Alba, G., R. El Bekay, et al. (2004). "Stimulators of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibit the respiratory burst in human neutrophils." FEBS Let 573(1-3): 219-25.
Aloyz, R. S., S. X. Bamji, et al. (1998). "p53 is essential for developmental neuron death as regulated by the TrkA and p75 neurotrophin receptors." J Cell Biol 143(6): 1691-703.
Ameisen, J. C. (2002). "On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell death: a timeline of four billion years." Cell Death Difer 9(4): 367-93.
Arnoult, D., K. Akarid, et al. (2002). "On the evolution of programmed cell death: apoptosis of the unicellular eukaryote Leishmania major involves cysteine proteinase activation and mitochondrion permeabilization." Cell Death Difer 9(1): 65-81.
Aschenbach, W. G., K. Sakamoto, et al. (2004). "5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, metabolism and exercise." Sports Med 34(2): 91-103.
Barnes, K., J. C. Ingram, et al. (2002). "Activation of GLUT1 by metabolic and osmotic stress:
potential involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)." J Cell Sci 115(Pt 11): 2433-42.
Biedler, J. L., L. Helson, et al. (1973). "Morphology and growth, tumorigenicity, and cytogenetics of human neuroblastoma cells in continuous culture." Cancer Res 33(11):
2643-52.
Birnbaum, M. J. (2005). "Activating AMP-activated protein kinase without AMP." Mol Cell 19(3): 289-90.
Blaschke, A. J., J. A. Weiner, et al. (1998). "Programmed cell death is a universal feature of embryonic and postnatal neuroproliferative regions throughout the central nervous system." J Comp Neurol 396(1): 39-50.
Blazquez, C., M. J. Geelen, et al. (2001). "The AMP-activated protein kinase prevents ceramide synthesis de novo and apoptosis in astrocytes." FEBS Let 489(2-3): 149-53.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). "A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding." Anal Biochem 72:
248-54.
Breckenridge, D. G., M. Stojanovic, et al. (2003). "Caspase cleavage product of BAP31 induces mitochondrial fssion t hrough e ndoplasmic r eticulum c alcium s ignals, e nhancing cytochrome c release to the cytosol." J Cell Biol 160(7): 1115-27.
Breckenridge, D. G. and D. Xue (2004). "Regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization by BCL-2 family proteins and caspases." Curr Opin Cell Biol 16(6):
647-52.
Buss, R. R. and R. W. Oppenheim (2004). "Role of programmed cell death in normal neuronal development and function." Anat Sci Int 79(4): 191-7.
Campas, C., J. M. Lopez, et al. (2003). "Acadesine activates AMPK and induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells but not in T lymphocytes." Blood 101(9):
3674-80.
Carling, D. (2004). "The AMP-activated protein kinase cascade--a unifying system for energy control." Trends Biochem Sci 29(1): 18-24.
Chan, A. Y., C. L. Soltys, et al. (2004). "Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits protein synthesis associated with hypertrophy in the cardiac myocyte." J Biol Chem 279(31): 32771-9.
Chandra, D., G. Choy, et al. (2004). "Association of active caspase 8 with the mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis: potential roles in cleaving BAP31 and caspase 3 and mediating mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum cross talk in etoposide-induced cell death." Mol Cell Biol 24(15): 6592-607.
Chen, Z., J. Heierhorst, et al. (1999). "Expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase beta1 and beta2 subunits in skeletal muscle." FEBS Let 460(2): 343-8.
Cidad, P., A. Almeida, et al. (2004). "Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by nitric oxide rapidly stimulates cytoprotective GLUT3-mediated glucose uptake through 5'-AMP- activated protein kinase." Biochem J 384(Pt 3): 629-36.
Corton, J. M., J. G. Gillespie, et al. (1995). "5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside.
A specifc method for activating AMP-activated protein kinase in intact cellss" Eur J Biochem 229(2): 558-65.
Coven, D. L., X. Hu, et al. (2003). "Physiological role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart: graded activation during exercise." Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285(3):
E629-36.
Culmsee, C., J. Monnig, et al. (2001). "AMP-activated protein kinase is highly expressed in neurons in the developing rat brain and promotes neuronal survival following glucose deprivation." J Mol Neurosci 17(1): 45-58.
Desagher, S. and J. C. Martinou (2000). "Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis." Trends Cell Biol 10(9): 369-77.
Diraison, F., E. Motakis, et al. (2004). "Impact of adenoviral transduction with SREBP1c or AMPK on pancreatic islet gene expression profle: a nalysis w ith o ligonucleotide microarrays." Diabetes 53 Suppl 3: S84-91.
Durante, P., M. A. Gueuning, et al. (1999). "Apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal in fbroblasts overproducing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate." FEBS Let 448(2-3): 239-43.
Eckhart, L., C. Ballaun, et al. (2005). "Identifcation a nd c haracterization o f a n ovel mammalian caspase with proapoptotic activity." J Biol Chem.
El-Assaad, W., J. Buteau, et al. (2003). "Saturated faty acids synergize with elevated glucose to cause pancreatic beta-cell death." Endocrinology 144(9): 4154-63.
Ellis, H. M. and H. R. Horvitz (1986). "Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans." Cell 44(6): 817-29.
Ellis, R. E., J. Y. Yuan, et al. (1991). "Mechanisms and functions of cell death." Annu Rev Cell Biol 7: 663-98.
El-Mir, M. Y., V. Nogueira, et al. (2000). "Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect efect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I." J Biol Chem 275(1): 223-8.
Enari, M., H. Sakahira, et al. (1998). "A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD." Nature 391(6662): 43-50.
Fadeel, B., B. Zhivotovsky, et al. (1999). "All along the watchtower: on the regulation of apoptosis regulators." Faseb J 13(13): 1647-57.
Fryer, L. G., A. Parbu-Patel, et al. (2002). "The Anti-diabetic drugs rosiglitazone and metformin stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase through distinct signaling pathways." J Biol Chem 277(28): 25226-32.
Fuentes-Prior, P. and G. S. Salvesen (2004). "The protein structures that shape caspase activity, specifcity, activation and inhibition." Biochem J 384(Pt 2): 201-32.
Garcia-Gil, M., R. Pesi, et al. (2003). "5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells." Neuroscience 117(4): 811-20.
Giannecchini, M., B. D'Innocenzo, et al. (2003). "2'-Deoxyadenosine causes apoptotic cell death in a human colon carcinoma cell line." J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17(6): 329-37.
Giannecchini, M., M. Mateucci, et al. (2005). "Uptake and utilization of nucleosides for energy repletion." Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37(4): 797-808.
Gorman, A. M., S. Orrenius, et al. (1998). "Apoptosis in neuronal cells: role of caspases."
Neuroreport 9(10): R49-55.
Granville, D. J., C. M. Carthy, et al. (1998). "Apoptosis: molecular aspects of cell death and disease." Lab Invest 78(8): 893-913.
Grifth, D. A. and S. M. Jarvis (1996). "Nucleoside and nucleobase transport systems of mammalian cells." Biochim Biophys Acta 1286(3): 153-81.
Hansen, M. B., S. E. Nielsen, et al. (1989). "Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill." J Immunol Methods 119(2): 203-10.
Hardie, D. G. (1998). "The AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinase subfamily: metobolic sensor of the eukariotic cells" Annu Rev. Biochem. 67: 821-855.
Hardie, D. G. (2003). "Minireview: the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade: the key sensor of cellular energy status." Endocrinology 144(12): 5179-83.
Hardie, D. G. (2005). "New roles for the LKB1-->AMPK pathway." Curr Opin Cell Biol 17(2):
167-73.
Hardie, D. G., J. W. Scot, et al. (2003). "Management of cellular energy by the AMP-activated protein kinase system." FEBS Let 546(1): 113-20.
Hawley, S. A., J. Boudeau, et al. (2003). "Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade." J Biol 2(4): 28.
Hawley, S. A., A. E. Gadalla, et al. (2002). "The antidiabetic drug metformin activates the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade via an adenine nucleotide-independent mechanism." Diabetes 51(8): 2420-5.
Hawley, S. A., D. A. Pan, et al. (2005). "Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta is an alternative upstream kinase for AMP-activated protein kinase." Cell Metab 2(1): 9- 19.
Hengartner, M. O. (2000). "The biochemistry of apoptosis." Nature 407(6805): 770-6.
Hu, F. B., J. E. Manson, et al. (2001). "Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women." N Engl J Med 345(11): 790-7.
Hue, L., C. Beauloye, et al. (2003). "New targets of AMP-activated protein kinase." Biochem Soc Trans 31(Pt 1): 213-5.
Hutber, C. A., D. G. Hardie, et al. (1997). "Electrical stimulation inactivates muscle acetyl- CoA carboxylase and increases AMP-activated protein kinase." Am J Physiol 272(2 Pt 1): E262-6.
Hwang, J. T., J. Ha, et al. (2005). "Combination of 5-fuorouracil and genistein induces apoptosis synergistically in chemo-resistant cancer cells through the modulation of AMPK and COX-2 signaling pathways." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 332(2): 433- 40.
Ido, Y., D. Carling, et al. (2002). "Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: inhibition by the AMP-activated protein kinase activation." Diabetes 51(1): 159-67.
Imamura, K., T. Ogura, et al. (2001). "Cell cycle regulation via p53 phosphorylation by a 5'-AMP activated protein kinase activator, 5-aminoimidazole- 4-carboxamide-1-beta-
D-ribofuranoside, in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287(2): 562-7.
Inoki, K., T. Zhu, et al. (2003). "TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival." Cell 115(5): 577-90.
Israels L.G., I. E. D. (1999). "Apoptosis." STEM CELLS 17: 306-313.
Jacobson, M. D., M. Weil, et al. (1997). "Programmed cell death in animal development." Cell 88(3): 347-54.
Jones, R. G., D. R. Plas, et al. (2005). "AMP-activated protein kinase induces a p53-dependent metabolic checkpoint." Mol Cell 18(3): 283-93.
Jung, J. E., J. Lee, et al. (2004). "5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside enhances oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in mouse Neuro 2a neuroblastoma cells." Neurosci Let 354(3): 197-200.
Kahn, B. B., T. Alquier, et al. (2005). "AMP-activated protein kinase: ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism." Cell Metab 1(1): 15-25.
Kefas, B. A., Y. Cai, et al. (2004). "Metformin-induced stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in beta-cells impairs their glucose responsiveness and can lead to apoptosis."
Biochem Pharmacol 68(3): 409-16.
Kefas, B. A., Y. Cai, et al. (2003). "AMP-activated protein kinase can induce apoptosis of insulin-producing MIN6 cells through stimulation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase." J Mol Endocrinol 30(2): 151-61.
Kerr JF, W. A., Currie AR. (1972). "Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide- ranging implications in tissue kinetics." Br J Cancer. 26(4): 239-57.
Kim, R. (2005). "Unknoting the roles of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in cell death." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333(2): 336-43.
Kobayashi, H., N. Ouchi, et al. (2004). "Selective suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by the high molecular weight form of adiponectin." Circ Res 94(4): e27-31.
Leist, M., B. Single, et al. (1997). "Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis." J Exp Med 185(8): 1481-6.
Levine, T. and C. Rabouille (2005). "Endoplasmic reticulum: one continuous network compartmentalized by extrinsic cues." Curr Opin Cell Biol 17(4): 362-8.
Lindsten, T., W. X. Zong, et al. (2005). "Defning the role of the Bcl-2 family of proteins in the nervous system." Neuroscientist 11(1): 10-5.
Liu, Y., D. A. Peterson, et al. (1997). "Mechanism of cellular 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction." J Neurochem 69(2): 581-93.
Liu, Y. and D. Schubert (1997). "Cytotoxic amyloid peptides inhibit cellular 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction by enhancing MTT formazan exocytosis." J Neurochem 69(6): 2285-93.
Lizcano, J. M., O. Goransson, et al. (2004). "LKB1 is a master kinase that activates 13 kinases of the AMPK subfamily, including MARK/PAR-1." Embo J 23(4): 833-43.
Lopez, J. M., A. F. Santidrian, et al. (2003). "5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells, but the AMP-activated protein kinase is not involved." Biochem J 370(Pt 3): 1027-32.
M. Betencourt-Dias, R . G ., R . S inka, A . M azumdar, W . G . L ock, F . B alloux, P . J . Zafropoulos, S. Yamaguchi, S. WinterR. W. Carthew, M. Cooper, D. Jones, L. Frenz and D. M. Glover (2004). "Genome-wide survey of protein kinases required for cell cycle progression." Nature 432: 980 - 987.
Marie, S., B. Heron, et al. (2004). "AICA-ribosiduria: a novel, neurologically devastating inborn error of purine biosynthesis caused by mutation of ATIC." Am J Hum Genet 74 (6): 1276-81.
Marks, N. and M. J. Berg (1999). "Recent advances on neuronal caspases in development and neurodegeneration." Neurochem Int 35(3): 195-220.
Martin, S. S. and K. Vuori (2004). "Regulation of Bcl-2 proteins during anoikis and amorphosis." Biochim Biophys Acta 1692(2-3): 145-57.
McCullough, L. D., Z. Zeng, et al. (2005). "Pharmacological inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase provides neuroprotection in stroke." J Biol Chem 280(21): 20493-502.
McGinnis, K. M., M. E. Gnegy, et al. (2003). "Cytochrome c translocation does not lead to caspase activation in maitotoxin-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells." Neurochem Int 42(6): 517-23.
Meier, P., A. Finch, et al. (2000). "Apoptosis in development." Nature 407(6805): 796-801.
Meisse, D., M. Van de Casteele, et al. (2002). "Sustained activation of AMP-activated protein kinase induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and apoptosis in liver cells." FEBS Let 526(1-3): 38-42.
Mishra, R. and M. S. Simonson (2005). "Saturated free faty a cids a nd a poptosis i n microvascular mesangial cells: palmitate activates pro-apoptotic signaling involving caspase 9 and mitochondrial release of endonuclease G." Cardiovasc Diabetol 4(1): 2.
Mitchelhill, M., House, Stapleton, Dyck, Gamble, Ullrich, Witers a nd K emp. ( 1997).
"Postranslational m odifcations o f t h e 5 ' -AMP-activated p r otein k i nase b e ta1 subunit." J Biol Chem. 26;272(39): 24475-9.
Mosmann, T. (1983). "Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays." J Immunol Methods 65(1-2): 55-63.
Musi, N., M. F. Hirshman, et al. (2002). "Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes." Diabetes 51(7): 2074-81.
Muoio, D. M., K. Seefeld, et al. (1999). "AMP-activated kinase reciprocally regulates triacylglycerol synthesis and faty acid oxidation in liver and muscle: evidence that sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase is a novel target." Biochem J 338 ( Pt 3): 783- 91.
Nakagawa, T., H. Zhu, et al. (2000). "Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specifc apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid-beta." Nature 403(6765): 98-103.
Nicholson, D. W. (2000). "From bench to clinic with apoptosis-based therapeutic agents."
Nature 407(6805): 810-6.
Ojuka, E. O., T. E. Jones, et al. (2002). "Intermitent increases in cytosolic Ca22 stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells." Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283(5):
E1040-5.
Oppenheim, R. W. (1991). "Cell death during development of the nervous system." Annu Rev Neurosci 14: 453-501.
Orrenius, S., B. Zhivotovsky and P. Nicotera (2003). "Regolation of cell death: the calcium- apoptosis link." Nature 4: 552-565.
Owen DJ, N. M., Garma EF, Papageorgiou AC and Jhonson LN. (1995). "Two structures of the catalitic domain of phosphorylase kinase: an active protein kinase complexed with substrate analogue and product." structure 3: 467-482.
Owen, M. R., E. Doran, et al. (2000). "Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic efects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain." Biochem J 348 Pt 3: 607-14.
Page, T. and M. Coleman (2000). "Purine metabolism abnormalities in a hyperuricosuric subclass of autism." Biochim Biophys Acta 1500(3): 291-6.
Pesi, R., V. Micheli, et al. (2000). "Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase hyperactivity in erythrocytes of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome patients." Neuroreport 11(9): 1827-31.
Petronilli, V., D. Penzo, et al. (2001). "The mitochondrial permeability transition, release of cytochrome c and cell death. Correlation with the duration of pore openings in situ." J Biol Chem 276(15): 12030-4.
Petmann, B. and C. E. Henderson (1998). "Neuronal cell death." Neuron 20(4): 633-47.
Philchenkov, A. (2004). "Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death." J Cell Mol Med 8(4): 432-44.
Pilon, G., P. Dallaire, et al. (2004). "Inhibition of inducible nitric-oxide synthase by activators of AMP-activated protein kinase: a new mechanism of action of insulin-sensitizing drugs." J Biol Chem 279(20): 20767-74.
Raf, M. C. (1992). "Social controls on cell survival and cell death." Nature 356(6368): 397- 400.
Raf, M. C., B. A. Barres, et al. (1993). "Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival:
lessons from the nervous system." Science 262(5134): 695-700.
Rao, R. V., A. Peel, et al. (2002). "Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program: role of the ER chaperone GRP78." FEBS Let 514(2-3): 122-8.
Rubin, L. J., L. Magliola, et al. (2005). "Metabolic activation of AMP kinase in vascular smooth muscle." J Appl Physiol 98(1): 296-306.
Rudin, C. M. and C. B. Thompson (1997). "Apoptosis and disease: regulation and clinical relevance of programmed cell death." Annu Rev Med 48: 267-81.
Russell, R., 3rd (2003). "The Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in fuel selection by the stressed heart." Curr Hypertens Rep 5(6): 459-65.
Russell, R. R., 3rd, J. Li, et al. (2004). "AMP-activated protein kinase mediates ischemic glucose uptake and prevents postischemic cardiac dysfunction, apoptosis, and injury."
J Clin Invest 114(4): 495-503.
Sastry, P. S. and K. S. Rao (2000). "Apoptosis and the nervous system." J Neurochem 74(1): 1- 20.
Savill, J. and V. Fadok (2000). "Corpse clearance defnes the meaning of cell death." Nature 407(6805): 784-8.
Scorrano, L. and S. J. Korsmeyer (2003). "Mechanisms of cytochrome c release by proapoptotic BCL-2 family members." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304(3): 437-44.
Scorrano, L., S. A. Oakes, et al. (2003). "BAX and BAK regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca22: a control point for apoptosis." Science 300(5616): 135-9.
Shiozaki, E. N. and Y. Shi (2004). "Caspases, IAPs and Smac/DIABLO: mechanisms from structural biology." Trends Biochem Sci 29(9): 486-94.
Sidi, Y. and B. S. Mitchell (1985). "Z-nucleotide accumulation in erythrocytes from Lesch- Nyhan patients." J Clin Invest 76(6): 2416-9.
Simmen, T., J. E. Aslan, et al. (2005). "PACS-2 controls endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication and Bid-mediated apoptosis." Embo J 24(4): 717-29.
Smith, J. L., P. B. Patil, et al. (2005). "AICAR and hyperosmotic stress increase insulin- stimulated glucose transport." J Appl Physiol.
Stefanelli, C., I. Stanic, et al. (1998). "Inhibition of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis with 5- aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside, a cell-permeable activator of AMP- activated protein kinase." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 243(3): 821-6.
Strasser, A., L. O'Connor, et al. (2000). "Apoptosis signaling." Annu Rev Biochem 69: 217- 45.
Sullivan, J. E., K. J. Brocklehurst, et al. (1994). "Inhibition of lipolysis and lipogenesis in isolated rat adipocytes with AICAR, a cell-permeable activator of AMP-activated protein kinase." FEBS Let 353(1): 33-6.
Suzuki, M., R. J. Youle, et al. (2000). "Structure of Bax: coregulation of dimer formation and intracellular localization." Cell 103(4): 645-54.
Tankova, T. (2003). "Current indications for metformin therapy." Rom J Intern Med 41(3):
215-25.
Tavarini, S., L. Colombaioni, et al. (2000). "Sphingomyelinase metabolites control survival and apoptotic death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells." Neurosci Let 285(3): 185-8.
Thompson, C. B. (1995). "Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease." Science 267 (5203): 1456-62.
Tiainen, M., K. Vaahtomeri, et al. (2002). "Growth arrest by the LKB1 tumor suppressor:
induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1)." Hum Mol Genet 11(13): 1497-504.
Vaux, D. L., G. Haecker, et al. (1994). "An evolutionary perspective on apoptosis." Cell 76(5):
777-9.
Viswanath, V., Y. Wu, et al. (2001). "Caspase-9 activation results in downstream caspase-8 activation and bid cleavage in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease." J Neurosci 21(24): 9519-28.
Ward, M. W., D. Kogel, et al. (2004). "Neuronal apoptosis: BH3-only proteins the real killerss" J Bioenerg Biomembr 36(4): 295-8.
Winder, W. W. and D. G. Hardie (1996). "Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle during exercise." Am J Physiol 270(2 Pt 1): E299-304.
Woods, A., D. Vertommen, et al. (2003). "Identifcation of phosphorylation sites in AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) for upstream AMPK kinases and study of their roles by site-directed mutagenesis." J Biol Chem 278(31): 28434-42.
Woollhead, A. M., J. W. Scot, et al. (2005). "Phenformin and AICAR activation of AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits transepithelial Na2 transport in the lung." J Physiol.
Wyllie, A. H. a. D. E. (1992). "Danno e morte cellulare." "Patologia 1: i principi" Zanichelli Editore (1995) 1(3): 177-226.
Young, M. E., G. K. Radda, et al. (1996). "Activation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogenolysis in rat skeletal muscle by AICAR--an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase." FEBS Let 382(1-2): 43-7.
Yuan, J. and B. A. Yankner (2000). "Apoptosis in the nervous system." Nature 407(6805):
802-9.
Zhou, G., R. Myers, et al. (2001). "Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action." J Clin Invest 108(8): 1167-74.
Zou, M. H., S. S. Kirkpatrick, et al. (2004). "Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase by the anti-diabetic drug metformin in vivo. Role of mitochondrial reactive nitrogen species." J Biol Chem 279(42): 43940-51.
