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FrancoAngeli
Les RIPAM (Rencontres Internationles du Patrimoine Architectural Méditerranéen) sont à la fois des rencontres et un réseau de personnes et d’institutions qui travaillent pour la con-naissance et à la conservation du patrimoine architectural et urbain méditerranéen: Meknès (Maroc) en 2005, Marrakech (Maroc) en 2007, Lisbonne (Portugal) en 2009, M’sila (Algérie) en 2012, Marseille (France) en 2013, Monastir (Tunisie) en 2015. La septième conférence RIPAM «Conservation et valorisation du patrimoine architectural et paysagé des sites côtiers méditerranéens / Conservation and promotion of architectural and landscape heritage of the Mediterranean coastal sites» a été organisée à Gênes le 20-22 septembre 2017 par le DAD (Département d’Architecture et Design, Université de Gênes) et le CNR-ICVBC (Institut de Conservation et de mise en valeur du Patrimoine Culturel du Conseil National des Re-cherches de Florence, maintenant CNR-Institut des Sciences du Patrimoine Culturel).
Ce livre contient les travaux de recherche menés depuis Ripam7 sur la conservation et la mise en valeur du patrimoine architectural et paysager des sites côtiers de la Méditerranée. Il part ensuite de la définition du paysage côtier et des transformations que le paysage lui-même a souffert au fil du temps, dans la région méditerranéenne pour arriver ensuite aux spécificités du patrimoine architectural de ces mêmes régions. Différentes théories et ap-proches méthodologiques sont comparées. La deuxième partie de l’ouvrage décrit les stra-tégies de conservation et de valorisation et présente des interventions dans différentes parties des côtes méditerranéennes (des côtes italiennes aux côtes françaises et portugai-ses, puis aux côtes marocaines, tunisiennes, algériennes, israéliennes, turques, grecques et syriennes).
The RIPAM (French acronym for International Meetings on Mediterranean Architectural Heritage) are both meetings and a network of people and institutions working to the kno-wledge and the conservation of the architectural and urban Mediterranean heritage: Meknes (Morocco) in 2005, Marrakech (Morocco) ) in 2007, Lisbon (Portugal) in 2009, M’sila (Algeria) in 2012, Marseille (France) in 2013, Monastir (Tunisia) in 2015. The seventh RIPAM confe-rence “Conservation and enhancement of the architectural and landscaped heritage of coa-stal sites Mediterranean / Conservation and Promotion of Architectural and Landscape Heritage of the Mediterranean coastal sites” was organized in Genoa, 20-22 September 2017, by the DAD (Department of Architecture and Design, University of Genoa) and the CNR-ICVBC (Institute of Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage of the National Research Council of Florence) now CNR-ISPC (Institute of Heritage Sciences) .
This book contains the research work done since Ripam7 on the conservation and pro-motion of the architectural and landscape heritage of Mediterranean coastal sites. It starts with the definition of coastal landscape and the transformations that the landscape itself has undergone, over time, in the Mediterranean area Then it addresses the specificities of the architectural heritage of these same areas. Different theories and methodological ap-proaches are compared. In the second part of the book, conservation and promotion stra-tegies are described with interventions carried out in different parts of the Mediterranean coasts (from the Italian coasts to the French and Portuguese coasts and then to the Moroc-can, Tunisian, Algerian, Israeli, Turkish and Greek coasts till the Syrian territory).
6
Support à ce livre / Support to this book
Società
Italiana
per il
Restauro
dell’
Architettura.
Table des matières / Table of contents
VOLUME 1
S
UPPORT À CE LIVRE/
S
UPPORT TO THIS BOOK...6
T
ABLE DES MATIÈRES/
T
ABLE OF CONTENTS...9
R
EMERCIEMENTS/
A
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS... 27
C
ONTRIBUTIONS DES AUTORITÉS/
C
ONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE AUTHORITIES... 35
Marco BUCCI Niccolò CASIDDU Giulia PELLEGRI Giovanna FRANCO Manuela SALVITTI Paolo RAFFETTO, Clelia TUSCANO
QU’EST-CE QUE C’EST RIPAM / WHAT IS RIPAM ... 49
C
OMITÉP
ERMANENTRIPAM
/
RIPAM
S
TEERINGC
OMMITTEE... 54
S
ECRÉTAIREG
ÉNÉRALRIPAM
/
RIPAM
G
ENERALS
ECRETARY... 55
D
ERIPAM1
ÀRIPAM8
:
L'
ÉVOLUTION D'
UN CHEMIN DE CONSERVATION/
F
ROMRIPAM1
TORIPAM8:
THE EVOLUTION OF A CONSERVATION PATH... 57
H
ERITAGE DERIPAM7
/
T
HE LEGACY OFRIPAM7 ... 62
C
HARTERIPAM ... 68
LA CONFÉRENCE RIPAM 7 / RIPAM 7 CONFERENCE ... 75
L
ESR
AISONSS
CIENTIFIQUES DE LAC
ONFERENCE/
S
CIENTIFICR
EASONS FOR THEC
ONFERENCE... 77
C
OMITES
CIENTIFIQUE/
S
CIENTIFICC
OMMITTEE... 83
R
EFEREES... 86
C
OMITE D'O
RGANISATION/
O
RGANIZATIONC
OMMITTEE... 92
T
HEMES ET SOUS-
THEMES DE LAC
ONFERENCE/
C
ONFERENCE THEMES AND SUB-
THEMES... 94
10
P
ROGRAMME DE LA CONFERENCE/
C
ONFERENCE PROGRAM... 103
LEÇONS PRELIMINAIRES SUR POINTS CLES / PRELIMINARY KEY NOTE LECTURES
... 105
Gênes : une ville stratifiée à travers le temps et l’espace ... 107 Anna BOATO
Italy and overseas reflections: the "Tyrrhenian space", diffusion and reception of Mediterranean architectural models in the Middle Ages. Some methodological considerations ... 121
Alireza NASER ESLAMI
The new requests for protection, conservation and valorisation of Cultural Heritage ... 139
Stefano Francesco MUSSO
La recupération du Système Fortifié Génois ... 154 Roberto TEDESCHI
Graffiti removal from historical buildings ... 171 Barbara SALVADORI
Palmaria Island a wild, botanical, terrestrial and marine Garden ... 173 Rita MICARELLI, Giorgio PIZZIOLO
A - CONSERVATION ET VALORISATION DE L’ARCHITECTURE, DES SITES ET
PAYSAGES COTIERS / CONSERVATION AND PROMOTION OF ARCHITECTURE AND
LANDSCAPES OF THE COASTAL SITES ... 175
HISTOIRE ET EVOLUTION DU PAYSAGE COTIER / HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
THE COASTAL LANDSCAPE ... 179
Territoires côtiers et stratégies de conservation en Turquie ... 193 Emanuele ROMEO
The coast of Altavilla Milicia east of Palermo. History of a forgotten coastal landscape between illegal buildings, architectural-landscape emergencies and the need for protection ... 207
Rosario SCADUTO, Zaira BARONE
La place romaine de Cherchell: évolution de l’interface ville-mer d’une cité méditerranéenne multimillénaire ... 219
Abdelkader BEHIRI
The injured coast: the degradation of the Italian coastal landscape between unauthorized development, eco-mafia and regulations... 233
Emilia GARDA, Marika MANGOSIO, Giuseppe MUDANÒ
Le Fahs d’El-Djezaïr (Alger), un paysage côtier à redécouvrir ... 245 Ouassila MENOUER, Mohamed Salah ZEROUALA
Syracuse Sicily Mediterranean. Transformations and design of coastal landscape ... 257
Valerio TOLVE
The Troublesome Future of the Archaeological Sites of Caprazoppa, on the Western Coast of Finale Ligure (SV) ... 271
Gianfranco PERTOT
Pour une patrimonialisation de l’urbain. Cas du Cours de la Révolution d’Annaba – (Algérie)... 285
Marwa MENAIFI
Sacrée nature, paysage du sacré des fronts de mer au Maghreb ... 291 Abir MESSAOUDI
Construction of coastal landscape in Italy, between the 19th and 20th century. The
case study of the Ligurian seaside colonie ... 303 Francesca SEGANTIN
The Nymphaeum of Massa Lubrense: conservation issues of an archaeological palimpsest in the coastal landscape ... 315
Federica MARULO
Paysages côtiers de l’Algérie entre enjeux et perspectives ... 329 Zoulikha AIT-LHADJ, Pr. Messaoud AICHE
Le paysage urbain en Ligurie et sa sauvegarde ... 343 Caterina GARDELLA, Silvana VERNAZZA
The “Sanatorium” of Salerno. Knowledge, restoration and enhancement of a forgotten coastal heritage ... 355
Luigi VERONESE, Mariarosaria VILLANI
The promontory of the “Arma di Taggia”, Sanremo: a conservation and
enhancement project ... 367 Paola GALESIO, Tiziana MIGNOGNA, Benedetta ROCCON
Salento’s coast: safeguard and tourism, a possible pair ... 377 Giovanna CACUDI, Michela CATALANO
Evolution of Friulian coastal structures from the Serenissima to modern times: synchronic extracts for a study ... 389
Federico BULFONE GRANSINIGH
L’évolution de la ville méditerranéenne, et son impact sur le paysage côtier – Cas de la ville de Béjaïa ... 399
Kaouther TEBBANE, Djamel ALKAMA
La revalorisation d’un paysage côtier emblématique en péril-hier, aujourd’hui et demain-cas de la ville d’Annaba ... 411
Imene Khouloud KADER, Kawther ZOUITEN, Boudjemâa AICHOUR
Salerno restarts from the sea ... 423 Annarita TEODOSIO
12
Patrimoine urbain comme levier de développement économique : entre stratégies de conservation et attractivité... 435
Amina CHEBLI
T
ÉMOIGNAGES/
T
ESTIMONIALSThe impact of stone quarrying on Porto Venere’s coastal landscape (La Spezia, Italy) ... 454
Enrica MAGGIANI
Dynamics of fragmentation of settlements in coastal areas. From land take to abandonment. The case of Liguria ... 455
Giampiero LOMBARDINI
Genoa in the Middle Ages: architecture, urbanism and society... 456 Aurora CAGNANA, Antonella TRAVERSO
Coastal Transformation: the Landscape and the New Scenarios of Land
Consumption ... 457 Lorenza COMINO
De La Coquille à L'Inconnu_Entre Deux Cultures ... 458 Ana TOMÁS
Le patrimoine bâti entre : réhabilitation, reconversion et préservation ; quels compromis ? ... 459
Karima BOUANDES
Les paysages d’eau : un parcours historique et une singularité culturelle et paysagère. Cas des lacs du parc national El Kala « Tarf » ... 460
Nassira NOUI
Alger colonial et ses rapports à la mer. Paysages et panoramas : cas de l’Hôtel des Postes d’Alger ... 462
Nadia HAMZAOUI BALAMANE, Samira DEBACHE BENZAGOUTA
ARCHITECTURES ET INFRASTRUCTURES PORTUAIRES / PORTS
INFRASTRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTURE ... 463
Modernisation de la zone portuaire de Bejaia et son impact sur le patrimoine architectural ... 475
Walid HAMMA
Quai G. B. Cuneo à Oneglia : une infrastructure portuaire du XIXème siècle ... 487
Francesca Luisa BUCCAFURRI
Etude de l’Impact du risque géologique sur le patrimoine urbain par les méthodes géomatiques : cas du port de la ville d’Oran... 499
Ibrahim ZEROUAL, , Hakim KADDOUR, Djelloul ZENATI, Mansour HAMIDI
La valorisation de l’architecture portuaire de la ville de Cherchell ... 513 Rym MERZELKAD, Yamina NECISSA
Preservation et mise en valeur des ports antiques a Venaria Russicade (Skikda), Algerie. ... 523
Amira GHENNAI, Said MADANI
The role of the port cities in the definition of the coastal and architectural landscape of Gallia Narbonensis ... 537
Alessandro VIVA
Porto Flavia: an “iconic” engineering work in the mine machine-landscape ... 549 Antonello SANNA, Giuseppina MONNI, Adriano DESSÌ
The coastal-mining landscape of Sulcis in Sardinia. The ruins of the landing and of the laveria Lamarmora of Nébida, perspectives of preservation and reuse ... 567
Pier Francesco CHERCHI
The seaport of San Benedetto del Tronto (Le Marche). The recovery of its history and possible development ... 581
Enrica PETRUCCI, Francesco DI LORENZO, Carla PANCALDI
Identity architectures and port landscape in Naples. The case of Immacolatella from a local Ellis Island to a part of a new urban hub ... 595
Renata PICONE
T
EMOIGNAGES/
T
ESTIMONIALSLa revalorisation du patrimoine architecturale et des paysages maritimes : une contribution à la promotion de l’image et l’attractivité de la ville. Cas de la ville– port d’Annaba ... 610
Lina ADJAILIA
ARCHITECTURES INDUSTRIELLES, ARCHITECTURES DES TRANSPORTS /
INDUSTRIAL AND TRANSPORTS ARCHITECTURE... 613
Quelle stratégie de reconversion des friches industrielles en milieu urbain, cas de la ville de Mostaganem (Nord-Ouest algérien) ... 621
Elbatoul BENYAGOUB, Hayet MEBIROUK
Gares ferroviaires d’Alger : un héritage colonial en déperdition ... 637 Souaad FANIT, Nadia CHABI
Cartography and military heritage. Methodological and design lines for Naval Arsenal of La Spezia ... 651
Carlo Alberto GEMIGNANI
The Arsenals of Venice, La Spezia and Taranto between history and industrial heritage. Conservation and enhancement of sites and architectures ... 663
Sara DE MAESTRI, Claudio MENICHELLI, Antonio MONTE
T
EMOIGNAGES/
T
ESTIMONIALSLes halles de marchés en Algérie : entre l’architecture industrielle et une tendance à l’éclectisme ... 678
14
Etude comparative des typologies Architecturales et constructives des gares ferroviaires datant de la période française en Algérie (Ligne Est : Alger,
Constantine, Annaba/ Ligne du Tell : Alger, Blida, Oran) ... 680 Abderrhaim MAHINDAD, Nabila MOUHOUS
L’architecture des gares à travers l’œuvre de Denis Marius Toudoire ... 681 Mohamed Abdelaziz METALLAOUI
LE FRONT DE MER / THE WATERFRONT ... 683
At the EDGE: between the natural and the artificial ... 687 Victor NEVES
Collo - Algeria: natural and architectural qualifications for the classification in the World Heritage of the UNESCO... 697
Abdelhalim ASSASSI, Samir Merouane GUEDOUH
Le front de mer de Messine : hypothèses de sauvegarde et valorisation ... 707 Antonella VERSACI, Alessio CARDACI
New scenarios for the Palmaria island (Porto Venere-Ligurian Sea) ... 721 Patrizia BURLANDO
The waterfront of Genoa: surveys and critical considerations ... 733 Giulia PELLEGRI
La réalité du paysage côtier à Ain Benian (Algérie) ... 745 Feriel BOUSTIL
Alger se réconcilie avec son front de mer : la valorisation paysagère des sites côtiers à travers le parc «Sablettes» ... 755
Manel SOUIDI, Siham BESTANDJI
La lecture du processus de formation et de transformation de la ville de Ténès en Algérie ... 765
Yamina NECISSA, Rym MERZELKAD, Sara SABET
Conservation et valorisation du paysage côtier : Un patrimoine de l’inventaire à l’action. Cas de projet d’aménagement du site de la lagune de Marchica à la ville de Nador ... 775
Lamya MAGHNAOUI
T
EMOIGNAGES/
T
ESTIMONIALSL'interface ville-port de la ville de Annaba d'une ville industrialo-portuaire à une ville qui retourne vers la mer ... 788
Nawel BOULAHROUZ
La promenade Febonacci à Béjaia ; un paysage côtier unique à la rencontre de ses défis ... 789
B - CONNAISSANCE ET STRATEGIE DE CONSERVATION DU PATRIMOINE
ARCHITECTURAL MEDITERRANEEN / KNOWLEDGE AND CONSERVATION
STRATEGY OF MEDITERRANEAN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE... 791
ETUDES ET ANALYSES DES ARCHITECTURES : CARACTERISATION,
INSTRUMENTATIONS / ARCHITECTURES STUDIES AND ANALYSES :
CHARACTERIZATION, INSTRUMENTS ... 794
ETUDES ET ANALYSES : ANALYSES DE LABORATOIRE SUR MATERIAUX
HISTORIQUES / STUDIES AND ANALYSES: LABORATORY ANALYSES ON
HISTORICAL MATERIALS... 796
The stone materials in the historical architecture of Levanto and their durability (Liguria, Italy) ... 809
Fabio FRATINI, Manuela MATTONE, Silvia RESCIC
The building “stone materials” of the Genoese fortification system from the XIIIth
to the XXth century ... 823
Daniela PITTALUGA, Gianfranco CARUSO, Fabio FRATINI, Elena PECCHIONI, ,
Emma CANTISANI, Silvia VETTORI
L’ancien bâtiment des douanes : analyse des matériaux et des dégradations d’un bâtiment témoin de l’activité portuaire et industrielle de Marseille au 19e siècle
... 835 Philippe BROMBLET, Myriam BOUICHOU, Fanny BAUCHAU, Claire VALAGEAS, ,
Pierre-Yves POSTIC, Elisabeth MARIE-VICTOIRE, Philippe BERTONE
Caractérisation des mortiers de réparation et l’influence de l’ajout de la brique pillée sur leurs caractéristiques physiques et mécaniques ... 847
Naima ABDERRAHIM MAHINDAD
Analyses non-destructives d'enduits peints issus de fouilles archéologiques de la mosquée al-Qarawiyyin à Fès (Maroc) ... 859
Imane FIKRI, Mohamed EL AMRAOUI, Mustapha HADDAD, Christophe FALGUERES, Ludovic BELLOT-GURLET, Ahmed Saleh ETTAHIRI, Roland NESPOULET, Saadia AIT LYAZIDI, Lahcen BEJJIT
Caractérisation spectrométrique de marbres du Maroc : étude de provenance 867 Salam KHRISSI, Mustapha HADDAD, Lahcen BEJJIT, Saadia AIT LYAZIDI,
Mohamed EL AMRAOUI, Christophe FALGUERES
Caractérisation de la Céramique Architecturale Provenant de la Citadelle
Hammadide - M'sila ... 875 Abla BRAHMI, Messaoud HAMIANE
16
ETUDES ET ANALYSES : ANALYSES HISTORIQUES, ARCHEOLOGIQUES,
TYPOLOGIQUES, D'ARCHIVE / STUDIES AND ANALYSES : HISTORICAL,
ARCHAEOLOGICAL, TYPOLOGICAL ARCHIVAL ANALYSES ... 891
Le patrimoine domestique rural du Honda: des spécificités spatiales et des logiques constructives en voie de déclin. Cas du modèle de la maison à cour centrale ... 893
Hynda BOUTABBA, Mohamed MILI, Samir-Djemoui BOUTABBA
Analyse d’un monument néoclassique de la rive sud de la méditerranée : l’hôtel de ville de Ghazaouet ... 905
Halima Saadia OUADAH, Nadir BOUMECHRA
The church of the former psychiatric hospital of Cogoleto (Genoa)... 917 Maria Francesca BERTA
The nineteenth-century batteries of Genoa: a forgotten heritage... 929 Anna BOATO, Anna DECRI, Stefano FINAURI
The "round tower" of Monterosso (Cinque Terre): historical-archaeological investigations and renovation project ... 943
Anna BOATO, Mauro MORICONI
L’ornement ferronnier: une approche par le détail du paysage Méditerranéen Algérois ... 955
Wahiba BELOUCHRANI
Medieval Sardinian castles. Transdisciplinary approach for the definition of typologies, masonries and materials ... 961
Carla BARTOLOMUCCI, Donatella Rita FIORINO, Caterina GIANNATTASIO, Silvana Maria GRILLO, Valentina PINTUS, Maria Serena PIRISINO Renovation of the Palazzata della Ripa in Genoa (1865-1903): between
neoRenaissance project and restoration of Middle Age. ... 975 Lucina NAPOLEONE
The fortifications of Vernazza in Cinque Terre ... 989 Anna DECRI
Building technologies in the XIXth century in Mediterranean coastal sites: the case study of Cagliari ... 1003
Leonardo G.F. CANNAS, Laura BRANDINU, Fausto CUBONI
Techniques, nature et origine des pierres de construction de l’époque romaine du site antique de Rirha (Maroc) ... 1015
Rachida MAHJOUBI, Mohamed KBIRI ALAOUI, Saïd KAMEL, Charifa KHALKI Ruins by the sea. Spanish towers in northern Puglia, between knowledge and risk of loss ... 1031
Historical buildings with timber frame in the Ligurian coast. Knowledge and conservation ... 1043
Anna BRUZZONE, Silvia GELVI, Giorgio MOR, Nicola RUGGIERI, Linda SECONDINI, Gerolamo STAGNO, Daniela PITTALUGA
Contribution of photogrammetry for mensiochronology of industrial fired bricks structures. The bridges in the Arquata-Busalla-Genoa section of the Turin-Genoa railroad ... 1055
Simonetta ACACIA, Marta CASANOVA, Elena MACCHIONI, Pietro PAPA Reconstitution du système décoratif en faïence dans les palais de l’époque ottomane à Alger ... 1067
Rachida HADJI-ZEKAGH
Analyse morphométrique du patrimoine architectural tunisois «L’habitation traditionnelle de la Médina de Tunis» ... 1077
Bilel SOUISSI
Vers une caractérisation stylistique de l'architecture institutionnelle coloniale en Algérie. Etude comparative des édifices publics au nord et au sud du pays ... 1087
Nassiba BENGHIDA, Leila SRITI
The castle of Gallipoli in the defensive system of the Ionian coast in the kingdom of Naples ... 1101
Aurora QUARTA
Gaetano Cima’s innovative architectural design in the 1800s: case study of the Palazzo Lostia in Cagliari ... 1109
Laura BRANDINU, Leonardo G.F. CANNAS, Fausto CUBONI
The Church of Madonna del Carmine in Melpignano (Lecce): From Diagnostics to the Restoration Project ... 1123
Marta FERSINI, Maria Lidia GUGLIELMINETTI, Enrica CAPELLI
T
EMOIGNAGES/
T
ESTIMONIALSLa perception des constructions en terre en Kabylie : Mâatkas ... 1138 Dahbia ABBOU, Nasr-eddine BOUHAMOU
Les madrsas de la vallée du M’za. Etude architecturale de deux cas ... 1139 Baelhadj MAROUF
Connaissance et reconnaissance du noyau historique de la ville de Mostaganem ... 1140
Fatima Zohra MAHREZ, Dahbia ABBOU
L'architecture vernaculaire en terre en Algerie. Des ksour aux villages ruraux en Kabylie... 1141
Dahbia ABBOU
La restitution des savoir-faire traditionnels et sa contribution dans la conservation du patrimoine ; cas d’étude : la vallée du Mzab (Algérie) ... 1142
18
Giving value to the Ancient Stone Quarries in the Mediterranean. True example of industrial Archaeology ... 1143
Marco ACRI, Alessandra BIASI
VOLUME 2
ETUDES ET ANALYSES : ANALYSES URBAINES, OUTILS ET STRATÉGIES / STUDIES
AND ANALYSES : URBAN ANALYSES, TOOLS AND STRATEGIES ... 1149
L’utilisation de la brique silico-calcaire a connu un échec en Algérie. Cas de la ville de M’sila. ... 1151
Allaoua AMMICHE, Hynda BOUTABBA, Mohamed MILI, Djamel DAHDOUH Dar el Djezair: son langage codifie, notre quête ... 1163
Mounjia ABDELTIF
La patrimonialisation des médinas en Algérie, discours et réalités : le cas de la médina de Constantine et d’Annaba ... 1177
Hana SALAH-SALAH, Hania MEDDOUR, Sassia SPIGA
Relecture de l’architectur e vernaculaire kabyle: village Djebla (Algérie) un écomusée, un écotourisme. ... 1187
Izza Fatiha GUIRI, Hamza ZEGHLACHE
Protection activities and integrated development for the urban archaeological park of San Vincenzino in Cecina (LI) ... 1195
Roberto SABELLI
Structuration de l’information du patrimoine par la Méthode HBDS : cas de la ville de Tindouf ... 1209
Ibrahim ZEROUAL, , Khelifa HAMI, Djelloul ZENATI, Hamza HACINI, Abdelkrim
TALHI, Abdelhamid TOUHAMI
De la nécessité d’une planification stratégique dans la conservation du patrimoine ... 1223
Nadia ASSAM-BALOUL
Quand la restauration entrave la durabilité : Cas du site archéologique de Chellah à Rabat ... 1233
Meriem BENHARBIT, Rabia HAJILA
L’évolution urbaine de la ville de Bejaïa. Bejaia la ville diluée ... 1243 Fatma Zohra ZENATI-BOUICHE, Djamel ALKAMA
T
EMOIGNAGES/
T
ESTIMONIALSLa Formation : une stratégie pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine en péril ... 1256 Yamina NASRI
The transformation of the Mediterranean coastal landscapes. A comparison among best practices in the Italian peninsula... 1257
Susanna CURIONI
Vers l’élaboration d’un mortier originel à base de chaux pour la restauration d’un patrimoine architectural. Cas du théâtre régional de Skikda ... 1258
Amira AYAT, Karima MESSAOUDI, Hamoudi BOUZERD
La médina : un fondateur de savoir et un modèle pour la ville durable ... 1259 Malek MEROUANI, Lina MEROUANI, Yamina NASRI
Influence of temperature and humidity on the state of conservation of building and decorative stones (Case of the Kasbah of Algiers) ... 1260
Messaoud HAMIANE, Zineb CHELBI, Andrzej KIELSKI, Krystyna WODNICKA, Abdelwahab ZEKAGH
La mise en tourisme du patrimoine architectural et paysager de la ville côtière Collo-Skikda ... 1261
Sihem FERAH, Kaddour BOUKHEMIS
SPÉCIFICITÉS ET STYLES ARCHITECTURAUX DU PATRIMOINE MÉDITERRANÉEN /
SPECIFIC FEATURES AND STYLES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN ARCHITECTURAL
HERITAGE ... 1263
Identification des typologies architecturales du noyau historique colonial de la ville de Annaba ... 1269
Ouafa BOUMAZA
L’architecture romano-bizantine "all stone" dans la Syrie et la Jordanie... 1285 Massimo COLI, Luigi MARINO
Influence de la lithologie locale sur l’architecture vernaculaire : approche de base par référence aux bâtiments de l’Italie ... 1297
Roberto BUGINI, Luisa FOLLI
Inventaire des monuments construits par les européens dans la ville de Sousse (Tunisie). Les constructions de style néo-mauresque... 1313
Nadia BOUKADIDA
The defensive architecture of Ischia: the towers-houses and the stone-houses ... 1327
Florian CASTIGLIONE
Les spécificités stylistiques des mosquées ottomanes en Algérie ... 1337 Meriem REDJEM
Style architectural des monuments de l'époque coloniale: cas de l'Hôtel du Sahara à Biskra, Algérie ... 1347
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L’église du Sacré Cœur d’Alger : une œuvre religieuse à l’épreuve de la modernité architecturale des années 50 ... 1359
Nabila CHERIF, Toufik NEBBAD
L’architecture hôtelière côtière de Fernand Pouillon en Algérie: Création d'une architecture méditerranéenne contemporaine en symbiose avec son contexte historique ... 1375
Sara ZINEDDINE, Azeddine BELAKEHAL
Vieux bâti de l’Algérois: un patrimoine architectural d’une remarquable richesse ... 1387
Naïma TOULOUM, , Sid AIT SAID, Ahmed BRARA
La persistance de l’architecture néo mauresque dans les édifices chrétiens à Alger dans les années trente ... 1399
Chima AZIL, Dalila HIMEUR DJALAL
Paysage et patrimoine rural. La culture humaine laisse des traces sur le territoire. Reconnaître et valoriser le patrimoine rural en tant que ressource ... 1411
Daniela PITTALUGA, Marco REBORA, Stefania PANTAROTTO, Valentina FATTA La maison algérienne durant la colonisation française, Une étude typologique. Cas des maisons –Biskra Titolo ... 1427
Fatima Zohra LEBBAL, Said MAZOUZ
La typologie architecturale et constructive des phares côtiers du 19è et 20è siècles en Algérie ... 1439
Karima AMARI, Amina Abdessemed FOUFA, Karima AMARI
Could the Pierre Loti’s vision be useful today? For remembering the past and reflecting on the future of the Mediterranean cultural environment ... 1451
Fabrizio EVA
Knowledge, diagnosis, conservation, restoration of historical buildings. Cornices and ceiling hang of Genoese’s historical buildings. An experimental methodology aimed to knowledge and conservation. Studies and application doing fieldwork ... 1463
Giulia GARIBBO, Linda SECONDINI, Gerolamo STAGNO, Asmara TESFAY, Giovanni VARESE, Daniela PITTALUGA
The Portuguese tradition of thatched roofs: The case of the inside of the Caldeirão Mountain... 1477
Filipe GONZALEZ, Sofia PINTO
Rationalisme colonial et héritage méditerranéen. La “ville nouvelle” de Portolago dans l’île grecque de Léros (1933-1938) ... 1489
Riccardo FORTE
Revalorisation de Site archéologique Kalâa de Beni Hammed et de sa zone de protection... 1501
Les fermes agricoles européennes de la plaine littorale de Bejaia (ex bougie, Algérie) comme élément de connaissance et de compréhension de l’architecture rurale de l’époque coloniale française (XIX-XXe siècles). ... 1513
Idir BENAIDJA, Belkacem LABII
Identity and dis-identity of the sea villages: colours as an architectural identity ... 1523
Enrico BASCHERINI
Le bourg muré de Taggia (IM): sur la trace de l’avenir ... 1531 Francesca Luisa BUCCAFURRI, Angela Cristina DE HUGO SILVA, Mirko PASQUINI La fenêtre habitée, un art de l’architecture domestique à la Casbah d’Alger ... 1543
Rania MECHICHE
The Sea pebble mosaic floors of the Aegean Basin. Rhode’s Case study ... 1551 Maria TZANETI
De la particularité de la sauvegarde de deux lieux cultuels – La Basilique Saint augustin et Le Mausolée de Sidi Brahim à Annaba (Algérie) ... 1559
Amina CHOUAHDA, Sassia SPIGA
From the crypt to the altar – Saint Andrew’s Church in Akko, Israel ... 1571 Alessandra VEZZI
La décomposition spatiale du patio Constantinois : un art « introverti » ... 1583 Rahma SARAOUI
Archaeology and Mediterranean landscapes. The Vesuvian coast from
Herculaneum to the Sorrento Peninsula ... 1591 Roberto VANACORE, Manuela ANTONICIELLO, Felice DE SILVA
Spécificités et styles architecturaux et urbains du patrimoine du vieux Rocher de Constantine ... 1601
Roukia BOUADAM GHIAT
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ESTIMONIALSLes lieux du pouvoir civil du XIX éme siècle en Algérie au prisme d’une approche monographique. Cas de l’hôtel de ville d’Annaba ... 1614
Sihem ROUAISSIA, Heddya BOULKROUNE
La pureté du patrimoine urbain et architectural et son impact sur le site et le paysage. Le cas de la ville de Ghoufi en Algérie ... 1616
Khireddine DOUNIA, Nedjai FAITHA
Les leçons de la Casbah d’Alger dans l’œuvre moderniste de l’architecte Paul Guion ... 1617
Nabila CHERIF, Yasmine BELATTAR
Stratégies de valorisation du patrimoine architecturale et urbain méditerranéen : Cas de souk el acer Constantine, Algérie ... 1619
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RECONVERSION DU PATRIMOINE ARCHITECTURAL / RECONVERSION OF
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE... 1621
La mosquée Sîdî BûMarwân: d’une authenticité controversée à un patrimoine réconcilié ... 1623
Samia CHERGUI, Samira HAOUI
Patrimoine Architectural et Culturel Méditerranéen : entre mise en valeur et Reconversion. Cas de l’Algérie ... 1635
Yasmine HOCINE
Résurrection d’un patrimoine architectural en péril en Tunisie post
révolutionnaire: Études de cas ... 1643 Imen REGAYA, Said MAZOUZ
New strategies for Mediterranean architectural heritage. The case of Calabria’s historical centres repopulated by refugees ... 1655
Annunziata Maria OTERI, Nino SULFARO
Les tours costières entre degré et désuétude. Réflexions sous les stratégies possibles d’intervention. Le cas de la Torre Muzza à Carini (PA) ... 1667
Carmen GENOVESE
Les églises d’Alger ; un patrimoine architectural reconverti ... 1681 Naouel NESSARK, Mohamed DAHLI, Dominique JARRASSE
Restoration project of the Punta of Guardia Lighthouse on the Ponza Island, Italy ... 1693
Cristiana BARTOLOMEI, Gianluigi DE MARTINO, Chiara FRONTA The Goro Lighthouse and the connected landscape. Reuse, valorization and management project... 1703
Francesco AUGELLI, Alberta CAZZANI,Claudia COLOMBO, Carlotta M. ZERBI,
Matteo RIGAMONTI
La reconversion des fermes agricoles coloniales en Algérie une tentative prometteuse pour valoriser le patrimoine et développer l’attractivité des
territoires ruraux ... 1715 Fouzia FAREH, Djamel ALKAMA
Park of Portofino: landscape, environment and energy. Scenario planning for the Acqua Viva Valley ... 1725
Matteo GATTUSO, Deborah OMBRA
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ESTIMONIALSLa conservation du patrimoine Aurassien en peril. Cas de la maison Ben Chaiba, Batna ... 1738
Houda BOURAYOU, Imene Khouloud KADER, Boudjemaa AICHOUR
La reconversion des palais ottomans en Algérie, diagnostic et bilan ... 1740 Abdelkhaliq MEBARKI, Akila BELABBAS, Souria SALEM ZINAI
Réhabilitation d’un ancien bordj beylical à Dar Bel-Ouar ... 1741 Nadia BOUKADIDA
La reconversion du patrimoine architectural d’Alger : Cas des ex-Galeries de France ... 1742
Mohamed Abdelaziz METALLAOUI
Le patrimoine hospitalier : entre reconversion, préservation et humanisation. Quelles réalités ?! ... 1743
Karima BOUANDES, Said MAZOUZ
GIS as a mechanism to conserve the urban Heritage and activation the tourism. Case Study: Urban Heritage of Casbah of Beni-Ilmane in M'sila city ... 1744
Hacene REGUIG, Imededdine SALAMANI, Mohamed MILI
La revalorisation et la réutilisation des fortifications militaires côtière en Algérie. Cas de la citadelle médiévale d’Annaba, Algérie ... 1745
Abelkrim LARGUECHE, Heddya BOULKROUNE
Quel avenir pour la gare ferroviaire de Guelma ? ... 1746 Myriam GHEDJATI
La mosquée Abou Marwan de Annaba Algérie : genèse d’une opération de restauration ... 1747
Ahmed NAHAL, Ilham BOURAFA
PATRIMOINE DISPARU : RESTAURATION, RECONSTITUTION,… / LOST HERITAGE:
RECOVERY THROUGH KNOWLEDGE, RECONSTRUCTION,… ... 1749
Patrimonialisation de l’héritage culturel en Algérie. Quelle perspective de gestion pour le paysage culturel d’Ath El Kaid ? ... 1753
Karima FRENDI, Zoulikha AIT-LHADJ
La nouvelle muséologie active appliquée à la présentation des sites
archéologiques. Cas d’étude : site archéologique de la Pointe-Noire à Jijel (Algérie) ... 1769
Ammar KORICHI, Imane KECHACHA ep BERDI
Le château de la Comtesse, un édifice a patrimonialiser ... 1781 Sonia AMZAL, Tsouria KASSAB
Akko’s waterfront ... 1791 Federica TRUDU
Material evidences and memorial values in coastal ruins in urban landscapes. Sardinian and Scottish case studies... 1805
Donatella Rita FIORINO, Silvana Maria GRILLO, Elisa PILIA
La connaissance, la sauvegarde et la gestiondes villes historiques du nord de l’Algérie ... 1817
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Bâtiments militaires de paysages côtiers de l'Italie à l'époque de la première guerre mondiale. Aspects typologiques et constructifs des forts «umbertini» et du bastion Peloritan... 1829
Sara ISGRÒ
Les ouvrages défensifs du Vallo Ligure: protection des témoignages de la seconde guerre mondiale ... 1843
Andrea CANZIANI, Lorenza COMINO
La perte de l’identité nationale dans l’urbanisme Algérien - Cause et défis - ... 1855 Wassila OUAAR, Saliha ACHI
Sauver le patrimoine urbain et architectural ancestral par des actions de
restructuration. Cas du quartier d’El Argoub de Msila en Algérie ... 1864 Mohamed MILI, Hynda BOUTABBA, Samir-Djemoui BOUTABBA
Revaloriser et réhabiliter l’habitat traditionnel méditerranéen. Un facteur de développement durable: Habitat traditionnel de la vallée du M’zab en Algérie 1879
Nawal BENMICIA, Nora CHEBLI
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ESTIMONIALSLes nouvelles technologies pour la reconstitution d’un patrimoine altéré, l’église de Bordj Bou Arreridj Algérie ... 1892
Hamza ZEGHLACHE, Monia BOUSNINA, Nadir ALIKHODJA
Iconic applications of reinforced concrete on the Genoese coast at the beginning of XX century ... 1894
Federica STELLA
Le patrimoine ambiantal des medersas du Maghreb (XIIIème – XVIIIème siècles) 1895
Abdelouahab ZIANI, Azeddine BELAKEHAL
The transfer of “anastylosis” from Europe to Egypt, 1900-1980 ... 1897 Adham FAHMY
La restauration des monuments historiques entre theorie et application en Algérie. Cas d’étude : Bordj el tork (Fort de l’Est) de Mostaganem ... 1899
Akila BELABBAS, Abdelkhaliq MEBARKI, Souria SALEM ZINAI
PROJETS ET INTERVENTIONS SUR L'ARCHITECTURE EXISTANTE : GESTION
PARTAGEE AVEC LA POPULATION / PROJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS ON
EXISTING ARCHITECTURE : MANAGEMENT SHARED WITH POPULATION ... 1901
Pays d’Annaba. Proximité entre dégradation d’un rivage et beauté d’une façade maritime ... 1911
Fatma-Zohra HARIDI
Algérie, Bilan et Analyse des Expériences de Réhabilitation locaux ... 1925 Ahlem KAOUCHE, Salim KOULOUGHLI
La Casbah de Constantine un patrimoine architectural à conserver ou à raser 1937 Boudjemâa AICHOUR, Soraya BAKHOUCHE
The Old Tower at Gorgona. An hypothesis for a long-term conservation plan involving convicts ... 1953
Francesca DE VITA, Alessandra DE VITA, Angiolo NALDI, Enzo PERSICO, Stefano PULGA
Coastal towers: project of conservation and development of the “Saracen tower” in Arenzano (Genoa) ... 1963
Rita VECCHIATTINI, Arianna CALCAGNO
Villa Zanelli: a shared project with the population for its rehabilitation... 1977 Marco DELLA ROCCA
Public participation: a possible way to manage and maintain the existing cultural heritage? The case study of the archaeological site of the Ex- Convento di Santa Maria in Passione in Genova... 1987
Matteo ROCCA
Stone architecture in the stone landscape of middle Apulia and local people role ... 1997
Giacomo MARTINES
The safeguard of the Italian vernacular built heritage: the importance of education and participation... 2011
Valentina CINIERI, Emanuele ZAMPERINI
The "Cultural Heritage and Urban Development Project - C.H.U.D." in Lebanon and the participation of ARS Progetti S.P.A. ... 2023
Daniele FANCIULLACCI, Patrizia BARUCCO
Projects and interventions on cultural heritage: management sharing with the community ... 2035
Andrea UGOLINI
Projects and interventions on existing architecture: management shared with population ... 2047
Rossella MASPOLI
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ESTIMONIALSThe Sardinian coast, an uninhabitaded place of historical transformations ... 2062 Caterina GIANNATTASIO, Silvana Maria GRILLO, Stefania MURRU, Andrea PINNA
Projet d’aménagement du territoire à l’embouchure du Tiber ... 2063 Giuliano FAUSTI, Sonia GALLICO
La mise en valeur des immeubles coloniaux en Algérie. Cas de l’immeuble Âali Chouchena à Guelma ... 2064
Mounira MIHOUBI, Kaddour BOUKHEMIS
La mise en valeur du patrimoine d’Ath El Kaid : Conjuguer mémoire des lieux et participation habitante pour une bonne gouvernance... 2065
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CHEMIN ET CHOIX EDITORIAUX / EXPLICATION OF EDITORIAL CHOICES ... 2067
INDEX DES AUTEURS / AUTHORS INDEX ... 2069
Italy and overseas reflections: the "Tyrrhenian space",
diffusion and reception of Mediterranean architectural
models in the Middle Ages. Some methodological
considerations
Alireza NASER ESLAMI
Architecture and Design Department (DAD), Polytechnic School, University of Genoa, Centro Internazionale di Ricerca sull’Architettura del Mondo Islamico e del Mediterraneo
e-mail: nasereslami.a@arch.unige.it
Résumé. Les recherches récentes insistant de plus en plus sur la lecture, de diverses
géographies artistiques italiennes développées après l'an 1000 a été influencée pendant longtemps par deux interprétations différentes. D'une part, par une surévaluation de la contribution "lombard" et, d'autre part, par l'insuffisance du concept de "roman". Cette lecture traditionnelle ne convient pas à l'interprétation des expériences architecturales multiformes de la haute Tyrrhénienne, l'une des régions les plus dynamiques et innovantes d'Italie entre les XIème et XIIIème siècles.
Cette région comprenait trois «laboratoires régionaux» dynamiques projetés en Méditerranée depuis le XIème siècle: la Toscane, la Ligurie et la Sardaigne. La
présente intervention, par l'analyse d'exemples significatifs dans un contexte comparatif, ainsi que par l'examen de thèmes communs reliant les trois domaines, porte principalement sur leurs relations et leurs approches de modèles des autres rives méditerranéennes, à la fois byzantines et islamiques. Cela démontre l'incapacité du "lombard" ou du "roman" à interpréter seul le processus complexe de l'interaction artistique et souligne la nécessité de substituer ces orientations interprétatives à l'efficacité du "modèle méditerranéen".
Mots-clés: modèles architecturaux, moyen âge, considérations méthodologiques,
espace tyrrhénien.
The Mediterranean acquires a determining role in the historical development of the different civilizations that appeared on its shores, acting as a very important centre of commercial and cultural exchange, as well as a crossover between the multiple branches of influences that subsequently took varied directions. This is confirmed by the studies of a new generation of medieval history scholars who address the topic from both a cultural and artistic point of view. It is this contamination, or sedimentation of experiences that shapes the historical identity of this geographical area. We analyse this through the "Mediterranean model". The Mediterranean, as a crossroad and creator of intertwining reciprocal exchanges, reveal the artistic and architectural models which are
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affirmed and crystallised on its different shores, yet merge into a continuous and creative process of synthesis. The medieval studies school, as a result of extensive research and its ability to analyse medieval history events, has confirmed the validity of the "Mediterranean model". According to this model, as in any culture, what characterises the identity of each civilization is the result of a conclusive synthesis between autochthonous and non-native elements. At this point, it is necessary to divide the history of settlements on the mainland (object of the study of our past) from the maritime history of the Mediterranean. As Braudel wrote, the Mediterranean is "a vast corridor from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean of maritime and caravan traffic". Geo Pistarino, an illustrious historian of the Middle Ages, affirmed: “The Mediterranean presents a model of civilization that evolves over time. This evolution consisted firstly, as the continuous weaving of a connective network between the opposing sides. This is above political and military circumstance, such as the pax romana, the conflict between Christianity and Islam, the Spanish Reconquista or the pax turcica. In addition and, more importantly, it consisted in welcoming and re-elaborating in a peculiar way, the most original form of ferment that land transmits to the sea and that the sea responds or re-proposes”. In the wake of these considerations, since 2015 our Department has made use of the "International Research Centre for Architecture of the Islamic and Mediterranean World" (C.I.R.Arch.MI.M) of the Department of Architecture and Design, DAD, Polytechnic School (the Scientific Director is the writer of this report). The Centre, with the important patronage of The Bruschettini Foundation for Islamic and Asian Art, has set itself the objective of promoting research and study into the history of architecture and art of the Mediterranean world. Other aims of this Centre are to organise, both independently and in collaboration with other centres, conferences, seminars, exhibitions and courses in order to further study and simultaneously present the progress and the results of their activity.
The C.I.R.Arch.M.I.M, while still in its training phase, organised in Genoa in 2013, the International Conference "Meetings of Civilizations in the Mediterranean. Between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Italy. History, Art and Architecture ". The conference obtained the significant result of highlighting the many intersections and interactions between the Ottoman world ("bridge between East and West"), one of the protagonists of the Mediterranean, and Renaissance Italy ("gateway to the East for the
Christians of the West"), usually considered a culturally homogeneous and monolithic world. This perspective was supported by numerous positive critic reviews and undoubtedly demonstrated considerable results. Subsequently, in 2015, our Centre organised the International Conference "al-Andalus. Architectural and urban culture. Historiographical report and research perspectives". The following year the International Conference "Genoa, a Mediterranean capital, between Byzantium and the Islamic world. History, art and architecture", focused the discussion on the intense interaction between different cultures of the Mediterranean with substantial reflection on the artistic and material culture of the city of Genoa. The context was characterised by a wide, interdisciplinary team (from History to Archaeology, from art to architecture and urbanism). In particular, the conference aimed to analyse the artistic relationships of Genoa with Byzantium and the Islamic world, with which it soon entered into contact. We should not forget that in fact, Genoa had already been Byzantine for almost a century, from 538 to 643. Conversely, contact with the Islamic world coincided with the launch of the city in the Mediterranean world: firstly, due to the factor of war (X century) and shortly thereafter, due to the many opportunities of commercial exchange. Another initiative organised by our Centre was "Study Days. Genoa, Rome and Palermo", organised together with "Villa iTatti, The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies" of Florence, the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” and the Department of Architecture of the University of Palermo. The title of the Conference was "The phenomenon of interculturality in the history of architecture". In this important meeting, we discussed the various methodological themes in the study of intercultural phenomena, as well as various examples of the medieval period and modern age. Most recently, the Centre has actively participated in a project and the organisation of its International Conference: "Multi-ethnic cities in the Mediterranean World. History, Culture, Heritage" that was held in Genoa in June 2018. Currently, the research in which the Centre is mainly engaged concerns the important theme of medieval architecture in Italy, with special attention given to overseas reflections, especially on the "Tyrrhenian space", and in particular on three important players in the area: Genoa (Liguria) Pisa (Tuscany) and Sardinia. The research, which is presented here through its main principles and methodological approaches, also focuses on the links and interactions between artistic cultures of other shores of the
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Mediterranean Sea, as well as the strong interaction between the three areas previously mentioned.
The traditional reading of the multifaceted artistic and cultural world of Italy after 1000 AD overestimated the "Lombard" contribution to this geographical area and, on the other hand, rendered inadequate the use of the concept of "Romanesque". Recent in-depth research has brought to light a new scenario. The multiform architectural events that, between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, developed in the area of the Italian peninsula known as "Alto Tirreno", are the result of the experiences of three very active regional "laboratories" (Tuscany, Liguria and Sardinia to be precise), projected onto the Mediterranean since the year one thousand. Our survey (analysing the most relevant examples, in the context of comparison between there common themes) aims to focus on the relationships between the three geographical contexts and, above all, the interrelationships between these and models on the other side of the Mediterranean: Byzantine area and the Islamic world.
This analysis also aims to highlight the aforementioned assumption. This is namely the impossibility of tackling problems concerning the artistic interaction between the three Italian regions examined and the lands of Outremer, using the old parameters of "Lombard" and "Romanesque" styles. These categories can only indicate a generic and ideal cultural and artistic context as the historical period that they embrace presents a complex intertwining of problems. “Reflect upon "Romanesque"” - as Carlo Tosco observes - is always very useful historiographic work, but more useful in understanding the history of criticism than history itself” [TOSCO 2016]. These obsolete interpretations should be replaced with what we call the "Mediterranean model". In particular, we can sustain that the "Tyrrhenian space", according to what has come to light from recent research on the material culture of its area, was an important crossroads of different cultures and craftsmen. Keeping in mind studies conducted by the Warburg Institute of London, subsequently refined and expanded by new disciplines such as historical cultural Anthropology and the History of Culture, this research aims to analyse the mobility and translation of men, objects, forms and artistic models between the different cultures of the "Tyrrhenian space". The challenge is fourfold. The first phase taken into consideration is that of import / appropriation. Here, the objects produced by one culture, are welcomed by a different culture in a new context. The second phase that will be analysed is that of adoption /
adaptation. Objects and forms coming from an external culture, which are adopted by another cultural and artistic reality, are subjected to a new interpretation. Transfer, the third phase, presupposes only the passage from one place to another of workers and technical knowledge. Finally, the transformation / assimilation phase, in which the acquired themes undergo a process of incorporation and absorption by the new context [NASER ESLAMI 2016b]. Through these four modes of analysis, which constitute simply a methodological proposal, there is certainly no pretension to exhaust the complex ramifications that the Mediterranean world has had on Italian medieval architecture. These relationships manifest themselves more clearly in the artistic cultures of the "Tyrrhenian space". One of the most important example that can confirm the theory proposed in the appropriation phase are the "bacini" [BERTI 1991]: ceramic artefacts from the Islamic area of the Mediterranean that can be found on the wall surfaces of several medieval Italian religious buildings. For example, we can find them in the abbey complex of Pomposa (1026) or San Sisto in Pisa, whose foundation can be dated between 1070 and 1088. Recent studies show how, in the last decades of the tenth century and the first half of the thirteenth, material of this nature arrived in large quantities in Pisa coming from the Islamic world. In addition, in Liguria there are numerous examples of such customs: Sant’Eusebio in Finale Ligure-Perti, S. Paragorio in Noli, Sant’Ambrogio Vecchio, Sant’Ambrogio Nuovo in Varazze and in S. Giovanni di Pré, Genoa. In Sardinia "the bacini" inserted in the facades of the churches of various areas of the island (such as S. Barbara in Capoterra (Cagliari) which provides evidence of the spectacular use of these "bacini" in architecture) are products of the different areas of Islamic Mediterranean [NASER ESLAMI 2012c]. At first, these "bacini" were considered part of the spoils of war of the Crusaders returning from the Holy Land. Later, this theory was questioned by the discovery of a documentation that certifies the decorative use of these artefacts (originally intended for a completely different use) before the crusades. The reason for the presence in Italy of these "bacini" - coming from different areas of Islamic influence such as Andalusia, Egypt and generally from North Africa - is attributable to their particular chromatic characteristics. There was also a further use for this Islamic crockery: they were broken up in order to use the fragments as colour (above all the greens and blues) in the wall decoration of various buildings. The most significant example is found in the marble lunette above the main portal of the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Genoa. It is a
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small black head on a white background with fragments of pink painting dating back to a period between the twelfth and the thirteenth century. The typology of this artistic object (with third firing polychrome and surrounding fragments decorated in relief and luster) is Persian "Mina'i" or "Haft-rang" [NASER ESLAMI 2016b], which means "seven colours". The presence in Italy of these artefacts highlights the close commercial relations between the two worlds. The rich polychrome and solidity of the "bacini" (until then mainly a characteristic of marble) were the reason for their importation. In addition, other valuable objects (fabrics and boxes of ivory, or hard stone and rock crystal) came from the Islamic area and often, in the Christian world, were loaded with a value of sacredness to be used, for example, as reliquaries. This is present in the famous "Sacro Catino", currently preserved in the Museo del Tesoro of the Cathedral of Genoa. The dating of this hexagonal plate of green glass - for centuries believed to be emerald and traditionally attributed to the Last Supper of Christ – has an uncertain origin. It is possible that it was made in Palestine between the first and second century or in the Fatimid Egypt of the X-XI century. Another object considered worthy of devotion that arrived from Constantinople around the mid-fourteenth century is the "Holy Face", a Byzantine icon that, according to tradition, would hide the features of the face of Christ. It was brought home by the Genoese doge, Leonardo Montaldo, and is currently kept in the church of San Bartolomeo degli Armeni.Pisa also boasts the possession of a number of objects of Islamic origin. For example, the church capital currently housed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, once on the tympanum of the northern transept of the Cathedral. On the capital there is engraved the signature "Fath" [CONTADINI 2016], therefore we can attribute this artefact to a Muslim stonemason who worked in al-Andalus between 960 and 970, quite probably around Cordoba or Madinat al-Zahara. Also kept in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo is the bronze griffin, with phrases of good will engraved in Arabic on the chisel decoration. The griffin originally was placed on the roof of the apse of the Duomo in Pisa from the Middle Ages until 1828. It is within the context of the rivalry between Pisa and Genoa that these two cities erect monuments to symbolize their religious and political ambitions. In 1227, for example, a bronze griffin was made to adorn the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Genoa. The statue was meant to symbolize the city and its willingness to offer a third option after the papacy, symbolized by the lion, and the empire, symbolized by the eagle. The Genoa griffin was lost or damaged in a fire that destroyed the
cathedral in 1297, and a marble copy was made in 1315. Its original location in the cathedral remains unknown. The Genoa griffin was meant to quote or mimic the Pisa griffin as a victory trophy. Moving onto the subject of metal artefacts, there are two such objects kept in Sardinia. The first was found in the territory of Mores, in the province of Sassari. It is a bronze ewer, probably from the twelfth century, depicting a peacock without the crest and tail bearing an inscription in Arabic, and another in Latin characters. The second is a reliquary in niello silver, heart-shaped, decorated with floral motifs and engraved with a Kufic inscription. For centuries it was kept in the church of Santa Maria Navarrese, on the coast of the town of Baunei (Ogliastra) and inserted in the masonry of the main altar [PALA 2010]. In Pisa we can find other objects from the Islamic area in the presbytery of the Cathedral (three inlaid tiles from the workshop of Cordova). They are also present in the church of San Sisto (the funerary stone of Abu Muhammad abd Allah ben Avan who died in 1385) and in the church of St. John the Baptist in Ghezzano (a damask bronze vase). Several others were displayed in the 1995 exhibition at the National Museum of St. Matthew. Returning to Genoa, we find a number of stauroteche (Cross-shaped reliquary) of Middle Eastern origin kept in the Treasury of the Cathedral, including the "Cross of the Zaccarias" and the three Cruces Dominicae coming from Constantinople between the end of the XI and the beginning of the following century. Other objects of war spoils ("the remains of Almeria" of 1147) were "two beautiful bronze doors" (as defined by the sixteenth-century annalist Giustiniani), which were placed at the main entrance of the church of San Giorgio and "an ornament of several lamps of beautiful and very useful Moorish work" (i.e. a large and composite chandelier), which illuminated the chapel of St. John the Baptist in the Cathedral. Unfortunately, these artefacts have been lost over the centuries. Between the second and third impost of the main nave of the church of S. Maria di Castello we can admire two marble epigraphs of Islamic origin, dating back to around the 11th century. Only one of the two, in Kufic characters, is legible and shows the Koranic verses 187-188 of Sura III [NASER ESLAMI 2012c]. In Sardinia there are four fragments of epigraphs, reused as architectural elements in different locations (Assemini, Olbia, Cagliari and around the capital). Dating from a period that goes from the tenth to the thirteenth century, two of these epigraphs belong to the same tombstone. This is the funerary stele of Maryam, daughter of Atiyya al - Sarrag (the saddler) who died in the year of Hegira 470 (corresponding to 1077-78). These inscriptions in
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Kufic characters would support the hypothesis that there was the presence of an Arabic community within the Assemini area. Mineralogical analyses also confirm the working of stones on site [PINNA 2010; PALA 2010].
As previously stated, the adoption/adaptation phase corresponds to a process of recasting and reinterpreting the models and themes borrowed from any given culture to be reused in a new context. In Genoa, we have the example of the bell-shaped capitals, dating back to the end of the tenth century and coming from the demolished church of San Tommaso. Worked from Apuan marble or, more possibly, Greek oriental marble, by specialised workers who from the Ligurian city, they can be compared to the stuccos of S. Fruttuoso di Capodimonte, slightly later (XI century), but whose iconography can be placed in Byzantine and Islamic contexts. Other examples of adoption / adaptation that testify the extraordinary receptivity of Genoa with regard to art and architecture in the Middle Ages, are found in the Cathedral of S. Lorenzo. In particular, we refer to the frescoes of the counter-façade, the internal lunettes of the portals and the northern wall, built around 1312. These are the Last Judgment -St. George on horseback, who kills the dragon and the Madonna and Child among Saints, Nicholas and Saint Lorenzo. The author is a certain "magister Marchus Grechus ... de Costantinopolis" who uses Byzantine iconographic methods that falls into Genoese taste and, although the subjects depicted are foreign to its tradition, maintains the severity of the palaiologan style [DI FABIO 2016b; NASER ESLAMI 2016b]. The third phase of our research concerns the transfer of skills and craftsmen, as well as the in-depth knowledge of construction techniques. In this regard, the so-called opus quadratum - a technique that the West abandoned during the period between the late ancient age and the early Middle Ages - remained in use in Syria and Egypt, in accordance with the Byzantine and Armenian tradition, including in the construction of large architectural works. During the second half of the twelfth century opus quadratum reappeared in Genoa, thanks to the Genoese’s exchanges with the Islamic Mediterranean. Testimonies to this technique are demonstrated in the use of the pointed arch in urban gates (Soprana and Santa Fede) and in the Ripa Maris [NASER ESLAMI 2016a]. The introduction of new technology used for the production of ceramics in the Italian peninsula was due to the arrival of workers in the Mediterranean area. In fact, since the end of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth, the
transmission of techniques from Byzantine areas and the Arab world led to bricks enriched with a vitrified coating obtained through double firing. At the same time, with the introduction of the stanniferous enamel and the engobe, the oriental decorative typologies adopted, unknown until then.The transformation / assimilation phase, among the four identified, is certainly the most complex: if until now it was the workers and their techniques that traveled, in this case, it is the ideas that move from one place to another. The interconnection of ideas and models - transmitted orally or through descriptions - between the culture that transmits and the one that receives, is so intricate and complex that it is difficult to distinguish the various assimilation processes. The model is accepted to be passed and transformed according to free reinterpretation. It is possible to go back to the original lexicon and syntax, to themes and common elements only through a sustained comparison between the two cultural contexts. A tangible example of this process is the reconstruction of Santa Maria di Pisa cathedral, which began in 1064 and was completed in 1118 by the architect Buscheto who conceived his great project to be a synthesis of models of different origins [PERONI 1995]. Firstly, it has five naves on columns in the style of Roman basilicas, while the transept (an autonomous structure with two independent volumetric spaces) refers to another prestigious example of the Mediterranean, the Syrian basilica of San Simeone Stilita Qal'at Sim'an. The typical lozenge-shaped ornaments, pointed arches, raised pierced imposts on the naval columns with pilaster lesene resting on the capital, as well as the "archiacuta" (ogival) dome and the important two-colour theme refer to the different Mediterranean examples of the Islamic world, from Spain to the North Africa, Cairo to Jerusalem and Damascus. Another significant example of the interaction and assimilation of Oltremare models is the Ripa Maris of Genoa. Built starting from 1133 and also known as "Palazzata degli Emboli", it is essentially a arcade structure with a commercial function. Its architectural concept is a combination of mercantile typologies that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean area, with whom the Genoese had close relations. This is demonstrated thanks by the various terms that reveal the debt to the Byzantine and Islamic world. "Embolos", the term used to name “Palazzata della Ripa” - as well as that of "apothechae" - was of Greek-Byzantine origin, yet it is not found in the urban lexicon of the Venetians. Consequently, "raiba", whose style in Italy is present only in Genoa, reveals a relationship between the "Superba" and the cities of the Islamic area of the Mediterranean. The same
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"fondaco" (Trading factory, warehouse), which in other seaside cities had the function of a warehouse and, not infrequently, also as accommodation for foreign merchants, assumes in Genoa the dignity of "urban fact", of an aggregating element and not only of an architectural typology. As a consequence, the Genoese Ripa Maris was conceived as an original commercial space, with characteristics similar to the Middle Eastern suq-bazaar and very unprecedented in Italy and in 12th century Europe [NASER ESLAMI 2016a]. Architecture built for commerce and markets are testimony to the commercial relationship between the three great cultures of the Mediterranean: Christian-Latin, Byzantine and Islamic. Traces of this complex reality can be found in the town toponymy. In Sardinia, for example, we can find around the oldest cities such as Cagliari, Oristano, Sassari and Bosa the structure of the "fondaco". Planimetric surveys of these structures finds them positioned on the cities main entrance routes and the cell shape arrangement around a courtyard, putting them in correspondence with the Arab funduqs (please read the last sentence, it’s not clear). From the Greek πάνδοκος (hotel) through to the Arabic قد , (funduq, literally "house-warehouse") the term "fundicus" was documented in Italy for the first time in the XI century, and soon spread throughout the Mediterranean. As we have already mentioned previously, in Genoa it is a warehouse; is a building or a complex of buildings that in the ports was used as warehouse and accommodation for foreign merchants (the Fontego dei Turchi and the Fontego dei Tedeschi in Venice). Its spread is due to the maritime republics (such as Pisa and Genoa, in whose "Liber Iurium" this term is present) that built this type of structures in overseas cities conquered during the first crusade. From this moment onwards, numerous fondaci were built in Constantinople, Egypt, Tunisia and in Spain. Even in Sardinia, as previously mentioned, there have been traces and fragments of fondaci, which were common architectural elements both in Genoa and Pisa, as well as in the Arab cities of the Middle Ages [NASER ESLAMI 2010b]. The architectural theme "longitudinal diaphragm wall" is also a further example of transformation / assimilation. It is an architectural structure composed of high arches surmounted by a row of small and open arches. The original models are paleochristian buildings, but Islamic architecture has appropriated and adapted them to its needs. If we look at the mosaic depicting the Palatium of Theodoric at Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna and compare it with the facade of the court of the Great Mosque of Damascus, the resemblance is quite evident. The Great Mosque of
