Hvhufl}lr 41

(1)

Vrox}lrql ghoor vfulwwr gho 4< glfhpeuh 5334

Hvhufl}lr 41

Od pdwulfh ë=

3

C

f f

4

D / shu fxl vl rwwlhqh=

Edvh ghoo*lppdjlqh G

;?

= 3 C

f 4 D c

3 C

4 D

<@

> Edvh gho qxfohr G

;?

= 3 C

f 4 D

<@

>

Hvhufl}lr 51

Dxwryhwwrul h dxwrydorul ghood pdwulfh=

;?

= 3 C

f 4 D

<@

>' 2c

;?

= 3 C

f 4 D

<@

>' fc

;?

= 3 C

4 D

<@

>'

Hvhufl}lr 61

s / 3

C

f f

4

D phqwuh / 3 C

4

D shu fxl=

sE / 3

C

f f

4 D

3 C

4 D '

3 C

4 D

L yhwwrul dssduwhqhqwl d s³E/ fkldpldprol ' 3 C %

+5 4

D/ vrqr txhool shu fxl sE ' Txlqgl=

3

C

f f

4 D

3 C %

+5 4 D '

3

C % n + 5

% + n 5 5

4 D '

3 C

4 D

4

(2)

Shu fxl ulvxowd fkh s³E ' o*lqvlhph yxrwr +lqidwwl lo vlvwhpd ë lpsrvvleloh,

Hvhufl}lr 71

Od pdwulfh gho vlvwhpd ë ' 3

C

& &

&² &² 4

D lo fxl ghwhuplqdqwh ë &n

&² n & Lo ghwhuplqdqwh vl dqqxood txdqgr i& ' j c i& ' j1 Shu fxl/

shu & 9' lo vlvwhpd ë ulvroxeloh frq xqd vrod vrox}lrqh1 Od pdwulfh frpsohwd ë=

' 3

C

& &

&² &² 4

D lo fxl udqjr ë shu & ' h 2 shu & ' Shu txdqwr uljxdugd od pdwulfh vl kd fkh lo vxr udqjr ë vh & ' hg ë 2 vh

& ' Vl yhgh txlqgl fkh shu & ' lo vlvwhpd kd 4²vrox}lrql h shu

& ' lo vlvwhpd kd 4 vrox}lrql1

Hvhufl}lr 81

Jol dxwrydorul ghyrqr yhulfduh= b² ' 1 Oh fxl vrox}lrql vrqr=

b ' 2

s2 n 2s

2

c

b2 ' 2

s2 2s

2

Hvhufl}lr 91

Edvwd xvduh lo ulvxowdwr ghoo*hvhufl}lr 81 Dg hvhpslr=

'

2

s2 n₂s

2 f

f ₂s

2 n₂s 2

Hvhufl}lr :1

Edvwd xvduh lo ulvxowdwr ghoo*hvhufl}lr 81 Od pdwulfh ë lqyhuwleloh +shufkë kd dxwrydorul glyhuvl gd }hur, h txlqgl lo vlvwhpd rprjhqhr kd vror od vrox}lrqh qxood1

5