Studio Studio della composizione dei trigliceridi del latte ovino in riferimento alla posizione degli acidi grassi in sn-2

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Università degli studi di Pisa

Interfacoltà di Agraria e Veterinaria

Corso di laurea (II livello) in Biosicurezza e Qualità degli Alimenti

TESI DI LAUREA

Studio della composizione dei trigliceridi del latte ovino in

riferimento alla posizione degli acidi grassi in sn-2

_________________________________________________________________

Candidato:

Relatore:

Stefano Bugliani

Marcello Mele

Correlatore:

Anna Maria Ranieri

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Sommario

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" # $ " # $ ! " $ " # $ " # $ # " # $ ! # # # # ## ! ## ! % % "αααα$ % "ββββ$ ##

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# % "αααα$ "ββββ$

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1. I LIPIDI DEL LATTE DEI RUMINANTI

! " # # $ " " % & " ' () " * + ++ " ),-+ . " ++ + / ++ + " " 0 + - 1 " $ " " 2 " 3 4 ( , 3 3(,3

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( & , 03(,3 # 5 0 6%*% + " 3(,3 + ++ + + + + + + 7 + " 7 8 . 8 ' + " ' 5% ' % '9 # ' % $ 0 " + "

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" 7 " : 03(,3 ; 3(,3 + 3 " $ ; 3(,3 " 0 + +

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1.1. I trigliceridi del latte

: "

" : < + "

+ ! ! & ! &# ! &* " "

# + ! &# " + β + * " + α ( # = ! " $ + + *& " & + $ *& & + % *& ,>)< + 0 >))< " + # " 0 + 1,)< " + *

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2 + " ? 6 () ++ " + 6 * 56 @ $ : " () " : " + ) < '6% + &* '" ' # < % 1 +

&'('

)%

&'('

)%

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< " " + + A + " 0 0 >))< " ++ 0 + 0 + &# 2 + "B " + #& " + ! " : () + &# C ++ " " 0 : + 1 + () " &# " + 0 : " >A() &# 3 0 : + " 0 >))<

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1.2. Gli acidi grassi del latte

+ + D + 0 + " "B E !'() 3'() "B '() $ ++ E + & 0 > * $ ++ '6&' 7 ' #&' 5 . ! " # + 3A() F) ' % & $ ' % <() 0 ' ) >A() @ " . > " # 2 + 0 : 0 : + 0 ' % 0 A + "

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< #% 1 + ! " #

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2. LIPIDI DEL LATTE: ORIGINE E METABOLISMO

' : ++ " " % + : & $ C + ++ : + : "

2.1. Metabolismo lipidico nel rumine

$ + " + G H . @ 4 * > I + + 0 1 + 0 : 0 ++ -()

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++ E : ++ > " 0 :

2.2. La lipolisi

> 0 ++ " " ( # + E & @ 4 * ++ (() ! H6 ++ ( J ) J K J " + : $ : * K ++ '() , " 0 + " ) ' @ 4 *

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2.3. La Bioidrogenazione

0 A() + " + < " 0 H A() 3 # H ? " + # 0 # ' %# 0 & # ' %* + + + ++ + " ( # 0 + + + >A() # + & + . C L M 0 + " 7 $ : C 1 " + 0 + + : ' % ' % +

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+ + ) "

G H*

3 5 " " : )

+ . C

2.4. Sintesi degli acidi grassi microbici

$ & + 0 % & " J '() E " " # # $ + " @ 4 * ! + 0 " " E + 0 ' % ' 5% #% K "

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D0 " ++ " ?D() ++ - H ( # # & ! , 3A() " &# ++ $ N& N O + * + "B 0 + P " + 0 # '

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+ * + ' & C

0 + ' 5% ' % # #

2 0 C " + +

( # # @ 4 *

2.5. Bilancio lipidico nel rumine

F " + 6 ++ ? 6 H > ? " ; H 0 + " @ 4 6 E " +

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2.6. La sintesi mammaria degli acidi grassi

' 7 + + + -() 0 -() K # < -() " % 2 -() " ;) & 3 & ' ) ;) &' ) " + # * ! " 0 N '" # ) 1 + " : -$ % " : " + ! " # #

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( # * = - " + -() 5 . 0 + " 0) ' ) ' )'' ! ()! '" # 0)'' ++ + &' ) 0 & ' ) 0 + " $ ()! ++ + &)'> K H + + + &' ) ' 5 "

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? " C &' ) ' 6 0 C ' 3 ) 0 0 " ## $ / , 0 + > " - 1 # 6

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( # 6 = 3 K D # $ + , 6 3/ "B ; : ; 0 + K Q " "B ++ 7 5 ; + ! &' ) !'1 " + R : 8 H#

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< + + & $ " : ++ P& &5 &* > + , & " ++ "

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2.7. La biosintesi dei CLA.

' ' )

+ 0

' % -) +

K #

2.7.1. La Sintesi ruminale dei CLA

A + ++ , I + K # 2 + " K # % • K )% ++ P& ' % . • K K% ++ ' % " + ' % !)

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$ + 0 ) L M 0 + # + K L M + # + ? 0 ' %# # ' ) ( # & $ + ; K D # $ + + + ' % " 0 + + ; ' % !) K # ? " + " 0 ++ + + + # " 0 ' %

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' % ' % K # ++ 0 + -) + 0 P& %* # " 0 + " 0 P& ' %* 1 # > 0 + 0 + + % " + + " 0 ' % . " 7 + % 0 ' % > 0 P& + ' ) : ' ) + ' % " : ' )

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2.7.2. Sintesi dei CLA a livello dei tessuti.

$ + + % ' ) ' " " " + ' % ' %# K # + " % D @ 5 @ " K # 5 + " " 0 : ' % " ++ " ' ) " , " ' ) %# 0 + 0 + R # 5 < + + " ?)1G& ; &' ) R ) 4 . ? ( # H

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( # 5 = ! " ' )

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2 + + + $ + &' ) &' ) " ++ + 7 + " $ + C ++ + " ' % $ 0 "B + + : ' %# ' ) ? . K # 0 : 0!'1 ; + R " ! &' )&1 !'1 C ; ; + " 3 &) # % < + C / % !" ! !" #. !$ ! !$ #. !% ! &'( !% # . )* +*

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< " 0 : ! &' )&1 !'1 ' 6% /' 6% + " ' 6%

+ : 0 :

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3. Digestione, assorbimento e trasporto dei lipidi

nell’uomo

3.1. Emulsionanti naturali

$ + + ) S " " , + " " ; & % " 7 " / $ & ! + " " + " + "

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S " 2 + ++ ; + + " ' 1 ( # H A ; " ;

3.2. I sali biliari

, " + % " . ; + ( *

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( * & ( , 1 + + ;$ ' 1 ( # H 1 ; + + " ; + H H&

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$ + " " + + ' I " ; " ++ + ( ) ; ++ 1 " + "

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2 ; + ' 1 ( # H

3.3. Gli Enzimi coinvolti

, + " ; ''8&>T 3 # " I U + + " % )# S " 0 "

+ + & &* &#

3), $ + "

+ &# + & &*

C 7 # '() )4

H 7 5 3'() @ 6 "

+

2 "

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(() ! $ (() 0 + >G 0 + ' 1 ( # H 2 + * " V ' W # ) ( 5 < 5 + 1 " ' 5% + + &# 2 + + % ; " + ; ; " " #41 " ; & ; + " ++ + & ++ * # ( * #

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( * # & > +

; +

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3.4. Assorbimento degli acidi grassi e dei monogliceridi

, ; + ) ) &' ) $ C $ ; + ; + < X ' ++ "

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++ ; " " " ? " : - 1 '" - 1 * * $ & ' ++ , " ; ( * * & 1

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3.5. Il trasporto dei lipidi ed il loro destino metabolico

$ " " $ " ; ++ + " + " S " 6 : ++ % • - J Q 1 J - 1 :. • $ 1 J $1 : . • Q 1 J 1 :. • : $ " ; + " + " " D " " + $ % C

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$ " G1 ; )& ; + ')< & & ) '&$$ ; + ; + " ) '&$$ ; ; + ; " + " " D ++ " + " ; + " " ; : " + 7 + ; + + 7 ; + $ " ++ $ " + $ ++ ++ + G1

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? : - 1 V - 1 ;) '&$$ G1 I " " - 1 " : " ; $ + ++ - 1 G1 ) ' D $ + " - 1 $1 1 " " " ; " ; ++ ++ < " K " " ++ E &' ) 1 ++ $ 1 " + +

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Y Y I ++ $ 1 & 1 " ++ ; 1 1 $ 1 ; 1 ++ ++ " ; : + ; 1 $ ++ G1 G1 ++ ; 2 " G1 $ ; + ')< $ - 1 I G1 - 1

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; + ')< ; + # # * + % ')< ++ G1 G1 " ')< ) )& + ')< G1 " I - 1 1 C G1 + " ; + G1 ; " G1 : - 1 7 : " 3 1 + ; G1 + " + " " " ++ ) ; 1 "

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I $ > 1 , Q " ( & >1,( ; ? + " . 1 " ) " 1 " ! 1 " ; $ " " C D G1 " 1 " ++ + G1 % 6 " *

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4. Acidi grassi e salute

F

! ; + % !() <() ' )

3A() >A() K'() + + "

7 ++ + ;

4.1. Acidi grassi saturi (SFA)

' 6 &5 " " !() " ++ ) " !() " " + : &# " $ + " : &# !() 0 ' 5% *# * '" . 1 > # 0 ++ " 'G1

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$ " " !() 0 + 'G1 + + + 0 1 # 5 < " " ' #% ' 6% " I 7 0 + 0 1 3 4 # * > " 0 !) ' % + " " 0 1 " + C 0 ' % F) 3 4 # C + " 0 0 + 6 0!) F) '" Z # 1 0 >) ' 5% 0 + 0 0 1 D 0 : ' 5% &# + 0 7 " 0 + / J 4 0 + + &

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< + " 7 7 " !() / 0 + 0 1 + " " 0 + !() '6% ' % " + 1 B + 1 /G1 $ + 0 + ' 6% K) +

4.2. Acidi grassi trans (TFA)

$ <() ++ + + ) ) ) , ' % -) ' % & " 6 H# <() ! W # 1 " + " 0 + <() 0 1 + G1 7 1 /G1 3 4 # * < + <() 'G1

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+ G 5

4.3. Isomeri coniugati dell’Acido Linoleico (CLA)

, 0 ' ) ++

0 V& 'G['G&'G['G&V +

< ++ 0 + ' ).

C +

' ) $ +

H& & & & # I $

+ C + + +

+ +

! + % & & & &

+

+ "

3 " > + " H C + "

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" > > + " + " + 0 0 + 0 ' ) ) ' ) " " / + () S " : 0 ' ) ' C " " 0 :

& & & & # 0 +

$ 0 + "B < " ' ) " I + $ ++ " ' ) 0 ) + 0 " )) " $ ' ) C ++ ; 0 ) " +

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D " + ' ) 0 + 0 + + + &# " $ & & ; + ; " " ; - ) ; : ' ) 0 " ) " 0 & & 0 + ++ + + ) 0 & & # + D 0 + 0 : + J &' ) $ 0 0 + " + 0 : ( : ' ) 0 + + " $ + 1 + " " " ' ) ) "

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" " ' ) + 0 " " 0 + " " <\)# " + 0 " , ++ + 0 ) #H " + + : & &

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4.4. Acidi grassi monoinsaturi (MUFA)

0 + 3A() + " 0 + 0 F) + 0 1 + C 0G1 1 /G1 A " , " 3A() + $ 3A() & 0 5 () + 0 ; -) ) 3A() $ 0 -) " 'G1 . 0 + + " # ; -) 0 + ! &' ) !'1 " V)

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4.5. Acidi grassi polinsaturi (PUFA)

D0 >A() " 0 ++ > " " 0 P& ) ) >A() * D>) 1G) ++ " + + + >A() 5 6 10 >A() * " + + " " " + + + + " 'G1 10 " & : D>) 1G) + " >A() + + " 0 ' C +

&5/ &* + & &

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( 6 = ! " " " + >A() 5 * K " " 5 . " + 0 >A() &5/ &* + " + /

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4.6. Acidi grassi a catena ramificata (BCFA)

, K'() K + K'() + + + " " : ' % ' H% 0 ' H% - 4 # > + : & U " # 6 7 : & 5% K'() 7 ! " K'() " $ : K'() ' ) " + + $ K'() : + U " # 6 > " " ' + + 0 + 0

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" Z # $ " ++ 0 : + : ++ 0 + U " # 6 $ " 0 7 0 + > + 0 + " " 0 + 8 " W #

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5. L’alimentazione degli animali come mezzo per

fortificazione del latte

1 " + " " > + : + + " 7 + 0 + ) ++ B " ! " > 6 " " + 1 : Y Y + & 0 C : + 0 + : " + 0 : +

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1 C " & :& " : J "B 0 $ & + " : 0 " ' I C + I 7 A " " ++ 0 + D0 " + 7 " + " 0 + E& 1 A + 0 " 0 2 " " . C 0 0 $ + ++ + + : " +

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I L M + : 0 " + + ! 4" W > $ ! 4" W > " " + + G 9 5 + % >A() 7 !() ! C + + ? G'F* 8G'F* 3 F " <"

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5.1. La fortificazione del latte ovino

" & : " + - " + + " 0 : " ' C " + " " & + 0 : + & + $ 0 " A " ; : >A() " ; + () " + + 8 # A : : + ; 2 " + + <

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; ; > +&) H. ) # # < " ' % + ! " # ; + $ + ; 3 J # # $ " () 7 ; % ; " F & + % ; 1 Q" # 1 C " ; " " & : 1 < + +

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< % ' + /4 $ 7 '6% C " " " 0 ++ : $ 0 " + ' #% " < 6 - + 0 ' 6% + 0 A "

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> + ' %# ' %* " 0 + 0 + " 7 " $ >A() ' %# ' %* + 0 &6 # 0 0 # + 0 : + + () S " + ' C + + + / : () " : '" # (: + 0 " "B 7 > + " 0 + : &*

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5.2. Effetti dell’integrazione con semi di lino sulla

composizione in acidi grassi del latte di pecora

/ " &* &5 ) ) < >A() ++ + + : ++ ' + >A() &* :% + 0 0 . + ++ + + + & : >A() ++ 0 " + ++ 2 0 7 + >A() &5 7 0 " ))

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$ " 7 0 " ++ + " ) ) () '" # H $ " 0 + C 0 + ) ) ] # '" # ' C 0 7 + % 0 : . + + + . + + + ; -() ' C ++ + < " / + $ " + + " ) )

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: : D>) 1G) ; ) ) 0 " >A() " " + () 0 : + + $ * " " + + + 0) ) " $ " " " " 7 + + 0 '" # $ + " >A() ) ) ' C " : + : +

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5.3. Effetti dell’alimentazione sul contenuto di CLA nel latte

' + 0 + : -) ' ) " 0 ? " + " " 7 + 0 + $ + " " ) ) ) / 0 + ) + " ' ) 0 ++ " ) ) ) 0 K " " F) 0 + 0 ) " ' ) " : 0

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$ 0 0 0 ( ( & D 0 + ' ) D0 " 0 ++ >A() : : + ++ 0 " + A " / # 3 # 5

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( # & D 0 + / /

+ / (/'

2 "

' ) ' %

1 7

0 7 : & ' % & & # ' ) -) V)

+ +

) ) -) V)

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$ " : + 0 + + + $ 0 ++ 0 ) ) 0 + ) ) 1 " + " ' ) : + " + $ + 7 ' ) + " $ + " >A() " " + $ " " " + : : $ + " + " " ' ) + "

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D : " 0 + 7 A " " " 0 V) " -) ' % ' %# ' %* ? 0 -) " : " V) ' % $ 0 () 0 + " 0 ' ) ' % 2 ++ + $ + " : + ++ ++ " : ' ) 2 " + +

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6. Parte Sperimentale

6.1. Scopo del lavoro

D + " 7 " + + + : + " , 0 / " + + + 0 + + " " + + $ 5/ * 0 ' ) " + $ ++ + 0 . + " + + 0 0 " + + + &#

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$ "

" $ * + "

$ * + & &# &*

+ * " + α, + # " +

β + α β 0 +

+ 0 $

+ 0 +

+ & &* $ &# " 0

+ 7 + - 0 " " " + ! # + + 0 ++ + $ B + 0 L M 0 + ! #

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6.2. Materiali e metodi

6.2.1. Protocollo sperimentale

+ 6 ++ ! 0 + + ++ 0 $ " " + A ' ' / *# 0 ! ! H / * !! F & ^ 1 ! + T " 1 ) , 0) &# _' ++

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6.2.2. Analisi

$ ! " # * K % ++ E 6 # 1 0 ++ + * #_' + ! > ; + . ; V + ; $ #& > # % + # <V$! & 3 G # + # ? ' * + ; ' + 6 _' # 1 0 E ! ; + 6 _' + ; & *% / 63

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# + " I < ' ! 5 , # E# ++ + & 5 %6 / " ++ A- ++ + # # H& 5 # ( 5 #% < ' + " A-! " #

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I + + " 6 + + ? '" # , ++ + ($1 " ++ # # µ $ ++ ; + + H _'. H* _' #_'/ . * _' _' " ## _' #_'/ > + ' ) + G> ' A-&1)1 ! 0G> ' 0 / / / $ " ++ 0 #*#

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+ + &#

+ & &* + &

* % {` () <, a*b& () &# }/# 0 + + + + $ D + > + $D> () ! &# / () ! & * . $D> [ 0 + + . $D> 9 0 + ! & * α . $D> X 0 + ! &# β

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6.2.3. Analisi statistica

$ + #& *& 0$D> ++ ++ % JW[µ ] (W] W J [µ ] 1 ] 1 J [ µ [ + (W[ + W " # &#. & * 1 [ " # ' . ! [ $ + ++ ++ % J [µ ] 1 ] 1 J [ µ [ + 1 [ " # ' . ! [

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6.3. Risultati e discussione

6.3.1. Composizione in acidi grassi delle posizioni Sn-1-3 (

α

) ed

Sn-2 (

β

)

? 5 I + # ! &# " β) + * ! & * " α + α β + C " + + ' 5 + ! &# ! & * + + I " ++ ) I " + + !() 3A() , >A() * + α, 5 β + ! &# + ! & * ++ + 6# 6 *5 5 / + # /

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, 0 + + + 0 + + + α 7 : '6% '5% + & * " ++ " 0 + + $ 7 ' #% ' 6% &# 7 ' 5% ' % + * V 7 + + . + &# $ " + + 3A() 5 ' % " + 0 + + α

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< 5 ' + ! &# ! & * / ! &# ! & * !D > !() H5# 3A() *# * * # >A() 6H 6 66 * >A() * * * ** # >A() 5 * H# # *H 6 9 !'() # * 9 3'() 6# 6 *5 5 H 9 '() 6 # 6 # 6 #

!() [ $ % " 3A() & % " >A() & % " !'() & $ % " 3'() & % " '() & % " '

, >A() % " *

5 α& ) ) ' %* #

) ' %# #

0) ) >A() &* 0 + + + & *

>A() &5 + &#

0 V) 0 ' ) 7

0 + + + . V)

+ # 5 #

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< 5 # ' + ! &# ! & * / ! &# ! & * !D > '6% #H 6 # 9 '5% *5 * * 9 ' % *5 H 6 6 ' % 5 # H* HH ' % 5 * 6 * ' #% 6 H # # # 9 ' *% 6 ' *& 5 6 ' 6% # H * 9 ' 6% # # 6 #5 ' 6& 5 65 9 ' % 6 * ' & # ** 6 9 ' & 6 # # 9 ' 5% H * # H 6 ' 5% #6 5 * ' 5& H * 6* 6 * 5 ' 5& *6 # * ' H% 65 5 # ' H% 6 # #5H ' H& 6 # 565 ' H& 6 6 # 65 ' H% 65 5 # ' H% 6 # #5H ' H& 6 # 565 ' H& 6 6 # 65

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! &# ! & * !D > ' % 6 * # ' % 6 * H H6 ' % # * 5 # ' % H* 6 ' % * 6 *H H 5 ' % 6 6 # # 5 # ' % 5 55 H# 5 ' % 5& 6 6 6 65** ' % 6 6* * H#5 ' % # 5 * #H# ' % H H# 6H H 6 * ' % # H *H ' %# ( # # 6 #6 ' %# # # H6 6 9 ' %# 6 # #5 ' %* # 5 # 5* * 9 ' %6 * * 6 6 ** ' &* * 5 '# % 6* * 9 '# %6 5 # 5 # '# % * 9 '# % # 9 '##% # * H '##% * 6 # 6H '##%5 * 5 5 '#6% HH > ' ) + + . / / * H/ + & *. ( + / + β. / +

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1 / : 0 / + # #/ 6 + * < 5 * ' + ' ) ! &# ! & * g/100g CLA tot). ! &# ! & * !D > / # ( *H *6 # / * ( * # 6# / * ( H 6H * # #H #6 #/ 6 ( 6* # 6 * * #/ 6 ( 6 H# # # H5 # H/ ( H * H5 # H/ ( * / ( * # 5H 5* 6* / ( 6 5 6H H / ( H H* H# * 6 6* *H# / ( # 6 # 65 * H

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< 5 6 ' + ' ) ! &# ! & * g/100g acidi grassi) ! &# ! & * !D > / # ( 6 H6 * #H 6 / * ( 5# H *6 *5 # # H / * ( 5 H 5H 6* # H #/ 6 ( ## 6* H H6 # #/ 6 ( 66 5 H *# 5 H/ ( * H * 9 H/ ( 5 * 6 # 5# H / ( # *H 6 # H / ( 6 * 6 *5 * * * * / ( H# H 5 #*H * / ( *H * 6# # 5 H 6 ( ( 5 6 # 6* 6 #H 6 H#6H ' ) # # 6 ### ** # * * 6 ( # H5 * * 6

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6.3.2. Effetto della razione sulla composizione in acidi grassi dei

trigliceridi del latte.

0 + ++ + C 0 5 5 5 5 H 5 " + !() & # 3A() ] >A() &* ]* 5 V " ++ 5 + " + " + * 5 ) 6 #5 / () ! ' # # ) ' 66 / () ! ' ' + + :

7 ' % &65 ' #% &65 ' 6% &#* 7 ) ) ]6 5 5

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< 5 ' + / ' ! !D > !() 56 # H ** 5H 5 3A() # 6# ** # # >A() H * 5* >A() * 6 5 6 >A() 5 # H # H 5/ * HH 5 56 !'() H *6 5 65 * 3'() 6 #5 * 5 * # '() 66 # * #

!() [ $ % " 3A() & % " >A() & % " !'() & $ % " 3'() & % " '() & % " ' ' [ , . ! [ , 0 3A() ' 0 ' % " -) ] ## " 7 " + ? -) 6# 5H ' % ! 5 > [ 6 5 5 2 + " -) 0 V) + 0 + !'1 ) 0 ++ + 0 0 ' %# / / " 5 / () # H / () H 5 5

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< 5 5 ' + / ' ! !D > '6% # # 6 #H H#H# '5% # 6# * ' % # * 5 6H ' % H 6 H H *5 ' % # * # # ' #% * # 6* # # ' *% 5 6 65 ' *& 5 6 #66 ' 6% # * *6 5 ' 6% # 5 # H ' 6& 6*** ' % H 6 6 #5 ' & 6 # # H ' & * # # * H ' 5% # #* 6 H* ' 5% H # ** ' 5% # 6# H H* ' 5& H *H 6 5H5 ' 5& # #6 # #6 ' H% 5 # H ' H% H 6 # 6H5 ' H& # #H ' H& 66 6* # HH

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' ! !D > ' % 6 66 H ' % *H 6# # 6 ' % # 6 5* 5 6H ' % # 5 * ' % # 5 ' % 6 6 # # # H ' % 5 H6 5 ' % 5& *5 5 6 6* ' % ** 6 56 ' % * 6 6 ' % ** # * ' % H H #5 #H 6* ' %# ( 5 # H * # # ' %# # # 6 # H 6 H# ' %# # H # ##HH ' %* # # H6 5 * ' %6 * # 5 # H*5 ' &* # 6 #H '# % # ## # 5#*5 '# %6 5 5 '# % * H6 '# % 5 6 #*# '##% 6 6 # '##% * # *# '##%5 * H * H '#*% 6 * # # '#6% 6 * 6 ' [ , . ! [ ,

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' ' ) 0 0 ++ + " + " : ' %# / * ( ' %# / * ( 5 H . ' ) # * 6 / () ]H* $ " 0 ' ) 5 " + " + + ' ). V) 0 7 H# < 5 H ' + ' ) / ' ! !D > / * ( H 66 H / * ( # 5 66 H / * ( H# 5 H # # 5 # #/ 6 ( * # 6 55 6 #/ 6 ( 6 5 ##5 H/ ( *H 5H 5# # H * H/ ( # *# # H H / ( 5 # #* H6H / ( #H * * H H6# / ( 6 * #H #H **6 5 #*5 / ( 65 6 6 * *# 6H ( ( H6 * *5 H5 * 5 ## ' ) 5 66 ** 6 6 6 H # # 6 ( # 6 # #6 H ' [ , . ! [ ,

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< 5 ' + ' ) / ' ) ' ! !D > / # ( 66 * 65 / * ( * 5 6 / * ( 6 6 5 6 #/ 6 ( # 65 # 6 # 55 H #/ 6 ( * *# * 6 * H#*# H/ ( # 5 # 5 56 * H/ ( 5 6# 6 5 / ( 6 6* * 5 * # 5 / ( H * # HH / ( H# H6 * * *#* / ( # H # #6 # 6 ' [ , . ! [ ,

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6.3.3. Influenza della razione sulla composizione in acidi grassi delle

posizioni Sn-1,3 (

α

) e Sn2 (

β

) dei trigliceridi del latte.

$ + " + + α

β ' C 0 5 5 +

+

+ # + >A() 5 " +

+ * 0 ++ + "

β + !() &#* 3A() ]# >A() *

] # 5 < 5 ' + &# & * / ! &# !D > ! & * !D > ' ! ' ! !() 55 * 5 9 5* H # # #6 56 3A() # *5 6 9 # * * 5H H# # >A() 5 5 HH 5 9 # H5 H H >A() * # # 6 6 #H 9 6 5 5 5 ## >A() 5 * 6 * 6 # #6 # 6 # * H5 !'() # #* 5 #6 5 6H 55 6* 3'() 6H * *5 5 5 9 *H # * * # #6 '() 6 5 H *6 9 6 55 * # 6 H5

!() [ $ % " 3A() & % " >A() & % " !'() & $ % " 3'() & % " '() & % " '

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$ 0 ++ + " + !() + 0 &# 7 ! ) ' 6 / () ) " 0 + 0 " ' 0 + + 7 3A() &# 0 ' % 6 5 # / () ' " 0 ' % " -) " &# 6 * 6* # * >[

(97)

< 5 ' + &# & * / ` / b ! &# !D > ! & * !D > ' ! ' ! '6% ** # * 6 6 *# * 5* '5% * *H H 6 * 6 # 5 # ' % 6 # 6 6 ## # ' % 5* ## 5 ** 6 H * * H ' % #6 6 6 H* # * 6 ' #% 6 * 5 # # # 5 # H ' *% 5 H 6 6 # ' *& 56 * * ' 6% 6 * 5 * # # 5 H# * *#5 ' 6% * # H * * * H# ' 6& 6 # #*6 5 ' % 6 H #H 6 H 5 ' & * 5 H * * * 6 ' & 65 * ## # * * ' 5% # * 6 6 5 # # 6* # H ## ' 5% 6 # 56 * H * ' 5% 5 5 9 # # # ' 5& H # *# * * 6# 6 ' 5& * * # # * * ' H% 6# # # 5 5 * # ' H% # * * 5 * # 6# ' H& * 5H 6 ' H& 6 6 * 6 6 * HH

(98)

! &# !D > ! & * !D > ' ! ' ! ' % 6 * 56 *5 * 5 ' % 6H 6 *# *# * H 6H6 ' % # * 5 9 65 5 # # ' % 6 # H 5 5 * ' % 5# 5 H 9 * # 5# 6 ' % 6 # 6 9 H* # *# # 5H ' % 66 H H 5 5H H 6 ' % 5& # 5 6 9 6 5 # 5 ' % #5 # 9 *5 5 ' % 6 5 # 5H 9 5 * *6 6 ' % # H # ## 6 # * 5 6 * 5 ' % # # * 6* H H H *H6 ' %# ( * # * 9 6 # 66 * # ' %# # # * # H # H 5H 5 ' %# *H 6# 9 H* 5 6 5 ' %* # # ## * 9 # #5 * # # ' %6 * 6 # * # *H ' &* 6 H # 6 6 H6 '# % * 6 6 * # * 6 5 '# %6 5 6 # #56 # # '# % * 6 H* 5 '##% ## * * 6 5 6 '##% * # * 6 # 6 '##%5 * * H * * # '#*% 6 6 5 # 5#* # # #5 '#6% # *H 6 # 5 6* ' [ , . ! [ ,

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0 I ' % -) 0 ++ + C α& " + -) " C 0) ) -) + ' %* ') ) α& . + + " + ' %# 0) ) ') ) ' %# + " 0 + &# 2 ' %# + 0 0 ++ + " + &#. *H ) 6# / () ' ! + # α ' %# H* 5 / () 5 0) ) ') ) α " β $ + + " 0 + + " ' ) 5 V) H ) " + + 5 0 + + &# $ β ' ) 6 * *6 /

(100)

() V) 5 * / () ) + # 0 + + " 7 " + V) ' ). 0V) 56 H ' ) , + + + # + !() + 0 >A() * -) V) 5/ * + " + ) " " + 0 + &# ' C 0 + # 7 : + *

(101)

< 5 ' + ' ) &# & * / ! &# !D > ! & * !D > ' ! ' ! / # ( 66 H * # #6 # #5 H * 5 / * ( * ** 5H # 9 5 #5 5 56 6 6H / * ( ₅ _{# H} H # ₅ _{* H6} _{# 5#} #/ 6 ( 5 H *H H ## ** 66 # 5* #* H #/ 6 ( 5 H H* H5 6 # H 6 6# 5 5 # *#H H/ ( 6 # 6# 5 H* H 6 6 H/ ( H # # H * # * 5 # 6 5 6 / ( 5 6 *6 66 9 5 5 * *# # * / ( 5 55 # *# 5 5* 5 ## 6 / ( 6 * * 6 * * 5 9 H6 6# # 5 * 6 H5 / ( * 5* 5 5# 5 6 6 # 66 6 ( ( #H 6 ***H 6 6 * # 9 * 56 * *5 5# 6 ' ) * 5H *56 6## 9 # HH * *#H 56 # ( #6* ## * 6 *6 # 6 #* 6 H6 6 H

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< 5 # ' + ' ) &# & * / ' ) ! &# !D > ! & * !D > ' ! ' ! / * ( # 6 6 6# H6 *H * H # / * ( 5* 6 # # # # 6 * # ## 5 #/ 6 ( 6 6 ** 65 # 5 # 6H H* * #/ 6 ( 5 5# * #* 6 5 5 # H H/ ( 6 # 6 * H5 * HH H/ ( 65 6 * # H 5 #6 H / ( 6 H * 6H # # *6 # H / ( # 6 H * * # * H / ( 5* 5 H 5 H 6 * H# H H H* * H H # / ( * # #* 56 *5 # 5 # #6 6 # H

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0 + + " " $ $ D + > + . $D> : β ! &# α ! & * $D> [ () ! &# / () ! & * . $D> [ 0 + + $D> 9 0 + ! & * α $D> X 0 + ! &# β

0$D> 9 !() 3A() >A() >A() * !'() '() " + α 5 $ >A() 5 " $D> X

0 + + + #

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, 5 = $ + + $D> !() [ $ % " 3A() & % " $ % " 3'() & % " c d > 9 . cc >d A + " " 0 + + ' % + ' % ' % " $D> # H 5 * !'() cc>A() & * cc>A() # 6 + + $D>

& % " >A() & % " & % " '() & % " ' ' % 1 5 * " + α $D> [ 56 < 0 + " " 0 + + &# $D> [ #H L 0 M $D> " + ' % 6 " $D> # H 5 * c '() cc3'() cc>A() 3A() c!() 5 # ! ' & % " !'() & 0 + ' % L 0 M $D> " -) >A() & 5 6 5 ! '

(105)

+ + 3'() '() > !() 3'() 0$D> C + >A() &* '() 0$D> " + # 5 ' ' % ' 5% ' H% ' % 5 # ' %# 5 6 ' 6% 5 # ' %# 5 β , 5 # & $ + + $D> !() c d > 9 . cc >d '6% '5% ' % cc' 5% ' H% ' % + + " 0$D> !() '() > !() 3'() 0$D> C " + * '() 0$D> " 0 + ++ ' " '6% '5% !() ' 5% ' H% ' % 5 # 0D>) '# % * 0) ) ' %* & 5 6 α ' #% ' 6% 5 # ' %# 5 5 6 $ + + $D> !() $ % " ' % ' 6% ' % # !() >A() * " 0 " + & *. 0 + ++ !() & &* ') ) ' %* ' #% + ' #% # ! '

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+ + + 0 ++ + * 5 # $D> 0) ) ' %# > 0 + # , 5 * & $ + + $D> 3A() c d > 9 . cc >d ' 5% ' % 6 ' % + + 0$D> ' 5% " " + * 5 # $D> 0) ) ' %# 0 + > 0 $ + + $D> 3A() % " ' ' 6% ' ' H% ' % # ' % ' % ' % 5& ' % # 0$D> ' 5% " 0 0 + > 0 % " ' ' % ' % # ! '

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0 ' %# ( " 0 + + " 0 0 + + " 0 + + , 5 6 = $ + + $D> c d > 9 . cc >d c' %# c' %* # ' &* '# % * ( 5 6 " -) " 0 + + " 0 0$D>% V) " + + + * $D> [ 5 " 0 + + + # $D> [ # 5 $ + + $D> >A() % " ' %# # '# %6 5 # 5 6 " -) " 0 + + " V) " 5 cc' %# ( # ! '

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6.4. Conclusioni

0 ++ 0 ++ + + " " + + ) + # !() 6 >A() * 6 0) ) H* ' ) H 0 0 >A() * " >A() 5 + " 5/ * 2 + " + A C " + + &# ) + + !() #* 0 0) ) * ' ) 6 V) 5 ' C C " ++ + # 7 : + * ) " " + + &# + +

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0 " 0 "

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7. Bibliografia

) 4 V , & ' W ' ) " $ W " Z Q + 3 > 3 3 3 8 @ 8 , > + 3 U ? , @ )F'! '" $ # *&# )4 K , Q + ! G K F" V H . *%** &6* ) 3 ! " > 3 3 K ) ! ) ( ++ , V ! > ) # # F " " Q % 4 J $ @ ) ! &5* K Q V ! " ? D < J @ !" 3 3 Q " 4 @ ) ! % 6 5 K 3 ' ' V ) < 3 < - V , H & " J K " K " ) *6H% & #5 K " 1 J&' ( 1 3 , K & & & " J Q & K @ ? 5* * % 5*&H K 1 D , @ 3 # & V

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4 % Q& 4 J 4 > ! H # % =# K 1 D 4 ) ' K ) $ ' ! ) 3 > >U # 5 3 4 J " " "% W J $ V >"J J ! W 8 G < ? 3 F U ) > " *+* K E ' '" Z # 5 & '" " " J , -. $ / 0' ) !' 1 '2 ' ' 3 " # ! 1 # &* K , K D & # & ( : 3 - K ' W F ! 4 3 ! 4 G ? 4 J 3 8 " < ! 3 K K " K " # .56%H *& '" Z ( J ) 3 V3 1 3 # & V 4 J% J W J ) T " 6 % =# '" Z ( J ) 1 3 # & D J Q0 4 E J W ' ) J J > ! H % * &6

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'" Z , ( ( J ) K V @ 1 3 # H & 1 "J J Q 4 D @ ! < " % # & '" ,1 '" D > &? 5 '" UU & ' 4 $ % ) 1 J '" J&#% D > ( ( E '" G &*5 '" UU ' @ # & ! Q; 4 4 " 4 @ ! 1 J < " * % ## 1 > D @ , @ K < J ! @ D E ! < > +&3 G # & ( J J 4 G Q @ J ! 6% # & *5 1 ( < @ > , + @ 3 , ) > # & ) J P& " 4 Q " " W @ 1 J ! *#* &*#* 1 3 '" Z K " 1 3 " &1 K $ J Q ' ) T " 6 &* D 3 ! ? 1 '" ? @ 8 D G 8 U @ 1 & D J W ' ) @ )

(113)

! 5 6*& 65 ( J @ > @ 4 8 1 '" 8 @ ' @ U & D J E J " "J & " J ' @ 3 *5% ( @ 3 (G ( !@ @ ? 5 . %# *& , , '" Z 1 3 @ & 1 J & Q * > " J 4 @ 1 J ! H6% *& * G ' , H " ' > V H% # & 6 G ' , ? V ' 3 @ G H* & ( " E "J J ) ' @ ( ) #6% 5 @ " , ( " @ 8 @ & ! & J W 4 $ ) ' W ) V " - 3 > Z Q + 3 3 3 @ 8 , 8 3 U > + , @ ? '" $ )F'! > # =## @ 4 < ' * & " @ 1 J ! H5% * & * 5* @ 33 '" 3! G J '&D ) ? 3 6.* % 6& 5

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@ V , ( ) 3 &8 ' @ & <" 4 @ 1 J ! H6% *## &*#6*

@ @ KW 4 ( V D 3 5 & F W

& & & 4 && J

@ 1 J ! H % 6* &66 8 ' & ! J " J > % 6&# 8 <U 1J Q 4 1 > & $ 4 " " 4 $ % ) 1 J '" J&#% D > ( ( E '" G & * 8 @ D H# & ! J &' ) J J % J 4 J J " H% *6 &* 8 ! 3 , ! 8 ) " @ V ( 4 D ! <U ? " > 1 # A " $$ ! " J 0 4 ) ( ! < " % # &# 3 &) ) D F D 3 ) ! K 1 K ' 1 8 > " U ! # & K Q " " J & @ ) !

(115)

H % & 3 " $ G 8 <U & F 4 @ 3 J , K J ? * *% # &#H* 3 3 ' , ' K '" ! 3 ? > > ! ) K ) > , ! " > # H & ! J &' ) 1 , > J " 3 4 ( J ) ' $ G @ 1 J ! %66 =665 3 3 K ) > " ( ! ) K ! ) 3 ! " > # 5 & D / J 4 J ! Q ) V % #H*&# 3 4 V > T 4 > 8 ) < 3 8 3 K # * & D J J "J " G1 '" % & J 5 ) @ ' ? HH% 65& 3 4 V > # & D " 6 % # & # 3 @ G '" UU & " J $ '" UU D > > ##H&#HH

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3 @ G ? V ' ! U '+ 4 Q 4 5 & 1 " J K @ ? #*% 5 3 J D D > Q , V J 3 K @ 4 < ' # # & 3 "J @ V 6*%# &# 5 3 G # & V Q <" J > V " 66%6* &66 ? @ 3 & <" J &' !'1 > V *6% * & > 1 6 & <" J J @ ? #6% *HH!& * #! > 1 K ) 1 K 1 3 * & ( 4 @ 1 J ! H5% H *& HH > 1 @ 4 < ' & ( % Q @ 1 J ! 5*% & 6 > +&) 3 1 ! + ' ! > + G + 3 3 + 3 ) ( + 3 , H & ' J " 3 " J Q % J @ 1 J ! % ** 5&**#6

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> " 1 3 4 @ 1 ( U V # & ' % Q Q 4 J Q " " J & " "J *5 % #H& *# V !' V @' > " J 1 @ ? . # %## &*H ! " > ) 3 3 3 K ) ! ) ( ++ , # & D J 4 Q Q > ! H % H ! " > 3 3 ! ) > ( # ( " 4 > * ' D ( *& F # *& 6 ! " > 3 3 ! ) > ( # # & + " $ % % ) , H& ! " > ! ) 3 3 # % $ ' 6 Y) Y ' " 3 3 ) *6H&6 * !4 1) J @ @ '" ) ! !D! ! 1 3 & <" J ) V ? % 6 *&6*6

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! W @ 3 # & 1 J " "% " " Ee $ J W % 6# &6* ! 4" W > ! > 1 & 1 " J @ 1 J ! H*% H 6& H H <" 3 ' '" >Z @ , - ! @ V K , @ & D 4 J J J Q ' J @ 1 J ! % # &# < V3 3 J K@ U @V K " (U @ ? 5 . % *& A " < - ! " 1 ) < & ' J " % J <" ** % & # - V , ( 1 ( & > ? ! 6H% # H&# * - V H ' 3 " J " ) V %#5H - 4 K 1 ' - ) 3 ' ) 3 V 1 Q" V @ 1 J 1 ( + - # > " " J 4 % 4 @ 1 J ! % * & 6

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U " ! F4 G $Q 4 G < < # 6 & D " & " J