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/DSLODGHOSURFHVVRUH IJVM

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

&RV¶qODSLOD I 

‡ /DSLODVWDFNqXQDVWUXWWXUDGDWLGL

PHPRULD

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$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

&RV¶qODSLOD II 

‡ /DILJXUDDODWR

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‡ /DFLPDFRQWLHQHLO

QXPHUR 7

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‡ /DSLODVWDQHOOD

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Memoria centrale

7 (cima)

−2 4

2° elem.

3 (fondo)

3° elem.

pila

1° elem.

4° elem.

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

&RV¶qODSLOD III 

‡ 6LXVDODSLODWUDPLWH

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SLOD

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SXQWDDOIRQGRGHOOD

SLOD

Memoria centrale

7 (cima)

−2 4 3 (fondo)

pila

SP

SB puntatore alla cima della pila (Stack Pointer)

puntatore al fondo della pila

(Stack Base)

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

3LLQSURIRQGLWj

‡ ,OUHJLVWUR SP 6WDFN3RLQWHUFRQWLHQH

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‡ $JJLXQJHUHXQHOHPHQWRLQFLPD PUSH

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$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

/¶RSHUD]LRQH386+

‡ 6LVXSSRQJDGLYROHUHFRSLDUHLQSLODLO

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SP 6WDFN3RLQWHU

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$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

(VHPSLR PUSH R

Memoria centrale

7 (cima)

−2 4 3 (fondo)

pila

SP

SB puntatore alla cima della pila (Stack Pointer)

puntatore al fondo della pila

(Stack Base) 5 Registro R

Memoria centrale

7

−2 4 3 (fondo)

pila

5 (cima) SP + 1

SB puntatore alla cima della pila (Stack Pointer)

puntatore al fondo della pila

(Stack Base) 5 Registro R

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

/¶RSHUD]LRQH POP

‡ 6LVXSSRQJDGLYROHUHWRJOLHUHLOSULPR

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UHJLVWUR R

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VLWURYDQHOODFHOODGLPHPRULDSXQWDWD

GDOUHJLVWUR SP QHOUHJLVWUR R

‡ 6LGHFUHPHQWDGLXQRLOUHJLVWUR

SXQWDWRUH SP 6WDFN3RLQWHU

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

(VHPSLR POP R

Memoria centrale

−2 (cima) 4 3 (fondo)

pila

SP − 1

SB puntatore alla cima della pila (Stack Pointer)

puntatore al fondo della pila

(Stack Base) 7 Registro R Memoria

centrale

7 (cima)

−2 4 3 (fondo)

pila

SP

SB puntatore alla cima della pila (Stack Pointer)

puntatore al fondo della pila

(Stack Base) 5 Registro R

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

5LDVVXPHQGR

‡ ,QGLFDQGRFRQ M(SP) ODFHOODGL

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± 2SHUD]LRQH PUSH R

• SP + 1 → SP // incrementa SP di uno

• R → M(SP) // copia R in M(SP)

± 2SHUD]LRQH POP R

• M(SP) → R // copia M(SP) in R

• SP − 1 → SP // decrementa SP di uno

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

$OFXQLGHWWDJOL I 

‡ 6XOODSLODVLSXzLPSLODUH PUSH DQFKH

XQDFRVWDQWH

– PUSH 5 LPSLODODFRVWDQWH 5 

‡ 1RQVLSXzLQYHFHVSLODUH POP XQD

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– POP 5 qLQVHQVDWR

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

$OFXQLGHWWDJOL II 

‡ 3ULPDGLLQL]LDUHDXVDUHODSLODRFFRUUH

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SP = SB - 1

ODSLODqYXRWD

‡ $SLODYXRWDqYLHWDWRVSLODUH POP 

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

$OFXQLGHWWDJOL III 

‡ /DSLODPRVWUDWDLQSUHFHGHQ]DFUHVFH

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Operazione: PUSH R SP − 1 → SP R → M(SP)

Operazione: POP R M(SP) → R SP + 1 → SP

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

/DSLODGL IJVM

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GHOODSULPDFKHqXQHUURUH

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

8QFDVRVHPSOLFH II 

/ ∗ proc. ricorsiva ∗ / void proc (int b) {

int a;

a = b + 1;

if (b < 10) proc (a);

printf (“%d”, a);

} / ∗ proc. ∗ /

Memoria

centrale

attivazione della procedura

a altre possibili

var. loc. di proc.

cella della var. loc. a

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

9DULDELOLORFDOL

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YHQJRQRLPSLODWHRSHUD]LRQH PUSH  RSSXUHVSLODWHRSHUD]LRQH POP 

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

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‡ ,OUHJLVWR LV SXQWD

DOIRQGRGHOO¶DUHDOD

YDU a1 

Memoria centrale

a3 a2 a1

area

SP

LV puntatore alla cima dell’area

puntatore al fondo dell’area

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

(VHPSLRGLDUHDGLDWWLYD]LRQH

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Memoria centrale

a3 a2 a1

area

108

100 puntatore alla cima dell’area

puntatore al fondo dell’area 108

104 100

indirizzi

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

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‡ 2JQLYDULDELOHORFDOHKDXQR

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$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

(VHPSLRGLVSLD]]DPHQWR

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‡ /DYDUORF a2 KD

VSLD]]DPHQWR 4

‡ /DYDUORF a3 KD

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Memoria centrale

a3 a2 a1

area

108

100 puntatore alla cima dell’area

puntatore al fondo dell’area 108

104 100

indirizzi

2 1 0

indice della variabile

3HUFRPRGLWjOHYDULDELOLVLSRVVRQRLQGLFDUHWUDPLWHXQ

LQGLFHORJLFRQXPYDUSDUWHQGRGD]HURqVRORXQ

QXPHURSURJUHVVLYRXWLOHSHULQGLFDUHODYDULDELOH

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

,PSLODPHQWRGHOOHDUHH I 

‡ /DSURFHGXUD A KDXQ¶DUHDGL

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a1  a2 H a3

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b1  b2  b3 H b4

‡ /DSURFHGXUD A DXQFHUWRSXQWRGHOOD

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$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

,PSLODPHQWRGHOOHDUHH II 

‡ 6XELWRGRSR

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Memoria centrale

a3 a2 a1 area di A

SP

LV puntatore alla cima dell’area

puntatore al fondo dell’area pila

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

,PSLODPHQWRGHOOHDUHH III 

‡ 4XDQGR B YLHQH

FKLDPDWDGD A 

VRSUDO¶DUHDGL

A VLLPSLOD

O¶DUHDGL B

‡ ,OUHJLVWUR LV SXQWDDOIRQGR

GHOO¶DUHDGL B

Memoria centrale

a3 a2 area di A a1

SP

LV puntatore alla cima dell’area

puntatore al fondo dell’area b3

b2 b1 b4

area di B

pila

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

,PSLODPHQWRGHOOHDUHH IV 

‡ 4XDQGRVLLPSLODO¶DUHDGLDWWLYD]LRQH

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QRQSLGL A

‡ ,QRJQLLVWDQWHOHYDUORFGHOO¶DUHDGL

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ULVSHWWRDOUHJLVWUR LV

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

&KLDPDWHPXOWLSOH I 

‡ 6LFRQVLGHULODVHJXHQWHVHTXHQ]DGL

FKLDPDWHDSURFHGXUD

± /DSURFHGXUD A HQWUDLQHVHFX]LRQHFDVRD – A FKLDPDODSURFHGXUD B FDVR b 

– B FKLDPDODSURFHGXUD C FDVR c 

– C WHUPLQDHDQFKH B WHUPLQDH A FKLDPDOD

SURFHGXUD D FDVR d 

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A

(a)

(QWUDLQHVHFX]LRQHODSURFHGXUD A

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A SP

LV

area di B

b3 b2 b1 b4

a3 a2 a1

(a) (b)

(QWUDLQHVHFX]LRQHODSURFHGXUD B

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A SP

LV

area di B

b3 b2 b1 b4

a3 a2 a1

SP LV

area di C

b3 b2 b1 b4

a3 a2 a1 c1 c2

(a) (b) (c)

(QWUDLQHVHFX]LRQHODSURFHGXUD C

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A SP

LV

area di B

b3 b2 b1 b4

a3 a2 a1

SP LV

area di C

b3 b2 b1 b4

a3 a2 a1 c1 c2

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di D

d3

d1 d4

d2 d5

(a) (b) (c) (d)

C H B WHUPLQDQRHGHQWUDLQHVHFX]LRQH D

&KLDPDWHPXOWLSOH II 

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

$UHHGLDWWLYD]LRQH HSURFHGXUHULFRUVLYH

‡ ,OPHFFDQLVPRGHOOHDUHHGLDWWLYD]LRQH

qDQFKHLQJUDGRGLWHQHUHVHSDUDWHOH

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VWHVVDSURFHGXUD

‡ $RJQLFKLDPDWDULFRUVLYDVLLPSLODXQD

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$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A

(a)

/DSURFHGXUD A HQWUDLQHVHFX]LRQHOD 1

YROWD

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A SP

LV

area di A a3 a2 a1 a3 a2 a1

(a) (b)

A FKLDPDULFRUVLYDPHQWHVpVWHVVD 2

YROWD

a3 a2 a1 SP

LV

area di A SP

LV

area di A a3 a2 a1 a3 a2 a1

SP

LV

area di A

a3 a2 a1 a3 a2 a1 a2 a3

(a) (b) (c)

a1

A FKLDPDULFRUVLYDPHQWHVpVWHVVD 3

YROWD

,PSLODPHQWRGLDUHHULFRUVLYH

/DSURFHGXUD A ULFKLDPDVHVWHVVD 3 YROWH

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

&DOFRORGHOOHHVSUHVVLRQL

‡ /DSLODKDDQFKHXQUXRORIRQGDPHQWDOH

QHOFDOFRORGHOOHHVSUHVVLRQLORJLFR

PDWHPDWLFKHFRQWHQHQWLFLRq

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DOJHEULFKH

‡ ,OFDOFRORGLXQ¶HVSUHVVLRQHSXzHVVHUH

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RSHUD]LRQL PUSH H POP LQWHUFDODWHGD

RSHUD]LRQLORJLFKHRPDWHPDWLFKH

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

(VHPSLR

&DOFRODUH 7 + (1 + 2) × (5 −  2FFRUUHSULPDULVFULYHUHO¶HVSUHVVLRQH

LQIRUPDSRVWILVVDSRVWIL[

‡ $OJRULWPRSRVWIL[VLSDUWHGDJOLRSHUDWRULGL

1 ^o OLYHOORJOLXOWLPLGDFDOFRODUHH

– (1) VLVSRVWDO¶RSHUDWRUHDGHVWUDGHO 2

RSHUDQGR – (2) VLFDQFHOODQROHHYHQWXDOLSDUHQWHVL

– (3) VLSDVVDDJOLRSHUDWRULGLOLYHOOR

LPPHGLDWDPHQWHVXSHULRUHWRUQDQGRD (1)

‡ 4XDQGRQRQFLVRQRSL RSHUDWRULWHUPLQD

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

$QDOLVLGHOO¶HVSUHVVLRQH

7 + (1 + 2) × (5 − 

2 ^o livello 1 ^o livello

3 ^o livello 3 ^o livello

7 + (1 + 2) × (5 − 

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

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GHJOLRSHUDQGL

RSHUDWRUH + RSHUDWRUH × RSHUDWRUL+ e −

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

7UDVIRUPD]LRQHSRVWIL[

7 + (1 + 2) × (5 − 3) (635(66,21(25,*

7 + (1 + 2) × (5 − 3) - partenza

7 (1 + 2) × (5 − 3) + - VSRVWDWRO¶RSHUDWRUH + 7 (1 + 2) (5 − 3) × + - VSRVWDWRO¶RSHUDWRUH × 7 1 + 2 5 − 3 × + - FDQFHOODWHOHSDUHQWHVL

GHJOLRSHUDQGL GHOO¶RSHUDWRUH ×

7 1 2 + 5 3 − × + - VSRVWDWLJOLRSHUDWRUL + H − ; ILQH

7 1 2 + 5 3 − × + )250$3267),;

Animazione Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

INIZIO: la pila è vuota … PUSH 7 7

7 … PUSH 1 1

7

7 1 … PUSH 2 2

1 7

7 1 2 … POP; POP; PUSH 1 + 2 3

7

7 1 2 + … PUSH 5 5

3 7

7 1 2 + 5 … PUSH 3 3

5 3 7

7 1 2 + 5 3 … POP; POP; PUSH 5 − 3 2

3 7

7 1 2 + 5 3 − … POP; POP; PUSH 3 × 2 6

7

7 1 2 + 5 3 − × … POP; POP; PUSH 7 + 6 13

7 1 2 + 5 3 − × + … POP

7 1 2 + 5 3 − × + FINE: pila vuota, risultato 13

&DOFRORWUDPLWHODSLOD

7 1 2 + 5 3 − × +

Animazione

6LPXOD]LRQHGHOSURFHGLPHQWRGLFDOFROR

Fine

$SULO ,QIRUPDWLFD,, ,OOLYHOORPLFURDUFKLWHWWXUD 

6HTXHQ]DGLRSHUD]LRQL386+323

• PUSH 7

• PUSH 1

• PUSH 2

• POP R1

• POP R2

• R3 = R2 + R1

• PUSH R3

• PUSH 5

• PUSH 3

• POP R1

• POP R2

• R3 = R2 − R1

• PUSH R3

• POP R1

• POP R2

• R3 = R2 × R1

• PUSH R3

• POP R1

• POP R2

• R3 = R2 + R1

• PUSH R3

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– IADD WRJOLLGXHQXPHULLQFLPDDOODSLOD

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• PUSH 7 // scrivi 7 sulla cima della pila

• PUSH 1 // scrivi 1 sulla cima della pila

• PUSH 2 // scrivi 2 sulla cima della pila

• IADD // addiziona i 2 numeri in cima alla pila

• PUSH 5 // scrivi 5 sulla cima della pila

• PUSH 3 // scrivi 3 sulla cima della pila

• ISUB // sottrai i 2 numeri in cima alla pila

• IMUL // moltiplica i 2 numeri in cima alla pila

• IADD // addiziona i 2 numeri in cima alla pila

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INIZIO: la pila è vuota PUSH 7 7

PUSH 1 1 7 PUSH 2

2 1 7 IADD

3 7 PUSH 5

5 3 7 PUSH 3

3 5 3 7 ISUB

2 3 7 IMUL

6 7 IADD

13

FINE: nella pila resta il risultato del calcolo

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7 1 2 + 5 3 − × +

Animazione

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Fine

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