CARATTERIZZAZIONE CHIMICA DELLA SOSTANZA ORGANICA PARTICELLATA E DISCIOLTA NELLE ACQUE DELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA

Tratto da: GIANI M., BERTO D., SAVELLI F., RAMPAZZO F., SPANO, 2006. “Chemical characterization of dissolved and particulated organic matter in the waters of the Venice lagoon” Corila Atti, Research Program 2004-2006.

Introduzione

La distribuzione ed il contributo della materia organica particellata e disciolta nelle acque della laguna di Venezia, giocano un ruolo chiave nei processi che regolano la produzione ed il consumo di carbonio organico. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di determinare la ripartizione fra il carbonio organico disciolto e particellato, quantifi care la frazione di carboidrati e sostanze umiche disciolte e studiare l’origine di alcune frazione della sostanza organica mediante l’utilizzo di rapporti fra gli isotopi stabili del carbonio (Ä13C).

Materiali e metodi

I campionamenti sono stati effettuati in sei stazioni distribuite nella parte settentrionale e centrale del bacino lagunare veneto (Figura 2.4.1) durante 5 crociere, da ottobre 2004 a ottobre 2005.

Nei campioni d’acqua prelevati sono state condotte le analisi di carbonio organico disciolto (Sugimura & Suzuki, 1988), carbonio organico e azoto toale particellati (Nieuwenhiuze et al., 1994), carboidrati disciolti (Burney, Sieburth, 1977) e il rapporto degli isotopi stabili del carbonio Ä13C nel carbonio organico particellato (mediante spettrometro di massa per rapporti isotopici Delta Plus, Thermo Finnigan). Inoltre sono state estratte le sostanze umiche (frazioni umiche e fulviche) disciolte, e g sono stati registrati gli spettri UV-VIS mediante uno spettrofotometro a doppio raggio ATI Unicam UV2 con cuvette in quarzo del cammino ottico di 1 e 5 cm nell’intervallo 200-700 nm.

I rapporti delle assorbanze A₂₇₂/A₄₀₇and A₄₆₅/A₆₆₅(Fooken & Liebezeit, 2000) sono stati usati per differenziare l’origine ed il grado di condensazione delle sostanze umiche (Schnitzer, 1971).

Risultati

Le concentrazioni più elevate di carbonio organico particellato e disciolto si sono osservate nel sito di S. Giuliano, che è infl uenzato dalle acque dolci e dagli scarichi urbani (DOC: 246±42 µmol L-1, n=5). Valori intermedi si sono osservati nelle stazioni di Marghera, Fusina, Palude della Rosa and Fanerogame, mentre i valori minori nella stazione lagunare Lido (DOC: 150±13 µmol L-1; n=5 ). I valori riscontrati in questa stazione sono comparabili con quelli riportati in bibliografi a per le acque costiere del nord adriatico occidentale (Pettine et al., 1998, Giani et al., 2005).

Le concentrazioni di carbonio organico disciolto nella laguna di Venezia sono generalemente 1,3 volte maggiori rispetto a quelli riportati per le acque costiere del nord Adriatico occidentale (Pettine et al., 1998, Giani et al., 2005).

La distribuzione dei carboidrati disciolti è simile a quella del carbonio organico disciolto, con concentrazioni massime nella stazione di S. Giuliano (39,1±12,9 µmol C L-1, n= 4) e minime nella stazione Lido (23,4±9,8 µmol C L-1, n= 4). Inoltre alte concentrazioni di carboidrati disciolti si sono

osservate nelle stazioni di Palude della Rosa e Fanerogame. Le concentrazioni di carboidrati disciolti osservate sono state in media 3 volte più elevate rispetto a quelle riportate da Pettine e coautori (2001) per le acque costiere del nord adriatico.

Non si sono osservate correlazioni signifi cative del carbonio organico e dei carboidrati disciolti con salinità e clorofi lla-a. Una correlazione signifi cativa tra carbonio organico disciolto nella colonna d’acqua e all’interfaccia acqua sedimento (r2=0.448, p<0.05) (dati non pubblicati) suggerisce che un’elevata percentuale di DOC potrebbe essere imputabile alla risospensione dei sedimenti.

Le massime concentrazioni di carbonio organico particellato si sono osservate nella stazione di S. Giuliano, maggiormente infl uenzata dagli scarichi urbani (POC: 76±11 µmol L-1, n=5). Le stazioni di Marghera, Fusina, Palude della Rosa e Fanerogame hanno presentato valori intermedi, mentre nella stazione di Lido si sono osservati i valori minimi (35±15 µmol L-1, n=5) (Figura 2.4.1), confrontabili con quelli tipici di aree costiere.

La frazione organica del particellato sospeso ha presentato valori del rapporto Ä13C più negativi nelle stazioni di Fusina e Marghera (-24,3±0,4 e -24,3±1,2 %o, rispettivamente), rispetto alle altre stazioni (range di valori medi -22,5- -23,4%o), indicando che una componente maggiore della sostanza organica potrebbe avere origine alloctona.

In Figura 2.4.1 è rappresentata la ripartizione fra la materia organica disciolta e particellata nelle acque lagunari delle stazioni esaminate. Le concentrazioni delle sostanze umiche disciolte nelle acque lagunari sono simili e presentano un’elevata variabilità stagionale con valori compresi tra 31,5±34,9 e 41,5±16,8 µmol C L-1 In bibliografi a è riportato come gli acidi fulvici siano più abbondanti degli umici nelle acque dolci produttive (Yacobi et al., 2003). Il rapporto delle assorbanze a 465 e 665 nm A₄₆₅/A₆₆₅ misurato negli acidi umici solubilizzati (Schnitzer, 1971) è inversamente correlato al grado di condensazione delle strutture aromatiche. I rapporti osservati si sono presentati differenti fra acidi umici e fulvici (rispettivamente 4,8 ± 2,5 e 3,4 ± 2,7) dimostrando un alto grado di condensazione delle strutture degli acidi umici e quindi un possibile contributo terrestre alla loro origine.

Conclusioni

Questo studio presenta una prima stima del contributo dei carboidrati e delle sostanze umiche alla materia organica disciolta nella laguna di Venezia.

I più alti apporti terrestri di carbonio organico si sono osservati nelle stazioni di San Giuliano, Marghera e Fusina. Elevati contenuti di carbonio organico nelle stazioni di Marghera e Fusina (dati non pubblicati) probabilmente derivanti da acque di scarico industriali, confermano i dati osservati nelle acque in questo lavoro.

La sostanza organica nella stazione Lido presenta caratteristiche più simili alle acque costiere che a quelle lagunari.

Figura 2.4.1 - Ripartizione fra la materia organica disciolta e particellata nelle acque lagunari delle stazioni esaminate Sono riporatate le concentrazioni medie di carbonio organico disciolto (DOC) e particellato (POC) ed i loro contributi relativi (%) al carbonio organico totale. Inoltre è indicato il contributo dei carboidrati disciolti al DOC.

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