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FIRENZE UNIVERSITY

PRESS

IX - 2008/1 (gennaio-giugno)

Reti Medievali

Rivista

www.rivista.retimedievali.it

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Reti Medievali – Firenze University Press

giugno 2008

ISSN 1593-2214

Reti Medievali Rivista è presente nei cataloghi di centinaia di biblioteche nel mondo e nelle principali banche dati di periodici.

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Indice

Saggi

1. Luca Zavagno

La città bizantina tra il V e il IX secolo: le prospettive

storiografi che 3

2. Luigi Russo

Spazi e aspirazioni del pellegrino tra Mezzogiorno e

Terrasanta nei secoli XI-XIII 31

3. Giuseppe Dell’Amico

Tra politica e pastorale. I trentacinque anni

dell’arcivescovo Vitale nella diocesi di Pisa (1217-1252) 49

4. Guido Cariboni

Comunicazione simbolica e fi nzione della continuità presso

i primi Visconti a Milano (1277-1354) 85

5. Alessandro Vanoli

L’invenzione della Reconquista. Note sulla storia di una parola 135 Saggi - Sezione monografi ca

Scritture e potere. Pratiche documentarie e forme di governo nell’Italia tardomedievale (XIV-XV secolo),

a cura di Isabella Lazzarini

6. Lazzarini

Introduzione 151

7. Gian Maria Varanini

I notai e la signoria cittadina. Appunti sulla

documentazione dei Bonacolsi di Mantova fra Duecento e

Trecento (rileggendo Pietro Torelli) 161

8. Guido Castelnuovo

«Contra morem solitum»: un confl it d’archives savoyard en 1397. Quelques réfl exions sur l’écrit, ses pouvoirs et les

pouvoirs dans une principauté du bas Moyen Âge 219

9. Paola Guglielmotti

Libri di comunità locali nella Liguria della prima età moderna 239 10. Andrea Gamberini

La memoria dei gentiluomini. I cartulari di lignaggio alla

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Reti Medievali

11. Maria Nadia Covini

Scrivere al principe. Il carteggio interno sforzesco e la

storia documentaria delle istituzioni 277

12. Franca Leverotti

L’archivio dei Visconti signori di Milano 309

13. Laura Turchi

Fonti pubbliche per la storia dello stato estense

(secoli XV e XVI) 331

14. Tiziana Lazzari

Le “liste” fra pratiche di scrittura e modalità di

conservazione: il caso di Imola (1255-1319) 361

15. Lorenzo Tanzini

Una pratica documentaria tra sovrabbondanze e silenzi: i Regolatori e le scritture d’uffi cio a Firenze

tra XIV e XV secolo 403

16. Francesca Klein

Costruzione dello stato e costruzione d’archivio:

ordinamenti delle scritture della repubblica fi orentina a

metà Quattrocento 433

17. Armand Jamme

Logiche di potere e strategie documentarie. Produzione e registrazione delle decisioni di governo nello Stato

pontifi cio del secondo Trecento 465

18. Serena Morelli

Il controllo delle periferie nel Mezzogiorno angioino alla

metà del XIII secolo: produzione e conservazione di carte 487

19. Francesco Senatore

Le scritture delle universitates meridionali. Produzione e

conservazione 517

20. Anna Airò

«Cum omnibus eorum cautelis, libris et scripturis». Privilegi di dedizione, scritture di conti, rendicontazioni e reti informative nella dissoluzione del Principato di

Taranto (23 giugno 1464 - 20 febbraio 1465) 551

21. Beatrice Pasciuta

Scritture giudiziarie e scritture amministrative:la

cancelleria cittadina a Palermo nel XIV secolo 591

Reti Medievali Rivista, IX - 2008/1 <http://www.rivista.retimedievali.it> [IV]

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Rivista, IX - 2008/1 22. Fabrizio Titone

Le «Consuetudines terre Platee»: un esempio di cultura

dello scritto nella Sicilia tardomedievale 609

23. Olivier Guyotjeannin

Conclusions. Échos transalpins 627

Materiali

24. Glauco Maria Cantarella

Una nota su Rodolfo il Glabro 633

Interviste

25. Paola Guglielmotti, Giovanni Isabella, Tiziana Lazzari, Gian Maria Varanini

Intervista a Hagen Keller 639

26. Paola Guglielmotti, Giovanni Isabella, Tiziana Lazzari, Gian Maria Varanini

Interview mit Hagen Keller 679

27. Giuseppe Albertoni

Intervista a Herwig Wolfram 719

Recensioni 28. Enrica Salvatori

I battesimi di Pisa dal 1457 e il 1527 749

Bibliografi e

29. Antonio Peláez Rovira

Balance historiográfi co del emirato Nazarí de Granada (siglos XIII-XV) desde los estudios sobre al-Andalus:

instituciones, sociedad y economía 755

Schedario 803

Abstracts e Keywords 825

Presentazione, Redazione, Referees 849

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Reti Medievali Rivista, IX - 2008/1 <http://www.rivista.retimedievali.it> [2]

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La città bizantina tra il V e il IX secolo:

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Luca Zavagno 2

Reti Medievali Rivista, IX - 2008/1 <http://www.retimedievali.it>

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2 3HUXQDSLHVDXVWLYDDQDOLVLGHOO¶DUJRPHQWRULPDQGRLOOHWWRUHDOPLROLEURGLSURVVLPDSXEEOL-cazione: L. Zavagno, Cities in Transition: Urbanism in Byzantium Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, edito per i tipi della British Archaeological Reports-International Series. 3 _{G. Ostrogorsky, Byzantine Cities in the early Middle AgesLQ©'XPEDUWRQ2DNV3DSHUVª} SS$3.D]KGDQVizantije goroda v VII-IX vv.LQ©6RYHWVNDMD$UFKHRORJLMDª

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(1954), pp. 164-188.

4_{,Q TXHVW¶RWWLFD PL VHPEUD HVVHQ]LDOH PHQ]LRQDUH ( .LUVWHQ Die Byzantinische Stadt, in} Berichte zum XI International Byzantinische Kongress0XQLFK9SSVLYHGDQR LQROWUHLFRQWULEXWLOHWWLHSXEEOLFDWLLQRFFDVLRQHGHOFRQJUHVVRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHGL6WXGL%L]DQWLQL tenutosi ad Ocrida nel 1961.

5_{-)+DOGRQByzantium in the Seventh Century&DPEULGJHS}

6 _{Recent Research in Late-Antique Urbanism (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary} Series 42), a cura di L. Lavan, Portsmouth-Rhode Island 2001, pp. 138-145. Alla tavola rotonda SDUWHFLSDURQRWUDJOLDOWUL//DYDQ$&DPHURQ:/LHEHVFKXHW]H%:DUG3HUNLQV

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Luca Zavagno 4

GRSRLOUHJQRGHOO¶LPSHUDWRUH*LXVWLQLDQRG&TXDQGR©WKHKLVWRU\RI WKHFLW\DVDQLQVWLWXWLRQDEUXSWO\FHDVHGª8_{2FFRUUHDOWUHVuVRWWROLQHDUHFRPH} UHFHQWHPHQWHKDIDWWR:ROIUDP%UDQGHV9_{FKHODGH¿QL]LRQHGLpolis avanzata} GD-RQHVLQWHVDFRPHXQLRQHIUDODFLWWjHLOSURSULRWHUULWRULRchora), vero HSURSULRRUJDQLVPRSULPDULRGLDXWRJRYHUQRSROLWLFRHEDVHHFRQRPLFDGHO-lo stato romano10_{, implicava quale naturale conclusione la considerazione che} TXDQGRO¶DPPLQLVWUD]LRQHPXQLFLSDOHJHVWLWDGDLFXULDOLHUDHQWUDWDLQFULVLGDO ,9VHFRORLQSRLODFLWWjpolis aveva perduto tanto il suo carattere precipua-PHQWHXUEDQRTXDQWRLOSURSULRWHUULWRULRchora11 ,QWDOVHQVR-RQHVSURSRQH-va una vera e propria concezione teleologica GHOODSDUDERODVWRULFDGHOODFLWWj DQWLFD FKH VL LQWHUUXSSH EUXVFDPHQWH DOOD ¿QH GHO 9, VHFROR TXDQGR OD SULQ-cipale caratteristica della polisJUHFDRYYHURO¶DXWRQRPLDSROLWLFDVFRPSDUYH D IURQWH GHL FUHVFHQWL SRWHUL GHOOR 6WDWR H GHL VXRL JRYHUQDWRUL ©DV WKH ORFDO councils (curiaeORVWWKHLUULFKHVWDQGPRVWHQWHUSULVLQJPHPEHUVZKHWKHU WKURXJKJHQXLQHSRYHUW\RUWKURXJKWKHODFNRISXEOLFVSLULWDVWKHLUUHYHQXHV were curtailed, and as civic patriotism decayed, cities lost vitality and initiati-YHª12_{&RPHVLYHGUjLQVHJXLWRTXHVWRDSSURFFLR³FRQVHUYDWRUH´qDQFRUDRJJL} ORQWDQRGDOO¶DYHUHSHUVRLOSURSULRappealVWRULRJUD¿FRFRQVLGHUDWRFKHVWRULFL FRPH:ROIJDQJ/LHEHVFKXHW]H+HOHQ6DUDGLQHGHQXQFLDQRLQGLUHWWDPHQWH O¶LQÀXHQ]DTXDQGRGHOLQHDQROHSURSULHWHRULHVXOO¶XUEDQHVLPREL]DQWLQRLQGH-FOLQR/¶LPSRVWD]LRQHMRQHVLDQDLQROWUHHUDSULQFLSDOPHQWHEDVDWDVXOO¶DQDOLVL GHOOHIRQWLGRFXPHQWDULHHVXOOHSRFKHULVRUVHPDWHULDOLGLVSRQLELOLSULQFLSDO-PHQWHGLQDWXUDQXPLVPDWLFDHGHSLJUD¿FD©0\PRVWODPHQWDEOHJDSLVWKH archaeological material, since I have not read the excavations reports on late 5RPDQVLWHVª13 ,QIDWWLEHQFKpDOFXQHIRQWLPDWHULDOLIRVVHURVWDWHSUHVHLQFRQ-VLGHUD]LRQHVLQGDJOLDOERULGHOGLEDWWLWRVXOODFLWWjEL]DQWLQDHVVHULPDQHYDQR SHUORSLOLPLWDWHDLUHSHUWLPRQHWDULVSHVVRULWURYDPHQWLVWUDWLJUD¿FDPHQWH GHFRQWHVWXDOL]]DWLHDOOHLVFUL]LRQLVHPSUHSLUDUHGDO9,VHFRORLQSRLGH-terminando, de factoODPDUJLQDOL]]D]LRQHGHOUXRORGHOO¶DUFKHRORJLDLQDPELWR XUEDQR/HGLI¿FROWjLQHUHQWLDOODULFHUFDDUFKHRORJLFDQHJOLDQQL&LQTXDQWDH 6HVVDQWDYHQQHURHI¿FDFHPHQWHULDVVXQWHGD'LHWULFK&ODXGHQHOLOTXDOH FRQFOXGHYDFKHVHEEHQHJOLVFDYLXUEDQLFRVWLWXLVVHURXQ¶LPSRUWDQWHIRQWHGL VWDUWHGLQWKHWKLUGVFHQWXU\SURFHHGLQJVWHDGLO\GXULQJDOOWKH%\]DQWLQHSHULRGª6LYHGDDQFKH $+0-RQHVThe Greek City from Alexander to Justinian2[IRUG

8_{-RQHVCities of the Eastern Roman ProvincesFLWS;,9}

9_{:%UDQGHVDie Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrundert, Berlin 1989, pp. 12-13.}

10_{$+0 -RQHV The Later Roman Empire 284-602. A social, economic and administrative} survey,,2[IRUGS

11_{-RQHVThe Greek City cit., pp. 30 sgg.}

12_{-RQHVThe Later Roman Empire 284-602 FLWS%LVRJQDWXWWDYLDDPPHWWHUHFKH-RQHV} GLYHQQHLQVHJXLWRPHQRSHVVLPLVWDHVHJQDWDPHQWHGDOTXDQGRDPPLVHFKHQHOO¶,PSHUR 5RPDQRG¶2ULHQWHOHFLWWjSUHVHUYDURQRXQDYLWDOLWjPDJJLRUHQHO9,VHFRORHDGGLULWWXUDQHO9,, VHFRORLQ2FFLGHQWHODGGRYH©ZHKDYHZKDWLVODFNLQJLQWKH(DVWSRVLWLYHHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHFLW\ FRXQFLOVFRQWLQXHGWRKROGVHVVLRQVGRZQWRWKH¿UVWTXDUWHURIWKHVHYHQWKFHQWXU\ª-RQHVThe Later Roman Empire 284-602 cit., p. 761.

13_{-RQHVCities of the EasternFLWS9,,}

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15 _{Non posso astenermi dal considerare quanto il panorama archeologico sia mutato in 40 anni} re-ODWLYDPHQWHDTXHVWHJUDQGLFLWWj6LSRWUHEEHURFLWDUHJOLVFDYLVYROWLD&DUWDJLQHHD.RPHO'LNND $OHVVDQGULDLOFXLUXRORQHOFKLDULUHOHWUDVIRUPD]LRQLGHLFRQWHVWLXUEDQLqVWDWRIRQGDPHQWDOHVX &DUWDJLQHVLYHGDQRExcavations at Carthage 1978 conducted by the University of Michighan, a FXUDGL-++XPSKUH\9,,$QQ$UERUThe Circus and a Byzantine Cemetery at Carthage, DFXUDGL-++XPSKUH\,$QQ$UERUHExcavations at Carthage. The British Mission, a FXUDGL5++XUVW ,,2[IRUGVX$OHVVDQGULD.RPHO'LNNDVLYHGDQR56%DJQDOOEgypt in the Byzantine World: 300-700&DPEULGJH5$OVWRQThe City in Roman and Byzantine Egypt/RQGRQ1HZ<RUNH+6DUDGLThe Byzantine City in the Sixth Century. Literary Images and Historical Reality,$WHQHSSVJJPDYRUUHLQHOODIDWWLVSHFLHOLPLWDUPLD FLWDUHSHUFLzFKHFRQFHUQH&RVWDQWLQRSROL,VWDQEXOLUHFHQWLVFDYLDO*UDQ3DOD]]ROLPLWDWDPHQWH riportati da M.I. Tunay, Byzantine Archaeological Findings in Istanbul during the Last Decade, in Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life. Atti del convegno, ,VWDQEXODSULOHDFXUDGL11HFLSR÷OX/HLGHQSSHDWXWW¶RJJLDQFRUD LQFRUVRHDOFRVLGGHWWR3RUWRGL7HRGRVLR<HQLNDSÕLFXLHVLWLFRQWULEXLUDQQRVLFXUDPHQWHQHL prossimi decenni a riscrivere la storia economica, culturale e sociale di Bisanzio.

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17_{& )RVV The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity LQ ©7KH (QJOLVK +LVWRULFDO} 5HYLHZªSS&)RVVLate Antique and Byzantine AnkaraLQ©'XPEDUWRQ 2DNV 3DSHUVª SS & )RVV Archaeology and the “twenty cities of Asia”, in ©$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI$UFKDHRORJ\ªSS&)RVVEphesus after Antiquity: a Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish city&DPEULGJH&)RVVLife in City and Country, in The Oxford History of ByzantiumDFXUDGL&0DQJR2[IRUGSS

18_{:%UDQGHVByzantine Cities in the Seventh and Eight Centuries. Different sources, Different} Histories?, in The Idea and the Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle AgesDFXUDGL*3%URJLRORH%:DUG3HUNLQV/HLGHQ%RVWRQ.|OQSSSS 19_{+DOGRQ Byzantium in the Seventh Century FLW SS -) +DOGRQ The Idea of the} Town in the Byzantine Empire, in The Idea and the Ideal of the Town FLWSS%UDQGHV Byzantine Cities cit., p. 40.

20_{-5XVVHOTransformation in Early Byzantine Urban Life: the Contributions and Limitations} of Archaeological Evidence, in The 17th International Byzantine Congress (Major Papers) 1986, :DVKLQJWRQSSVJJ,QWDOVHQVRVLYHGDDQFKH-36RGLQLLa contribution de l’archéo-logie à la connaissance du monde byzantin (IVe_-VIIe_{siècles)LQ©'XPEDUWRQ2DNV3DSHUVª}

(1993), pp. 139-184.

21 _{Russel, Transformation in Early Byzantine Urban Life cit., p. 140. Foss, The Persians in Asia} MinorFLW)RVVLife in City and Country cit.

22 _{Russel, Transformation in Early Byzantine Urban Life cit., p. 140.}

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23_{-6&UDIZRUGThe Byzantine Shops at Sardis&DPEULGJH0DVV} 24_{&UDIZRUGThe Byzantine Shops at Sardis cit., p. 2.}

25 _{Anche per Sardis, tuttavia, va segnalato un recente, notevole, tentativo di rivisatione analitica} GHOVLJQL¿FDWRIXQ]LRQDOHHGHOSRUWDWRXUEDQLVWLFRGHJOL³VKRSV´FRPSLXWRGD$+DUULVShops, Retailing and the local Economy in the Early Byzantine World: the example of Sardis, in Secular Buildings and the Archaeology of Everyday Life in the Byzantine Empire D FXUD GL . 'DUN 2[IRUGSS

26_{$'L9LWDGortina di Creta. Archeologia e storia di una città antica, Atene 2000.}

27_{(=DQLQL(*LRUJLIndagini archeologiche nell’area del “quartiere bizantino” di Gortina:} prima indagine preliminare (campagna 2002), in «Annuario della Scuola archeologica italiana GL$WHQHªSS

28_{$'XQQThe transition from polis to kastron in the Balkans (III-VII cc.): general and} regio-nal perspectivesLQ©%\]DQWLQH2WWRPDQDQG0RGHUQ*UHHN6WXGLHVªS 29_{+DOGRQByzantium in the Seventh Century cit., p. 94 e nota 4.}

30_{&)RVVDead Cities of the Syrian Hill CountryLQ©$UFKDHRORJ\ªSS&)RVV}

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7XWWDYLDqRSLQLRQHGL)RVVFKHLO9,,VHFRORGDOG&LQDYDQWLYDGDLQ-Syria in transition A.D. 550-750: An Archaeological ApproachLQ©'XPEDUWRQ2DNV3DSHUVª SS)RVVLife in City and Country cit.

31 _{Foss, Dead cities cit.}

32 _{Foss, Life in City and Country cit., p. 95.} 33 _{Foss, Syria in transition cit.}

34_{* 'DJURQ Entre village et cité. La bourgade rurale des siècles LQ ©.RLQRQLDª} SS & 0RUULVVRQ -3 6RGLQL The sixth-century economy, in The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth CenturyDFXUDGL$(/DLRX:DVKLQJWRQ VRQRYROXPLODQXPHUD]LRQHqSURJUHVVLYD"S©,QWKHXUEDQKLHUDUFK\WKHUHWKXV DSSHDUVDQLQWHUPHGLDU\OHYHOEHWZHHQFLW\DQGYLOODJHODUJHWRZQVkomai, metrokomai, komo-poleis) (...) which call to mind the “secondary centres” that were developing in the west during the VDPHSHULRGYHIRXUWKVHYHQWKFHQWXU\7KHHPSRULDZKLFKZHUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\ORFDWHGRQ WKHVHDDQGZKLFKDUHDPSO\DWWHVWHGLQ7KUDFH%LWK\QLDDQG0RHVLDGXULQJWKHODWHHPSLUHIDOO XQGHUWKLVFDWHJRU\RIXUEDQKDELWDWLRQ>WKHVHZHUH@³VDWHOOLWHWRZQV´WRXVH'DJURQ¶VSKUDVHLQ ZKLFKIDLUVpanegyreis, nundinaeZHUHKHOGDQGLQZKLFKPHUFKDQWVFLUFXODWHGª6LYHGDDQFKH %:DUG3HUNLQVThe Cities, in Cambridge Ancient History, XIII. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600,&DPEULGJHS

35_{-36RGLQLArchaeology and Late Antique Social Structure, in Theory and Practice in Late} Antique ArchaeologyDFXUDGL//DYDQH:%RZGHQ/HLGHQ%RVWRQSS 36 _{Foss, Life in City and Country cit., pp. 87-88.}

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38_{6X +LHUDSROLV VL YHGD SULQFLSDOPHQWH 3 $UWKXU Byzantine and Turkish Hierapolis} (Pammukkale),,VWDQEXO

39_{-)+DOGRQThe Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History, New York 2005, pp. 32-44.} 40_{+DOGRQThe Palgrave Atlas cit.}

41_{,QSDUWLFRODUHVLYHGDQR-+:*/LHEHVFKXHW]Administration and Politics in the cities of} the 5th_{and 6}th_{centuries with special reference to the circus factions, in /D¿QGHODFLWpDQWLTXH}

HWOHGpEXWGHODFLWpPpGLpYDOH'HOD¿QGX,,,eme_{à l’avènement de Charles Magne. Actes du}

FROORTXHWHQXjO¶8QLYHUVLWpGH3DULV;1DQWHUUHDFXUDGL&/HSHOOH\%DULSS -+:*/LHEHVFKXHW]Administration and Politics in the cities of the 5th_{to the mid-7}th

centu-ries, in Cambridge Ancient History;,9 Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600, &DPEULGJHSS-+:*/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall of the Roman City2[IRUG ,QROWUHLQTXHVWDSURSHWWLYDSDUWLFRODUPHQWHXWLOLVRQRDQFKH-+:*/LHEHVFKXHW]The end of the ancient city, in The City in Late AntiquityDFXUDGL-5LFK/RQGRQ1HZ<RUN SSH+.HQQHG\-+:*/LHEHVFKXHW]Antioch and the Villages of Northern Syrian in

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Luca Zavagno 10

FRPSOHWH]]DGHOODVXDDQDOLVLGHOOHUHDOWjXUEDQH GHOO¶LPSHUREL]DQWLQRVLDUH-na nel pantano discontinuista: «cities sometimes did decline catastrophically WRWKHSRLQWRIH[WLQFWLRQLQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKHUHZDVYHU\OLWWOHVRFLDODFWLYLW\ RIDQ\NLQGOHIW'HFOLQHLVHPSKDWLFDOO\WKHRQO\ZRUGWRH[SUHVVZKDW KDSSHQHGLQODUJHDUHDVLQWKH:HVWDQGHYHQWXDOO\LQWKH(DVWWRRª42_{. In tal} PRGR/LHEHVFKXHW]DSSDUHLOGHJQRHUHGHGLXQ¿ORQHVWRULRJUD¿FRFKHWURYDL SURSULDOERULQHOODVRSUDFLWDWDRSHUDGL$UQROG-RQHV43_. ,QYHURWDOHSURVSHWWLYDSRWUHEEHHVVHUHFRQVLGHUDWDTXDOHDUFKHWLSRVWR-ULRJUD¿FRGLDOFXQHFRUUHQWLLQWHUSUHWDWLYHUHFHQWLVXOO¶HYROX]LRQHGHLFRQWHVWL LQVHGLDWLYL XUEDQL QHO SDVVDJJLR IUD WDUGD DQWLFKLWj H DOWR PHGLRHYR44_{0D q} VHQ]DGXEELRDOWUHWWDQWRYHURFKHWDOLQXRYHLQWHUSUHWD]LRQLVLVRQRGLVWDFFDWH dalla matrice jonesiana, esaltando il ruolo del contesto sociale ed economico FKHVRVWLHQHHPDQWLHQHO¶DXWRQRPLDXUEDQD45_{O¶LPSRUWDQ]DGLIRQWLPDWHULDOL} GLYHUVHGDTXHOOHHSLJUD¿FKHOHLQIHUHQ]HPHWRGRORJLFKHGHOPDWHULDOHGRFX-mentario e archeologico46 ODULOHYDQ]DGHOUDSSRUWRIUDWHUPLQRORJLDVLJQL¿-FDWRHFRQWHVWRXUEDQRVLJQL¿FDQWH47_{HLQ¿QHODFHQWUDOLWjGHOOH©XQGHUO\LQJ} VWUXFWXUDOWHQGHQFLHVLQWKHHYROXWLRQRIFLWLHVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIODWH5RPDQVWD-WHDQGLWVVRFLHW\GHWHUPLQLQJWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKHSROLWLFDOHYHQWVUHIHUUHG WRLQWKHOLWHUDU\VRXUFHVDQGHYLGHQFHGLQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRUGLQWHQVL¿HG RU RWKHUZLVH DIIHFWHG WKDW SURFHVVª48_{,Q DOWUH SDUROH FLz FRQVHQWLUHEEH XQD} FRPSOHVVDHGHVDXVWLYDGH¿QL]LRQHGHOODFLWWjHGHOOHVXHIXQ]LRQLDOO¶LQWHUQRGL XQFRQWHVWRVWRULFRJHQHUDOH/LHEHVFKXHW]LQYHULWjSDGURQHJJLDRSSRUWXQD- PHQWHODGRFXPHQWD]LRQHDUFKHRORJLFDVHEEHQHODVXDYLVLRQHULPDQJDDYXO-VDGDOODSURVSHWWLYDHYROXWLYDVXHVSRVWDQHOVXRSHQVLHURODFLWWjUDSSUHVHQWD unicamente un centro amministrativo al servizio dei territori rurali viciniori49 LQROWUH OD QDWXUD GHOOH WUDVIRUPD]LRQL GDWDELOL DL SULPL GHFHQQL GHO 9, VHFR-ORFRQVHUYDXQVLJQL¿FDWRSUHYDOHQWHPHQWH politico50_{PHQWUHJOLDOWULDPELWL}

TXDOLTXHOORHFRQRPLFRHGHPRJUD¿FRYHQJRQRPDUJLQDOL]]DWL,OPRGHOORXU-the Fifth and Sixth Centuries A.D.: Trends and ProblemsLQ©1RWWLQJKDP0HGLHYDO6WXGLHVª (1988), pp. 25-49.

/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 29. 42_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit.}

43_{-RQHVThe Greek City FLW6LYHGDDQFKH'XQQThe transition from polis to kastron cit., pp.} 67-68.

44_{4XL PL ULIHULVFR DOOD SDUDGLJPDWLFD RSLQLRQH VHFRQGR OD TXDOH ©E\ WKH ODWHU VL[WK FHQWXU\} WKHFLW\RIWKHHPSLUHKDGORVWWKHLU¿VFDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOLQGHSHQGHQFHª+DOGRQ Byzantium in the Seventh Century cit., p. 98.

45_{+DOGRQThe Idea of the Town cit., p. 12.}

46_{6LYHGDQRWUDJOLDOWUL/%UXEDNHU-)+DOGRQByzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca.} 680-850): the Sources. An annotated Survey$OGHUVKRW%UDQGHVDie Stadte KleinasiensFLW Brandes, Byzantine Cities cit., Russel, Transformation in Early Byzantine Urban LifeFLW6RGLQL La contribution cit.

47 _{Brandes, Byzantine CitiesFLW+DOGRQThe Idea of the TownFLW-)+DOGRQByzantium. A} History%ULPVFRPEH cit.

48_{+DOGRQByzantium in the Seventh Century cit., p. 94.} 49_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 1.}

50_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 408.}

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11

EDQR SURSRVWR GD /LHEHVFKXHW] ©WKH FODVVLF FLW\ ZLWK DQ XUEDQ SRSXODWLRQ PRQXPHQWDOEXLOGLQJVJDPHVDQGDKLJKO\OLWHUDWHXSSHUFODVVª51_DIIRQGDOH SURSULHUDGLFLQHOOHWHRULHGL-RQHVHVLOLPLWDDGXQ¶DQDOLVLGHOOHLPSOLFD]LRQL SROLWLFRDPPLQLVWUDWLYHGHLPXWDPHQWLDYYHQXWLQHLFRQWHVWLXUEDQLVHQ]DUL-JXDUGRSHUOHLQIHUHQ]HHFRQRPLFKH52_{. In tal guisa, lo sviluppo delle istituzioni} FLYLFKHG¶DXWRJRYHUQRULYHVWHXQUXRORGLDVVROXWRULOLHYR3UHQGHQGRLQSUHVWLWR le parole di Orlando Figes53_{SHU/LHEHVFKXHW]ODFLWWjDSSDUHHVVHUHLQVRPPD} XQDVRUWDGL©VFRPPHVVDVXLSLIRUWLªLOFXRUHGHOSUREOHPDVWDQHOODQHFHVVLWj GLGLPRVWUDUHFKHLOSDHVDJJLRXUEDQRG¶HSRFDFODVVLFDGHFOLQDQHOSDVVDJJLRIUD WDUGDDQWLFKLWjHDOWRPHGLRHYRXQLFDPHQWHSHUFKpDVFRPSDULUHVRQRLcuria- lesRYYHURODFODVVHGLULJHQWHXUEDQDG¶HSRFDJUHFRURPDQD&RQHVVL±VHFRQ-GR/LHEHVFKXHW]±VYDQLVFHDQFKHXQRVWLOHGLYLWDSUHWWDPHQWHXUEDQRHTXHOOD VWHVVDFXOWXUDDULVWRFUDWLFDFKHGLVWLQJXHYDODFLWWj¿QRDO,,VHFRORG&©EHLW >LHWKHFLW\@D*UHHNRU(DUO\5RPDQ¿OOHGZLWKSXEOLFPRQXPHQWVHUHFWHG WKURXJKORFDODULVWRFUDWLFPXQL¿FHQFHDQGSDLGIRUH[SHQVLYHDPHQLWLHVDQG HQWHUWDLQPHQWVLQRUGHUWRFUHDWHDVXLWDEOHEDFNGURSWRFLYLOL]HGOLIHª54_. 5LVXOWDTXLQGLSDWHQWHFRPHO¶DQDOLVLGHOIHQRPHQRXUEDQRVLDVWUHWWDPHQ-WH LQFDUGLQDWD VXO ELQRPLR UHOD]LRQDOHélites aristocratiche-strutture monu- PHQWDOLTXHVWHXOWLPHHVSUHVVLRQLSULQFLSL±XQLWDPHQWHDOODFXOWXUDOHWWHUD-ULDSURIDQD55_{±GHOO¶aretèFXULDOHLOGHFOLQRGHOOHSULPH±WUDWDUGDDQWLFKLWjH} DOWRPHGLRHYR±LPSOLFDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHODGHFDGHQ]DGHOOHVHFRQGH/¶DVFHVD GL XQD QXRYD FODVVH GLULJHQWH XUEDQD L FRVLGGHWWL ³QRWDELOL´56_{, rappresenta,} QHOODYLVLRQHGL/LHEHVFKXHW]ODUHDOHFDUWLQDGLWRUQDVROHGLWDOHGHFOLQRGH-FDGHQ]DHVVLULYHVWRQRLOUXRORVFUH]LDWRGLQHJDWLYLWjGLVHPSOLFLVRVWLWXWL dei curiali e suonano, perciò, la campana a morto tanto per la originaria li-EHUWjSROLWLFDGHOODFLWWjTXDQWRSHUODORURDSSDUHQ]DHFXOWXUDGLSXEEOLFD PRQXPHQWDOLWj57_{$FFDQWRDL³QRWDELOL´XQUXRORIRQGDPHQWDOHJLRFDQRDQFKH} LYHVFRYLTXDOLIXOFULGHOODQXRYDVRFLDOLWjHFXOWXUDFULVWLDQD58_.

Tuttavia, risulta, a mio avviso, necessario mettere in discussione tale vi-VLRQH ³HOLWDULRFHQWULFD´ GHOOH WUDVIRUPD]LRQL XUEDQH VRSUDWWXWWR LQ TXDQWR HVVDVLLPSHUQLDVXXQDEDVHOLPLWDWDGLIRQWL/LHEHVFKXHW]VLOLPLWDSHUORSL DXWLOL]]DUHOHIRQWLOHWWHUDULHOHLVFUL]LRQLHSLJUD¿FKHLSDSLULHLWHVWLJLXUL-GLFL&LzULVXOWDHVL]LDOHWDQWRVXOSLDQRPHWRGRORJLFRGRYHQRQqDSSURQWDWD DOFXQDHVHJHVLFULWLFDGHOOHIRQWLVSHVVRVRFLDOPHQWHRULHQWDWHDUDSSUHVHQWD-UHO¶habitus mentale e culturale delle élites dominanti, che ne rappresentano VSHVVR WDQWR L IUXLWRUL TXDQWR L SURGXWWRUL FLz FKH 0F&RUPLFN IHOLFHPHQWH

51_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., pp. 1-2.} 52_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., pp. 7 sgg.}

53 _{O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution 1895-1924, London 1997.} 54_{:DUG3HUNLQVThe Cities cit., p. 377.}

55_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit.} 56_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 401.} 57_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Administration and Politics cit.}

58_{(3DWODJHDQPauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance, 4}e_-7e_{siècles3DULV3}

Brown, Genesi della tarda antichità, Torino 2001.

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Luca Zavagno 12

GH¿QLVFH©IDWWRUHFROOHJLDOHªcollegiality factor)59_{, quanto sul piano pratico} GRYHVWULGHODODWLWDQ]DGHOOHHYLGHQ]HDUFKHRORJLFKHGHLFRQWHVWLVWUDWLJUD¿FL GHOODQXPLVPDWLFDGHOODVLJLOORJUD¿DGHOODFHUDPRORJLDHFF,QROWUHO¶LQWHU- SUHWD]LRQHGDWDGD/LHEHVFKXHW]DLULVXOWDWLGHOOHFDPSDJQHGLVFDYRDUFKHROR-JLFRDSSDUHVSHVVRIXRUYLDQWHO¶XVRGHJOLarchaelogical reportsqVXERUGLQD-WRDOO¶LGHDFKHOHFLWWjQHOODVHFRQGDPHWjGHO9,VHFRORVLFDUDWWHUL]]LQRSHUOD VFRPSDUVDGHOODPRQXPHQWDOLWjXUEDQD e il declino dello stereotipo “classico” GHOODFLWWjDQWLFD60_{. Rimane, tuttavia, mia opinione che tale concezione} dipen-da, principalmente, da una negativa interpretazione della demonumentaliz-]D]LRQHGHLFRQWHVWLXUEDQLFKHLPSOLFKHUHEEHXQPXWDPHQWRIRQGDPHQWDOH GHOSDHVDJJLRXUEDQRVSD]LSXEEOLFLVSRJOLDWLGLRJQLIXQ]LRQHDVVHPEOHDUH strade ove i colonnati sono tamponati e ripartiti a creare singole strutture residenziali-commerciali e il crescente ruolo assunto dal cristianesimo) e se-JQHUHEEHOD¿QHGHOODSURVSHULWjHGHOODPDJQL¿FHQ]DGHOODFLWWj³LPSHULDOH´ ©WKHVWRU\RIWKHFLW\LQODWHDQWLTXLW\LVDVWRU\RIGHFOLQHª61_. 8QHFRGLWDOHPRGHOORDQDOLWLFRVLSXzLQYHULWjULWURYDUHQHOUHFHQWHHG HVDXVWLYROLEURGL+HOHQ6DUDGL62_{$QFKHODVWXGLRVDHOOHQLFDLQIDWWLVSLHJDLO} GHVWLQRGHOODFLWWjEL]DQWLQDLQWHUPLQLGLSDUDERODGHFOLQDQWHqLO9,VHFRORD UDSSUHVHQWDUHLOSXQWRGLQRQULWRUQRGLXQDFULVLFKHVLHYLGHQ]LDJLjQHO,9 XQD FULVL FKH ULJXDUGD OD GLPHQVLRQH SXEEOLFD PRQXPHQWDOH DUFKLWHWWRQL-ca63_{, ma anche spirituale}64_{e ideologica}65_{GHOO¶XUEDQHVLPRODWUDVIRUPD]LRQH} GHJOLVSD]LSXEEOLFLHODORURFUHVFHQWHSULYDWL]]D]LRQHYHQJRQRFDXVDWHGDOOD ¿QHGHOVLVWHPDGLDXWRJRYHUQRFLWWDGLQRHGHOOHSURFHGXUHDPPLQLVWUDWLYHGL DXWRJHVWLRQH¿QDQ]LDULDGLVWDPSRFXULDOH66 FRQHVVHYLHQHPHQRODPRQX-PHQWDOLWjDUFKLWHWWRQLFDGHOODpolisFODVVLFDODSURVSHULWjGHOOHélites locali e ODYLWDOLWjHFRQRPLFDGHOODFLWWj 6DUDGLH/LHEHVFKXHW]67 ULVHUYDQRJUDQGHVSD]LRDOO¶DQDOLVLGHOOHIRQWLOHW-WHUDULHOHTXDOLWXWWDYLDWHQGRQRDULÀHWWHUHRSLQLRQLHYDORULFXOWXUDOLGHJOL VWUDWLVRFLDOLSLHOHYDWL4XHVWRQRQSHUDVVHULUHXQDVXSSRVWDVXSHULRULWjGHO-OHIRQWLPDWHULDOLVXTXHOOHOHWWHUDULHPDDOFRQWUDULRSHUVRWWROLQHDUHFRPH JOLDSSURFFLLQWHUSUHWDWLYLDOOHIRQWLSRVVDQRGLVWRUFHUHODUHDOHFRPSUHQVLRQH GHOOHGLQDPLFKHDOODEDVHGHOODWUDVIRUPD]LRQHGHLFRQWHVWLXUEDQLQHOSHULRGR storico preso in esame. 8QDGH¿QL]LRQHGLFLWWjFKHqFROSHYROPHQWHDVVHQWH WDQWRQHLWHVWL GL /LHEHVFKXHW]TXDQWRLQTXHOORGL6DUDGLGRYUHEEH LQIDWWL

59_{00F&RUPLFNOrigins of European Economy. Communications and Commerce A.D.} 300-900&DPEULJH0DVVS

60_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., pp. 28-102.} 61_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 414.} 62 _{Saradi, The Byzantine City cit.}

63 _{Saradi, The Byzantine City cit., pp. 148-352.}

64 _{Saradi, The Byzantine City FLWS©7KHDQFLHQWHYHUJHWLVPGHULYHGIURPDQFLHQWZD\RI} OLIHDQGDQFLHQWYDOXHVDQGLWZDVSHUFHLYHGDVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKDQFLHQWFXOWXUHª

65 _{Saradi, The Byzantine City cit., pp. 49-146 e pp. 353-470.} 66 _{Saradi, The Byzantine City cit., pp. 156-157.}

67_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., pp. 157-198.}

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13

considerare come il corpo sociale si rispecchi nelle strutture del paesaggio ur-EDQRVHQ]DWXWWDYLDGLPHQWLFDUHLOUXRORSRUWDQWHFKHODFLWWjKDFRQWLQXDWRD JLRFDUH©ZLWKLQWKHRYHUDOODGPLQLVWUDWLYH¿QDQFLDODQGPLOLWDU\VWUXFWXUHV RIFKXUFKDQGVWDWHLQWKHVHYHQWKDQGHLJKWKFHQWXU\ª68_{,QWDOVHQVRqVWDWR} UHFHQWHPHQWHVRWWROLQHDWRFRPHVLDSRVVLELOHLSRWL]]DUH un diverso modello di VYLOXSSRXUEDQRXWLOL]]DQGRODVWHVVDWLSRORJLDGRFXPHQWDOHLSDSLULHJL]LDQL XVDWD GD /LHEHVFKXHW]69_{L SDSLUL H JOL HVLWL GHJOL VFDYL DUFKHRORJLFL} DXWRUL]-]DQR LQIDWWL D WUDWWHJJLDUH LO TXDGUR GHOOH GLQDPLFKH LQVHGLDWLYH GL PDWULFH privata, a sottolineare OH SHFXOLDUL YDULHWj GHOOD GHQVLWj XUEDQD QHO FRQWHVWR HJL]LDQRHLQEXRQDVRVWDQ]DDFRQWURELODQFLDUHO¶HQIDVLSRVWDLQPRGRXQSR¶ LUULÀHVVR VXLPRQXPHQWLSXEEOLFLHVXOODVIHUDSROLWLFRDPPLQLVWUDWLYD4XHOOR FKH/LHEHVFKXHW]H6DUDGLSDLRQRGLPHQWLFDUHqO¶LPSRUWDQ]DGHOODGLDOHWWL-FDWUDDWWLYLWjHFRQRPLFKHXUEDQHHFHQWUDOLWjDPPLQLVWUDWLYDLQWHUPLQLGL diretto intervento imperiale, patrocinio dei governatori provinciali e di muni-¿FHQ]DGHOOHélitesORFDOLFKHLQÀXHQ]DLOSUR¿ORGHPRJUD¿FRHSDHVDJJLVWLFR GHOODFLWWj1RQF¶qGXEELRFKHQHO9H9,VHFRORODWUDVIRUPD]LRQHGHOODQDWXUD delle élites XUEDQH implicò la scomparsa dei curiales (intesi quali organo di DXWRJRYHUQRGHOODFLWWjLQYHVWLWRGHOSRWHUHGLHVD]LRQH¿VFDOHYLWWLPHGHOOD FUHVFHQWHWHQVLRQHIUDVWDWRFLWWjHSRVVLGHQWLWHUULHUL70_{GHWHUPLQDQGRDOWUHVu} ODFRPSDUVDGLXQDQXRYD³LQIRUPDOH´JHUDUFKLDXUEDQDORFDOHFRPSRVWDGD-JOL VWHVVL SRVVLGHQWL GD PHPEUL GHOO¶RUGLQH VHQDWRULR GD DXWRULWj ORFDOL GDO YHVFRYRHGDJOLDSSDUWHQHQWLDOODEXURFUD]LDPLOLWDUHHDPPLQLVWUDWLYD71_{. Ma} DTXHVWRIHQRPHQRVLGRYUHEEHLQYHULWjJXDUGDUHSLFRPHHVLWRGHOODFUH- VFHQWHLQÀXHQ]DGHOOHJHUDUFKLHVWDWDOLHGHFFOHVLDVWLFKHVXOSLDQRSROLWLFRLVWL-WX]LRQDOHFKHFRPHVHJQRGLXQDPLQRUHYLWDOLWjGHOODIDEEULFDVRFLDOHXUEDQD 6LHYLGHQ]LDTXLQGLFKLDUDPHQWHFRPHO¶HURVLRQHGHOUXRORSROLWLFRGHOOHDUL-stocrazie locali (curiales) e della loro autonomia, ad opera del potere centrale GHOOR VWDWR DEELD GHWHUPLQDWR XQ FDPELDPHQWR IRQGDPHQWDOH FRQ SURIRQGH ULSHUFXVVLRQLVXOODFXOWXUDHO¶LGHQWLWjDULVWRFUDWLFD&LzYLHQHULVSHFFKLDWRGDL PXWDPHQWLGHOORVWLOHGLYLWDXUEDQRPRPHQWLOXGLFLVSHWWDFROLGLLQWUDWWHQL-mento)72_{HGHOODVWUXWWXUDPRQXPHQWDOHHGHVWHWLFDGHOODFODVVLFDFLWWjURPDQD} FDXVDWLGDOODFHVVD]LRQHGHOODPXQL¿FHQ]DFLYLFDGHOOHélites73_{(quale sostegno} HFRQRPLFRLPSUHVFLQGLELOHSHUODYLWDFLYLOHHSHUXQDWUDGL]LRQHSROLWLFDHFLYL-OL]]DWULFHSURIRQGDPHQWHLQWUHFFLDWDFRQODYLWDXUEDQDGHOODpolis e civitas)74_.

&RQVHJXHQWHPHQWHDSSDUHFKLDURFRPHLOSDHVDJJLRXPDQRHVWUXWWXUDOHGHO-68_{:DUG3HUNLQVThe Cities cit., p. 410.}

69_{&:LFNKDPFraming the early Middle Ages. Europe and Mediterranean 400-8002[IRUG} 2005, pp. 609-613. Si veda anche Alston, The City in Roman and Byzantine Egypt cit., pp. 130 sgg.

70_{+DOGRQThe Palgrave Atlas cit., p. 34.} 71_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., pp. 110 sgg.} 72_{:DUG3HUNLQVThe Cities cit., pp. 377-378.}

73_{1 &KULVWLH, From Constantine to Charlemagne. An Archaeology of Italy A.D. 300-800,} Aldershot 2006, p. 268.

74_{:DUG3HUNLQVThe Cities cit., p. 378.}

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Luca Zavagno 14

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4XHVWHRVVHUYD]LRQLWXWWDYLDQRQYRJOLRQRVPLQXLUHO¶LPSRUWDQ]DGHOO¶DQD-lisi GHOORVWXGLRVREULWDQQLFRPLUDELOHLQWHUPLQLTXDOLWDWLYLHDUULFFKLWDGDOOD inclusione dei risultati di molte campagne di scavo condotte tanto in Occidente TXDQWRLQ2ULHQWH$OFRQWUDULRFLzFKHVLYXROHDIIHUPDUHqFKHVDUHEEHDXVSL-FDELOHFRQVLGHUDUHLcurialesFRPHXQDVRUWDGLVSHFFKLRPDJLFRFKHULIUDQJH WUHGLIIHUHQWLLPPDJLQLODSULPDULJXDUGDODFXOWXUDXUEDQDGLVWDPSRFODVVLFR LQFDUQDWDGDOO¶RUWRJRQDOLWjLSSRGDPHDGDOOHOXVVXRVHVWUXWWXUHPRQXPHQWDOL e dai luoghi del ludus e della ricreazione (quali terme, gymnasia, stadiaHFF ODVHFRQGDVLIRFDOL]]DVXOOHUHOD]LRQLIUDFRQWHVWLXUEDQLHUXUDOLFRQOHUHODWLYH LPSOLFD]LRQL HFRQRPLFKH H DPPLQLVWUDWLYH FRQVLGHUDWR FKH ©DJULFXOWXUH IRU-PHGWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJEDVLVRIWKHHFRQRP\ZKHWKHUDVUHJDUGVWKHSHDVDQWU\ ZKLFKSURYLGHGWKHPDVVLYHEXONRIWKHSRSXODWLRQDQGZKLFKH[LVWHGRQOLW-WOHLIDQ\WKLQJDERYHVXEVLVWHQFHOHYHORUZKHWKHUDVUHJDUGWKHPXFKVPDOOHU QXPEHUVRIODQGRZQHUVDQGDERYHDOOWKHVWDWHZKLFKH[SORLWHGLWE\HQFRXUD-JLQJFRPSHOOLQJLWWRSURGXFHDVXUSOXVWKDWWKH\WKHQDSSURSULDWHGIRUWKHLU RZQSXUSRVHVRIUHQWRUWD[DWLRQª76_{ODWHU]DULVSHFFKLDLOOHJDPHGLELXQLYRFLWj} IUD FODVVH GLULJHQWH XUEDQD H VRYUDVWUXWWXUD VWDWDOH XQD UHOD]LRQH SULQFLSDO-PHQWHLQFDUGLQDWDVXOFUXFLDOHUXROR¿VFDOHLQWHUSUHWDWRGDOOHcuriae, come «in-WHUPHGLDULHVEHWZHHQVWDWHDQGSRSXODWLRQLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWFROOHFWLRQDQG IRUZDUGLQJWKHUHYHQXHVGHPDQGHGE\WKHVWDWHª77_{8Q¶DQDOLVLFKHWHQJDQHOOD} GHELWDFRQVLGHUD]LRQHORVYLOXSSRGLTXHVWLWUHDVSHWWLHYLGHQWHPHQWHLQWHUUH-ODWLIUDORURSRWUHEEHTXLQGLFRQWULEXLUHDVSLHJDUHODSHUGLWD±QHOSDVVDJJLR IUDWDUGDDQWLFKLWjHDOWRPHGLRHYR±GHOUXRORIXQ]LRQDOHGHWHQXWRGDLcuriales HODVFRPSDUVDGHOORURHYHUJHWLVPRLGHRORJLFROHFXLHVSUHVVLYLWjPRQXPHQWDOL ¿JXUDQRTXDOHSULQFLSDOLYLWWLPHGHOGHJUDGRGHJOLDVVHWWLSXEEOLFLSROLDGL /DSHUVLVWHQ]DGHOO¶RWWLFDXUEDQRFHQWULFDGHLJUXSSL³LQIRUPDOL´LFRVLG-GHWWL³QRWDELOL´FRPH/LHEHVFKXHW]±ORVLqJLjDFFHQQDWR±DPDGH¿QLUOL78 che rimpiazzarono i curiales FRQWULEXuFRQWUDULDPHQWHDFLzFKH/LHEHVFKXHW] DVVHULVFHDOPDQWHQLPHQWRGHOODYLWDOLWjGHLFRQWHVWLXUEDQLLQWHUPLQLHFR-QRPLFLHVRFLDOL©,WLVFOHDUWKDWZKLOHWKH\PD\KDYHXQGHUJRQHFRQVLGHUDEOH FKDQJHLQLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHXVHRIVSDFHDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHDQGVWUHHWSODQ PDQ\FLWLHVFRQWLQXHGWRÀRXULVKLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHVL[WKFHQWXU\DQG HYHQEH\RQGWKH\FRQWLQXHGWREHWKHVLWHRILQWHQVHFRPPHUFLDODQGLQGX-strial activity and to support intense ecclesiastical and government admini-VWUDWLYHDFWLYLWLHVª79_.

75_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 414.}

76_{0+HQG\Economy and State in Late Rome and Early Byzantium: an Introduction, in The} Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium, Northampton 1989, p. 22. 77_{+DOGRQ Byzantium. A History FLW S 6L YHGD DQFKH 6 &RVHQWLQR 3ROLWLFD H ¿VFDOLWj} nell’Italia bizantina (secc. VI-VIII), in Le città italiane tra la tarda Antichità e l’alto Medioevo cit., pp. 37-54.

78_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., p. 401.} 79_{+DOGRQThe Palgrave Atlas cit., p. 41.}

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15

, PXWDPHQWL GHOOR VWLOH GL YLWD XUEDQR H GHL PRGL GL LQYHVWLPHQWR GHOOD ULFFKH]]DFRVWLWXLURQRLSULQFLSDOLIDWWRULQHOSURFHVVRGLULRULHQWDPHQWRGHO-OHIXQ]LRQLVRFLDOLHGHFRQRPLFKHXUEDQHFRQGLUHWWHLPSOLFD]LRQLVXOPRGR LQFXLORVSD]LRXUEDQRYHQQHSLDQL¿FDWRHGL¿FDWRHLQ¿QHXWLOL]]DWR80_{. Le} ³LQIRUPDOL´VHEEHQHDQFRUDXUEDQRFHQWULFKHélites determinavano, tenendo DOWDODGRPDQGDORFDOHORVYLOXSSRGLDWWLYLWjFRPPHUFLDOLHDUWLJLDQDOLFKH VSLHJDYDQRVHEEHQHVRORSDU]LDOPHQWHODGHPRQXPHQWDOL]]D]LRQHVXELWDGD-JOLVSD]LHPRQXPHQWLSXEEOLFLGLPDWULFHFODVVLFD,QDOWUHSDUROHVHOHDUHH monumentali venivano riattate a scopi diversi (commerciali, industriali ecc.), FLzVLGRYHYDPHQRDOGHFOLQRHFRQRPLFRHDOO¶DEEDQGRQRGHJOLDPELWLXUEDQL FRPH/LHEHVFKXHW]H6DUDGLDIIHUPDQR81_{FKHDOODORURYLWDOLWjHFRQRPLFDH} DOORVYLOXSSRGLXQDQXRYDWLSRORJLDGLXUEDQHVLPR

,QVRPPDLOFRQWULEXWRGL/LHEHVFKXHW]DSSDUHURPDQWLFDPHQWHLOFDQWR GHO FLJQR GL XQD ± TXHVWD Vu GHFDGHQWH ± WUDGL]LRQH VWRULRJUD¿FD 8QD WUD-GL]LRQH WXWWDYLD FKH DQFRUD SURYRFD ULJXUJLWL UHIXWDWRUL QHOOH QXRYH JHQH-UD]LRQLGLVWXGLRVLGHOIHQRPHQRXUEDQREL]DQWLQRQRQqXQFDVRFKH0DUN :KLWWRZ82_{DEELDUHFHQWHPHQWHFRQIXWDWRODWHVLGHOFROODVVRGHOODFLWWjFRPH} FHQWURGLYLWDHRUJRJOLRDULVWRFUDWLFRHGLULYDOLWjORFDOLGLstatus83_:KLWWRZ non sottostima, invero, il ruolo dei curiales, ma nega che esso possa essere de-¿QLWRTXDOHODFDXVDXOWLPDGHOFROODVVRHWLFRPRUDOHHFXOWXUDOHGHLFRQWHVWL XUEDQL8WLOL]]DQGRXQDHI¿FDFHFRPPLVWLRQHGLIRQWLOHWWHUDULHHPDWHULDOL84_, OR VWRULFR LQJOHVH HVDOWD LQIDWWL OD FRQWLQXLWj GHOOH FLWWj GHO 9LFLQR 2ULHQWH VHEEHQHOLPLWDQGRODDOO¶LQL]LRGHO9,,VHFRORWXWWDYLDVHSSXUFROORFDQGRVL DQFRUDQHOODORJLFDGLFRWRPLFDGHOFRQWLQXLVPRGLVFRQWLQXLVPRVHSSXUGH¿-QHQGRODFLWWjXQLFDPHQWHLQVHQVRIXQ]LRQDOHVHSSXULQ¿QHFRQFHQWUDQGRVL VX XQ XQLFR FRQWHVWR UHJLRQDOH HJOL ULHVFH DG DPSOLDUH O¶RUL]]RQWH DQDOLWLFR LQFOXGHQGRYLJOLDVSHWWLHFRQRPLFLVRFLDOLHFXOWXUDOLGHOORVYLOXSSRXUEDQR IUD 9 H 9,, VHFROR &RPH q IDFLOPHQWH LQWXLELOH OH FRQIXWD]LRQL GL :KLWWRZ KDQQR ULJHWWDWR OD SDOOD QHO FDPSR VHPSUH SL ULVWUHWWR GHL GLVFRQWLQXLVWL LQFXLVRQR¿RULWLLQWHUHVVDQWLGLVWLQJXRTXDOHTXHOORGL%U\DQ:DUG3HUNLQV ©$OWKRXJKWKHGHFD\RIWKHFLYLFPRQXPHQWVLVDQLPSRUWDQWFKDQJHLWLVLP-portant to put it into perspective. This change did not damage the Roman city DVDFHQWUHRISRSXODWLRQDQGDVDFHQWUHRIHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\QRUHYHQQHFHV-VDULO\DVDFHQWUHRIDULVWRFUDWLFOLIHDQGRIDULVWRFUDWLFSULGHDQGFRPSHWLWLRQ IRUORFDOVWDWXV:KDWKDGFKDQJHGZDVKRZWKH>FLYLF@VWDWXVDQGWKHSULGH ZHUHH[SUHVVHGª85_.

80_{+DOGRQThe Palgrave Atlas cit.}

81_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall FLWSS6DUDGLThe Byzantine City cit., pp. 288 sgg.} 82_{0:KLWWRZThe Making of Orthodox Byzantium (600-1025), Basingstoke 1996.} 83_{:DUG3HUNLQVThe Cities cit., p. 381.}

84_{6FDYLDUFKHRORJLFLPDHJOLYROJHODSURSULDDWWHQ]LRQHDQFKHDXQDVSHFL¿FDDUHHUHJLRQDOH} TXDOH LO 9LFLQR 2ULHQWH WHVRUL TXDOL TXHOOR ULWURYDWR QHOOD UHJLRQH VLULDQD GHO .RSHU .RUDRQ PRQHWD]LRQHEURQ]HDHGHGL¿FLPRQXPHQWDOLXQLWDPHQWHDOO¶DQDOLVLGHOPDWHULDOHGRFXPHQWDULR 85_{:DUG3HUNLQVThe CitiesFLWS6LYHGDDQFKH%:DUG3HUNLQVThe Fall of Rome and the} End of Civilization2[IRUG

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Luca Zavagno 16

3. Superare la dicotomia, partendo dagli studi regionali (ovvero: lo Stato, motore della persistenza urbana)

3.1. Modelli regionali: Italia e Asia minore

Appare dunque evidente come la prospettiva dicotomica, che ha rivelato ODSURSULDLQDGHJXDWH]]DDVSLHJDUHOHRULJLQLO¶HVVHQ]DOHIXQ]LRQDOLWjHLYD-ULHJDWLDVSHWWLDVVXQWLGDLFRQWHVWLXUEDQLLQXQHSRFDGLPXWDPHQWR86_{, tenda} QHFHVVDULDPHQWHDLQDULGLUVL,QWDOVHQVRQXRYLHGLIIHUHQWLRULHQWDPHQWLKDQ-QRFDUDWWHUL]]DWRODULFHUFDLQWHPSLSLUHFHQWLPHWWHQGRLQHYLGHQ]DLVLQJROL comparti regionali attraverso la piena considerazione degli esiti degli scavi e dei surveys archeologici. In questo senso gli studi di Zanini87_{, incentrati sui} carat-WHULSHFXOLDULGHOOHYDULHDUHHGHOODSHQLVRODLWDOLDQDULPDVWHWUD9,H9,,VHFROR VRWWRODGRPLQD]LRQHEL]DQWLQDUDSSUHVHQWDQRDQFKHSHUO¶HI¿FDFHFRPELQDUVL GLIRQWLDUFKHRORJLFKHHGRFXPHQWDULHXQFRQWULEXWRGL LQHOXGLELOHLPSRUWDQ- ]D,PSRUWDQ]DLPSXWDELOHWDQWRDOUXRORFHQWUDOHDWWULEXLWRDOOH³,WDOLHEL]DQ-WLQH´ GD VHPSUH FRQVLGHUDWH SHULIHULFKH GDOOD VWRULRJUD¿D HUXGLWD88_{, quanto} DOO¶DQDOLVLGHOODFRPSOHVVLWjGHOUXRORIXQ]LRQDOHGHOOHFLWWj=DQLQLLQYHURUL-FRQRVFHFRPHODSHQLVRODQHOSDVVDJJLRGDOODWDUGDDQWLFKLWjDOO¶DOWRPHGLRHYR QRQIRVVHSXQWHJJLDWDXQLFDPHQWHGDkastra: le dinamiche della riorganizza-]LRQHDPPLQLVWUDWLYDHWHUULWRULDOHQHOO¶,WDOLDEL]DQWLQDHUDQRLQIDWWLPROWRSL FRPSOHVVH7DOLGLQDPLFKHVHEEHQHLQFDUGLQDWHSULQFLSDOPHQWHVXOELVRJQRGL SURWH]LRQHGHLFHQWULLQVHGLDWLYLDVVXPHYDQRFRQQRWD]LRQLGLIIHUHQWLFKHVLLQ-FDUQDYDQRWDQWRQHOODPLOLWDUL]]D]LRQHGHOODVRFLHWj89_{TXDQWRQHOO¶LPSRUWDQ]D} GHJOLDYDPSRVWLIRUWL¿FDWLTXDQWRLQ¿QHQHOUXRORHVVHQ]LDOHFKHOHFLWWjFRQ-tinuavano a rivestire sia quali centri politico-amministrativi e religiosi90_{, sia} TXDOLHOHPHQWLVWUDWHJLFLGHOORUJDQL]]D]LRQHGLIHQVLYDWHUULWRULDOH

8QXOWHULRUHHVHPSLRLQTXHVWDFDWHJRULDGLVWXGL³UHJLRQDOL´qUDSSUHVHQ-WDWRGDOWHVWRGL:ROIUDP%UDQGHVVXOOHFLWWjG¶$VLD0LQRUHIUDLO9,,HO¶9,,, VHFRORLQFXLO¶DXWRUHWHQWDGLHQXFOHDUHXQFRQFHWWRBegriff GLFLWWjDWWUD-YHUVRXQDHVDXVWLYDDQDOLVLGHOO¶LQWHURFDPSLRQDULRGLIRQWLVFULWWHGDWDELOLWUD LO 9, H O¶9,,, VHFROR91_{. In tal modo egli delinea tanto le origini e le linee di} sviluppo del termine kastron (de facto smentendo la semplicistica teoria di una involuzione delle polis in kastra)92_{, quanto i tratti di una ricerca sulla}

86_{6LYHGD-)+DOGRQSome considerations on Byzantine society and Economy in the Seventh} Century LQ ©%\]DQWLQLVFKH )RUVFKXQJHQª 10 (1985), pp. 76-77, per una critica al concetto di transizione in tale periodo.

87_{(=DQLQLIntroduzione all’archeologia bizantina5RPD(=DQLQLLe Italie bizantine.} Territorio, insediamenti ed economia nella provincia bizantina d’Italia (VI-VIII sec.), Bari 1998. 88_{%DVWL SHQVDUH FKH OH GXH SL LPSRUWDQWL VLQWHVL UHFHQWL GL VWRULD EL]DQWLQD ± TXDOL O¶Oxford} History of ByzantiumDFXUDGL&0DQJR2[IRUGHThe Economic History of Byzantium FLW±QRQGHGLFDQRFKHSRFKLVVLPHULJKHDOFRQWHVWRLWDOLDQR

89 _{Zanini, Le Italie bizantine cit., p. 32.}

90 _{Su questo recentemente anche P. Arthur, Alcune considerazioni sulla natura delle città} bizan-tine, in Le città italiane tra la tarda Antichità e l’alto Medioevo cit., pp. 27-36.

91 _{Arthur, Alcune considerazioni cit., pp. 28-44.}

92_{6LYHGDQR:0XOOHU:LHQHUVon der Polis zum Kastron. Wandlungen der Stadt im Agaische}

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17

WHUPLQRORJLD XWLOL]]DWD GDOOH IRQWL DUDEH UHODWLYH DO PRQGR EL]DQWLQR93_{. Tale} SURVSHWWLYDPHWRGRORJLFDYLHQHPHJOLRDGHOLQHDUVLLQXQDOWURFRQWULEXWRGHO-lo studioso tedesco94_{, dove egli estrinseca le precauzioni da adottarsi quando} FLVLDFFRVWDDOOHIRQWLOHWWHUDULH&RVuDGHVHPSLRULVXOWDFKHODWHUPLQRORJLD ecclesiastica95_{può determinare}96_{©DXVH>RI@WKHWHUPpolisWRUHIHUWRYLUWXDOO\} HYHU\(SLVFRSDOVHDW>DELVKRSULF@ZDVE\LWVYHU\QDWXUHDpolis, as is made FOHDULQDODZGHFUHHGE\WKH(PSHURU=HQR&-,ª97_.

7UDVFXUDQGROHLPSOLFD]LRQLPHWRGRORJLFKHFKHSDOHVHUHEEHURXQDSRVVL-ELOHGH¿QL]LRQHGLFLWWjLQVHQVRPXOWLIXQ]LRQDOH98_{, Brandes evidenzia,} inol-WUHODUHDOHLPSRUWDQ]DGHOOHSURWHLIRUPLGHFOLQD]LRQLGHOIHQRPHQRXUEDQR HQWURGLVWLQWLDPELWLUHJLRQDOLHVXEUHJLRQDOL99_{. Un approccio analitico quasi} PDL ULVFRQWUDELOH QHOOD VWRULRJUD¿D ³FRQVHUYDWULFH´ DQFKH VH /LHEHVFKXHW] sviluppa delle sezioni a carattere regionale)100 HDWWXDELOHLQYLUWGHOODFHQ-WUDOLWjDVVXQWDGDOO¶HYLGHQ]DDUFKHRORJLFD101 ,QIDWWLqPLDRSLQLRQHFKHYDGD- QRULFHUFDWHOHGLIIHUHQWLVWUDWHJLHGLVWDPSRUHJLRQDOHRSLVHPSOLFHPHQ-WHORFDOHFKHOHFLWWjHODERUDURQRDO¿QHGLDGDWWDUVLDOOHQXRYHFLUFRVWDQ]H storiche102_{FRQVLGHUDQGROHORFDOLSHFXOLDULWjJHRPRUIRORJLFKHHJHRJUD¿FKH} 5LVXOWDFRVuSRVVLELOHVRWWROLQHDUHODULOHYDQ]DGHOFRQFHWWRGLGHFRVWUX]LRQHH ULFRVWUX]LRQHGHOODIXQ]LRQDOLWjHGHOO¶HVVHQ]DXUEDQDQHOSDVVDJJLRIUDWDUGD DQWLFKLWjHDOWRPHGLRHYRRYYHURIUD9H,;VHFRORXQFRQFHWWRFKHVSLHJKL OHUHDOLUDJLRQLFKHFRQWULEXLURQRDULGH¿QLUHOHVWUXWWXUHHODGH¿QL]LRQHGHO FRQFHWWRFODVVLFRGLFLWWjHOHVXHOLQHHGLVYLOXSSRQHOOXQJRSHULRGR

3.2. Wickham e Haldon tra regioni e impero

$PLRDYYLVRTXHVWHUDJLRQLYDQQRULFHUFDWHSURSULRQHOODSHFXOLDULWjGHOOH SDUDEROHXUEDQHHQWURLVLQJROLFRQWHVWLUHJLRQDOLRVXEUHJLRQDOL103_{: si}

deli-Raum von der Antike zum MittelalterLQ©*\PQDVLXPªSS*5DYHJQDQL &DVWHOOLHFLWWjIRUWL¿FDWHQHO9,VHFROR5DYHQQD7(*UHJRU\Kastro and Diateichisma as Responses to early Byzantine Frontier CollapseLQ©%\]DQWLRQªSS'XQQ The transition from polis to kastron cit.

93 _{Brandes, Die Städte Kleinasiens cit., p. 42.} 94 _{Brandes, Byzantine Cities cit.}

95 _{Liste di presenza nei concili ecumenici, le cosiddette Notitiae Episcopatuum, i canoni e la} OHWWHUDWXUDDJLRJUD¿FD

96_{,QSDUWHSHUFKpORVIRQGRVRFLDOHHVWRULFR©>LV@UHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHUROHSOD\HGE\ELVKRSVLQ} WRZQVZKLFKJUHZVRPXFKLQLPSRUWDQFHWKDWIURPWKHVL[WKFHQWXU\WKH\RFFXSLHGFHQWUDOSRVL-WLRQVLQWKHWRZQVª%UDQGHV Byzantine Cities cit., p. 29.

97 _{Brandes, Byzantine CitiesFLWS%UDQGHVDie Städte Kleinasiens cit., p. 23.} 98 _{Brandes, Byzantine Cities cit., p. 26.}

99 &LzqOHJDWRDOOHGLIIHUHQ]HGLQDWXUDUHJLRQDOHFKHULJXDUGDQRJOLLQVHGLDPHQWLXUEDQLLQUHOD-]LRQHDOODYDULHWjGLHYHQWLVWRULFLFKHFDUDWWHUL]]DURQROHVLQJROHDUHHGHOO¶LPSHUR

100_{/LHEHVFKXHW]Decline and Fall cit., pp. 30 sgg.} 101 _{Brandes, Die Städte Kleinasiens cit., pp. 81-131.}

102_{/¶DSSURFFLRUHJLRQDOHDGRWWDWRGD:LFNKDPFraming the early Middle Ages cit., si rivela in} questo senso molto utile.

103 _{Si consideri, per esempio, il caso di Civitas Nova Heracliana, il cui sviluppo storico come}