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od pdwulfh/ dqfrud ryyldphqwh lqwhud/ l fxl hohphqwl Kvrqr gdwl gd= K

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(1)

FDOFROR PDWULFLDOH= DSSOLFD]LRQL LQ LQIRUPDWLFD Dqdol}}ldpr rud gxh vhpsolfl hvhpsl gl dssolfd}lrql lqirupdwlfkh gho fdo0 fror pdwulfldoh= l frglfl gl Kdpplqj shu od fruuh}lrqh ghjol huurul gl wudvplv0 vlrqh h xq vlvwhpd gl fliudwxud d pdwulfl1 Dpehgxh ulfklhgrqr o*xvr gl pd0 wulfl lqwhuh +flrë pdwulfl l fxl hohphqwl vrqr qxphul lqwhul, h o*hvwhqvlrqh dooh pdwulfl ghood ixq}lrqh prgxor vwxgldwd lq dojheud1

Gdwd xqd pdwulfh  +lqwhud, frq hohphqwl @c vl ghqlvfh  '  4L_ ? od pdwulfh/ dqfrud ryyldphqwh lqwhud/ l fxl hohphqwl Kvrqr gdwl gd=

K ' E 4L_ ? ' @4L_ ? Qdwxudophqwh vl kd=

E   4L_ ? ' E 4L_ ?   4L_ ? 4L_ ? Hvhpslr= vh  '

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doorud  4L_ '

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Qrwldpr fkh shu txdqwr uljxdugd o*lqyhuwlelolwã 4L_ ?/ xqd pdwulfh ghyh dyhuh ghwhuplqdqwh glyhuvr gd }hur prgxor ?1 Dg hvhpslr

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 ë lqyhuwleloh

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/ pd qrq ë lqyhuwleloh 4L_ Dc lqidwwl

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fkh kd ghwhuplqdqwh qxoor1

(2)

L frglfl gl Kdpplqj=

Xq frglfh gl Kdpplqj gl wlsr E?c 6 0 dg hvhpslr E? ' ec 6 ' . 0 shu od fruuh}lrqh ghjol huurul rshud vx xqd sdurod +ghwwd phvvdjjlr, gl e elw h jhqhud xq frglfh d . elw1 Ghqldpr xqd pdwulfh M d e uljkh h . frorqqh frph vhjxh=

M ' 5 99 7

   f f f f

 f f   f f f  f  f  f

  f  f f  6 :: 8

Gdwr xq phvvdjjlr 6/ dg hvhpslr

 f   

lo fruulvsrqghqwh frglfh ë gdwr gd 6M 4L_ 2 ' S=

  f    5 99 7

   f f f f

 f f   f f f  f  f  f

  f  f f  6 ::

8 4L_ 2 '

f   f f   

Shu od vwuxwwxud ghood pdwulfh M lo phvvdjjlr dssduh vhpsuh frglfdwr qhl elw 6/ 8/ 9/ dqg :1 L 6 elw uhvwdqwl vrqr l elw gl frqwuroor fkh fruuhjjrqr jol hyhqwxdol huurul1 Lo frglfh S ë srl wudvphvvr h ulfhyxwr frph o 1 Lo ulfhyhqwh hvhjxh xq*dowud prowlsolfd}lrqh frq od pdwulfh =

 ' 5 99 99 99 99 7

f f  f  f f  

 f f

 f 

  f

   6 :: :: :: :: 8

 ë wdoh fkh M 4L_ 2 ' 5 99 7

f f f f f f f f f f f f

6 ::

8 h lqrowuh jol hohphqwl gl rjql uljd iruqlvfrqr od udssuhvhqwd}lrqh elqduld gho qxphur ghood uljd vwhvvd1

Vh qrq fl vrqr huurul gl wudvplvvlrqh/ S ' o h txlqgl/ vlffrph S 4L_ 2 ' 6M 4L_ 2 ' fc vl ghyh rwwhqhuh o 4L_ 2 ' f

(3)

O*dhupd}lrqh +yhud vhpsuh shu frvwux}lrqh,= vh qrq fl vrqr huurul doorud rwwhqjr lo ulvxowdwr qxoor lpsolfd orjlfdphqwh vror fkh vh qrq rwwhqjr lo ulvxowdwr qxoor doorud fl vrqr vwdwl huurul +pd vl srwuheeh ehqlvvlpr 0 vheehqh frq suredelolwã slffrod/ yhgl slü vrwwr 0 rwwhqhuh lo ulvxowdwr qxoor dqfkh lq suhvhq}d gl gxh r slü huurul,1 Lo phffdqlvpr orjlfr gho frglfh ë wdoh shu fxl xq fhuwr ulvxowdwr qrq sxõ gluh fkh fhuwdphqwh qrq fl vrqr huurul/ pd vror fkh/ prowr suredelophqwh/ qrq fh qh vrqr1

Txlqgl xq ulvxowdwr qxoor o 4L_ 2 ' 

f f f 

lqglfd fkh 0 prowr suredelophqwh 0 qrq fl vrqr vwdwl huurul gl wudvplvvlrqh h lo phvvdjjlr 6 ë frvwlwxlwr sursulr gdl elw 6/ 8/ 9/ dqg : gho frglfh1 Vh lqyhfh lo frglfh ylhqh ulfhyxwr frq xq vror huuruh/ dg hvhpslr o ' 

f f  f f   

/ doorud vl rwwhuuheeh o 4L_ 2 ' 

f  f 

/ fkh udssuhvhqwd lq elqdulr lo qxphur ghflpdoh 2/ h txlqgl o*huuruh frlqyrojh od vhfrqgd uljd ghood pdwulfh  +shu0 fkë o 4L_ 2 ' ES  o 4L_ 2 ' 

f  f f f f f 

 4L_ 2 ' dood vhfrqgd uljd gl   h txlqgl ë huudwr lo vhfrqgr elw gho frglfh$1 Frvï lo frglfh fruuhwwr hud lqyhfh

f   f f   

1 Lo phvvdjjlr vl ohjjh txlqgl vxooh frorqqh 6/ 8/ 9/ h : gho frglfh fruuhwwr h ulvxowd hvvhuh= 

 f    o*huuruh ë lqyhfh qho vhwwlpr elw/ or srvvldpr dqdorjdphqwh ulohyduh h fruuhj01 Vh jhuh= 

f   f f  f 

 4L_ 2 '

   

fkh udssuhvhqwd sursulr lo qxphur . Qdwxudophqwh txhvwr surfhglphqwr ixq}lrqd vror lq suhvhq}d gl qhvvxqr r xq vror huuruh1 Gxh r slü huurul srvvrqr lqidwwl wuduuh lq lqjdqqr=

dg hvhpslr lq 

f f  f f  f 

vrqr huudwl lo vhfrqgr hg lo vhwwlpr elw/ pd 

f f  f f  f 

 4L_ 2 ' 

 f  

fkh udssuhvhqwd lo qxphur D Shjjlr dqfrud/ lq 

f f f f f f f 

fl vrqr wuh huurul pd/

ryyldphqwh/ 

f f f f f f f 

 4L_ 2 '

f f f 

Qdwxudophqwh od suredelolwã gl dyhuh huurul pxowlsol vx frglfl fruwl ë prowr edvvd hg ë shu txhvwr prwlyr fkh l frglfl gl txhvwr wlsr ixq}lrqdqr1 Qhvvxq frglfh gl oxqjkh}}d dffhwwdeloh +qhdqfkh txhool slü prghuql h ud!qdwl, sxõ ulohyduh h fruuhjjhuh xq qxphur prowr hohydwr gl huurul1 Wxwwl l frglfl gl fru0 uh}lrqh vrqr suredelolvwlfl1 D wlwror gl fxulrvlwã= vh *ff ë od suredelolwã gl dyhuh xq huuruh vx xq vlqjror elw/ h vl dvvxph fkh jol huurul vldqr lqglshq0 ghqwl/ od suredelolwã gl dyhuh qhvvxqr r xq vror huuruh lq xqd sdurod gl . elw ë prowr dowd =

 ' E  *ff.n .E  *ffS*ff ' f bbH

Od irupxod vl ulfdyd frvï= vh R ë od suredelolwã fkh vl yhulfkl xq hyhqwr +dg hvhpslr od suhvhq}d gl xq huuruh,/ doorud   R ë od suredelolwã fkh qrq vl yhulfkl1 Od suredelolwã  fkh vl yhulfkl o*hyhqwr & yrowh lq ? suryh lqglshq0 ghqwl ë doorud ?

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R&E  R?3&1 Lqidwwl ?

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 lqglfd lo qxphur gl prgl glhuhqwl lq fxl vl srvvrqr vfhjolhuh wud oh ? suryh oh & lq fxl vl yhulfd o*hyhqwr1 Lqrowuh

(4)

od suredelolwã gl fldvfxqd gl txhvwh vfhowh ë/ shu o*lqglshqghq}d/ lo surgrwwr ghooh vlqjroh suredelolwã + & huurul h ?  & elw fruuhwwl,/ flrë= R&E  R?3&

Vwxgldpr rud xq dowur hvhpslr lq fxl xq frglfh gl txhvwr wlsr wuryd gxh huurul h qh fruuhjjh xqr1 O*dqdolvl gl txhvwr hvhpslr fl frqvhqwh dqfkh gl frp0 suhqghuh d irqgr lo ixq}lrqdphqwr gl xq frglfh gl Kdpplqj1 Frqvlghuldpr od pdwulfh g rwwhqxwd gdood wudvsrvwd ghood pdwulfh  gho frglfh suhfhghqwh djjlxqjhqgr xqd uljd wxwwd gl  h xqd frorqqd lql}ldoh frph vhjxh=

g ' 5 99 7

        f  f  f  f  f f   f f   f f f f    

6 :: 8

Sdvvldpr rud dood qrwd}lrqh frq l yhwwrul frorqqd1 Vldqr 6 ' 5 99 7

@K _S

6 :: 8 4L_ 2

lo phvvdjjlr h S ' 5 99 99 99 99 99 7

% +@ 5K _S

6 :: :: :: :: :: 8

4L_ 2 lo frglfh fruulvsrqghqwh/ gryh/ frph vrsud/

lo frglfh ë ghwhuplqdwr gdood frqgl}lrqh gS 4L_ 2'f=

gS 4L_ 2 ' 5 99 7

 n % n + n @ n 5 n K n S n _

% n @ n K n _ + n @ n S n _ 5 n K n S n _

6 ::

8 4L_ 2 ' 5 99 7

ff ff

6 :: 8

Od vrox}lrqh gho vlvwhpd ë +dwwhq}lrqh/ oh vrox}lrql vrqr prgxor 5 / qrwdwh dg hvhpslr fkh @ 4L_ 2 ' @ 4L_ 2 $,

;A A? AA

=

 ' E@ n K n S 4L_ 2

% ' E@ n K n _ 4L_ 2 + ' E@ n S n _ 4L_ 2 5 ' EK n S n _ 4L_ 2

(5)

od pdwulfh M gl sduwhq}d vduheeh doorud=

M ' 3 EE EE EE EE EE C

   f

  f 

 f  

 f f f f    f  f f f f  f f f f 

4 FF FF FF FF FF D

Lqidwwl

3 EE EE EE EE EE C

   f

  f 

 f  

 f f f f    f  f f f f  f f f f 

4 FF FF FF FF FF D

3 EE C

@K _S

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3 EE EE EE EE EE C

@ n K n S

@ n K n _

@ n S n _ K n S n _@

KS _

4 FF FF FF FF FF D

Wudvphwwldpr S h vxssrqldpr gl ulfhyhuh lqyhfh oc fl vrqr doorud txdwwur fdvl=

d, vh qrq fl vrqr huurul/ doorud go 4L_ 2 ' f 1

e, vh f*ë xq vror huuruh/ vld , ' o  S1 Doorud go 4L_ 2 ' g, 4L_ 2 n gS 4L_ 2 ' g, 4L_ 2 Od frorqqd , frqwlhqh xq vror hohphqwr glyhuvr gd }hur +shufkë vxssrqldpr fkh fl vld xq vror huuruh,/ shu fxl go 4L_ 2 ulvxowd hvvhuh od frorqqd gl g fruulvsrqghqwh dood srvl}lrqh gho elw huudwr fkh sxõ txlqgl hvvhuh ulohydwr h fruuhwwr shufkë wxwwh oh frorqqh gl g vrqr glyhuvh1

f, vh fl vrqr gxh huurul/ , frqwlhqh gxh hohphqwl glyhuvl gd }hur h go 4L_ 2 ulvxowd hvvhuh od vrppd gl gxh frorqqh gl g/ dqfkh vh qrq vdssldpr txdol1 Txhoor fkh ë fhuwr/ shuõ/ ë fkh go 4L_ 2 qrq sxõ hvvhuh xqd frorqqd gl g +shufkë od vrppd gl gxh frorqqh gl g kd frph sulpd frpsrqhqwh f/

phqwuh wxwwh oh frorqqh gl g kdqqr sulpd frpsrqhqwh xjxdoh d , deeldpr lghqwlfdwr frvï gxh huurul pd qrq srvvldpr fruuhjjhuol1

g, vh fl vrqr wuh r slü huurul qrq srvvldpr slü fdsluh qxood1

Ulfdslwroldpr= vh go 4L_ 2 ' f prowr suredelophqwh qrq fl vrqr huurul/

vh go 4L_ 2 9' f pd ë xqd frorqqd gl g prowr suredelophqwh f*ë xq huuruh qhood srvl}lrqh fruulvsrqghqwh dood frorqqd wurydwd/ vh go 4L_ 2 9' f pd qrq ë xqd frorqqd gl g prowr suredelophqwh fl vrqr vwdwl gxh r slü huurul1

(6)

Hvhufl}lr= vxssrqldpr fkh fl srvvdqr hvvhuh do slü gxh huurul h ghfrgl0

fkldpr l vhjxhqwl frglfl=

S ' 5 99 99 99 99 99 7

f

 f

 6 :: :: :: :: :: 8

c S2 ' 5 99 99 99 99 99 7



 ff f

6 :: :: :: :: :: 8

Vrox}lrqh= fdofroldpr g 5 99 99 99 99 99 7

f

 f

 6 :: :: :: :: :: 8

4L_ S2 ' 5 99 7

f f

6 ::

8 txlqgl fl vrqr fhuwd0

phqwh gxh huurul1 g 5 99 99 99 99 99 7



 ff f

6 :: :: :: :: :: 8

4L_ 2 ' 5 99 7



 6 ::

8 ' rwwdyd frorqqd gl gc txlqgl

f*ë xq huuruh qhoo*rwwdyr elw h txlqgl lo phvvdjjlr fruuhwwr ë 6 ' 5 99 7

f ff

6 :: 8

Fulwwrjudd d pdwulfl1

Oh ohwwhuh ghoo*doidehwr vrqr 2Sc dvvrfldpr xq qxphur prgxor 2S dg rjql ohwwhud=

     t ~

 2  2D 2S



Suhqgldpr lo phvvdjjlr DXJXUL

Lo phvvdjjlr glyhqwd lo yhwwruh 6 6 '

 2 . 2 H b 

(7)

Xq fliudulr pdwulfldoh +dg hvhpslr frq pdwulfl 2  2 frqvlvwh qhoor vsh}0 }duh lo phvvdjjlr lq eorffkl gl 2 hohphqwl/

iEc 2 c E.c 2 c EHc bj Suhqghuh srl xqd pdwulfh  lqyhuwleloh prgxor 59=

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D H



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Lo phvvdjjlr fliudwr vl rwwlhqh prowlsolfdqgr/ prgxor 59/ rjql frssld shu

 =

iE2c b c E.c D c Ec 2fj ' XLTHDW

Vl ghfrglfd ulprowlsolfdqgr rjql frssld shu  Qdwxudophqwh vl srv0 vrqr suhqghuh pdwulfl gl glphqvlrqh pdjjlruh1 O*lqwhuhvvh gl txhvwl vlvwhpl +fkh vrurqr shuõ gho sureohpd gl dyhuh elvrjqr gl xqd fkldyh vhjuhwd +od pdwulfh  h o*dvvrfld}lrqh lql}ldoh ohwwhuh0qxphul, fkh ghyh hvvhuh qrwd do plwwhqwh h do ulfhyhqwh, ë fkh jhqhudqr fliudwxuh lq fxl xqd vwhvvd ohwwhud/

d vhfrqgd ghood vxd srvl}lrqh/ ylhqh fulwwrjudidwd lq pdqlhud glyhuvd +dX0 jXul glyhqwd xLtHdw,/ uhqghqgr lo frglfh uhodwlydphqwh uhvlvwhqwh dooh dqdolvl vwdwlvwlfkh1

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