZPJOLPSIHTIPUV]LKLJVZ[HU[LTLU[LPU[YLJJPH[PULSTVUKV

JOLSVJPYJVUKHLJOLLNSPZ[LZZVWYVK\JLWYLJVJLTLU[LLZPUJYVUPJHTLU[LPU\UHZVY[H

KP¸IYPJVSHNL¹JOLPUZLUZVJVNUP[P]VTLZJVSHPUZPLTLPTTHNPUPLZJYP[[\YHZLNUPKLÄUP[VYP

LZLNUPL]VJH[P]PZLNUPSL[[LYHSPLZLNUPHZ[YH[[PZLNUPWLYZVUHSPLZLNUPJVU]LUaPVUHSP

3HJVUZHWL]VSLaaHJOLPSIHTIPUVZ]PS\WWHJPYJHSHUH[\YHKLPKP]LYZPSPUN\HNNPWP[[V-YPJVZPTIVSPJVLJJJOLPTWSPJHUVPU[LUaPVUHSP[nLYPÅLZZPVULZ\SSLWYVWYPLHaPVUPuWHY[L

integrante del processo che conduce al pensiero indipendente o decontestualizzato. Il WLUZPLYVu\U»H[[P]P[nJOLPTWSPJHS»H]LYLHJOLMHYLJVUZPTIVSPTLU[HSPJOLJPTL[[VUV

PUJVUKPaPVULKP[LULYLPUTLU[LJLY[LLU[P[nVNNL[[PWYVWVZPaPVUP"SVZ]PS\WWVJVNUP[P]V

può essere considerato come l’accrescersi e l’espandersi del potere rappresentazionale.

:LJVUKVX\LZ[HWYVZWL[[P]HPIHTIPUPZVUVWYLJVJLTLU[LPTWLNUH[PPU\UWYVJLZ-ZVKPJVUJL[[\HSPaaHaPVULKLPZLNUPZJYP[[PH[[YH]LYZVS»LSHIVYHaPVULJVU[PU\HKPPWV[LZP

MVYT\SH[LWLYJLYJHYLKPJVTWYLUKLYSPLPU[LYWYL[HYSPVS[YLJOLWLY\[PSPaaHYSP(WWYLUKLYL

JPHZJ\UZPZ[LTHKPYHWWYLZLU[HaPVULZPNUPÄJHWYVNYLKPYLKHSSHWHKYVUHUaHKLSSLMVYTL

Z[Y\TLU[HSPWYVWYPLKPX\LSJVKPJLHSSHÅLZZPIPSP[nULSSVYV\ZVWLYNP\UNLYLHSSHJHWHJP[n

KPYPÅL[[LYLZ\SZPZ[LTHZ[LZZVH\UHJVUZHWL]VSLJVTWYLUZPVULKLSSLZ\LYLNVSLLWYV-WYPL[nLH\UTHNNPVYLJVU[YVSSVKLSZ\V\ZV(IIPHTVNPnKL[[VJVTLSHJVTWL[LUaH

UV[HaPVUHSL UVU ZP LZH\YPZJH ULSSH JVUVZJLUaH KLNSP HZWL[[P LZLJ\[P]P KLP ]HYP ZPZ[LTP

THKLIIHPUJS\KLYLSHKPTLUZPVULTL[HJVNUP[P]HPULYLU[LSHWYHNTH[PJHV]]LYVSLJVU-KPaPVUPKLSM\UaPVUHTLU[VKPJPHZJ\UJVKPJLNSPZJVWPJOLHZZVS]LSLM\UaPVUPHKLZZV

assegnate nel contesto comunicativo.

,X\HSPZVUVSLJVUVZJLUaLKLPIHTIPUPHSYPN\HYKV&

3VZ]PS\WWVKLP]HYPZPZ[LTPKPYHWWYLZLU[HaPVULUV[HaPVUHSL¶JVTLSHZJYP[[\YHSH

UV[HaPVULU\TLYPJHPSKPZLNUVÄN\YH[P]V¶ZLN\LZ[YHKLKP]LYZLPUJ\PPU[LY]LUNVUVPU

misura diversa le esperienze educative in generale e l’istruzione formale in particolare.

6IPL[[P]VKLSUVZ[YVPU[LYLZZLuPSIHTIPUVJVZ[Y\[[VYLKPJVUVZJLUaLZLJVUKVPSWYL- Z\WWVZ[VWPHNL[PHUVLHUJOLPSIHTIPUVZVJPHSLTLTIYVKP\UHJVT\UP[nJOLVɈYLJVU-[PU\LZP[\HaPVUPKPZ[PTVSVKPJVUMYVU[VKPJVUÅP[[VLKP]HSPKHaPVULKLSSLWYVWYPLPWV[LZP

JVUVZJP[P]L,ZHTPULYLTVVYH]HYPLYPJLYJOLHSJ\ULJVUKV[[LKHUVP]VS[LHPUKHNHYL

KPX\HSPJVUVZJLUaLKPZWVUNVUVPIHTIPUPMYHP[YLLKPZLPHUUPYLSH[P]HTLU[LHPKP]LYZP

ZPZ[LTPKPZPTIVSPaaHaPVULKPZLNUVZJYP[[\YHKPWHYVSLLZJYP[[\YHKPU\TLYP"PUX\LZ[H

prospettiva intenderemo per conoscenze: a) la padronanza tecnico – strumentale dei vari JVKPJP!JVZHZH¸MHYL¹PSIHTIPUV"ISHTL[HJVUZHWL]VSLaaHYLSH[P]HHP]HYPJVKPJP!JVZH

¸JVUVZJL¹KLSSLSVYVM\UaPVUPLKLSS»\ZVZVJPHSLKLP]HYPJVKPJP&*VZHZHKLSSLWYVWYPL

JHWHJP[nLX\HU[VNYHKPZJLSLH[[P]P[nPULYLU[PPKP]LYZPJVKPJP&