La ricerca svolta ha fatto emergere le seguenti informazioni:
All'interno del sistema tempo aspettuale del cinese mandarino e del mongolo khalkha non esiste una forma verbale che neghi solo l'aspetto progressivo o solo l'aspetto perfettivo o solo l'aspetto
perfetto, come invece accade in altre lingue come l'inglese e l'italiano (in quest'ultima però, a differenza dell'inglese, non c'è una differenziazione grammaticalizzata tra perfettivo e perfetto). Si ha pertanto in entrambe le lingue un sistema in cui esistono più forme, ciascuna delle quali può essere usata per negare più di uno di questi aspetti.
Si ricordi che per quanto riguarda le situazioni progressive e perfette la ricerca è stata svolta solo su frasi con tempo R presente.
In cinese le forme più utilizzate sono:
-méi(yǒu)+V: utilizzata per negare situazioni perfette e perfettive. È molto usata anche per la
negazione di situazioni progressive.
-méi(yǒu)+zài+V: utilizzata per la negazione di situazioni progressive. Nei dati raccolti nessuna
ricorrenza è stata riscontrata in contesti perfetti o perfettivi.
-bùzài+V: utilizzata per la negazione di situazioni progressive. Nei dati raccolti nessuna ricorrenza
è stata riscontrata in contesti perfetti o perfettivi.
-bù+V le COS: utilizzata in rari casi per la negazione di situazioni progressive. Nei dati raccolti
presenta 3 ricorrenze in contesto progressivo. In mongolo le forme più utilizzate sono:
-aagüj baj-na/-gaa: utilizzata per la negazione di situazioni progressive e perfette. I dati raccolti mostrano una frequenza leggermente più alta di ricorrenze in contesti progressivi rispetto alle ricorrenze in contesti perfetti.
-aagüj: molto utilizzata per la negazione di situazioni perfettive e perfette. Utilizzata anche per la negazione di situazioni progressive. I dati raccolti mostrano che -aagüj presenta una frequenza in contesti perfettivi e perfetti doppia rispetto alla frequenza in contesti progressivi. (48.34% contro 24.18%).
Entrambe le lingue presentano quindi forme negative valide sia per contesti perfettivi o perfetti che per contesti progressivi.
Il cinese presenta una forma di questo tipo, e tre forme valide solo per contesti progressivi. Il mongolo, invece, presenta due forme di questo tipo, ovvero valide per più tipi di contesti.
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APPENDICE A – QUESTIONARIO
Translate the following sentences in your native language. The words within slashes or brackets don't need to be translated. They provide contextual instructions for the translation. The verbs in caps are left in their base form and in the translation they are to be conjugated in the form that according to you most suits to the situation.
1 /Somebody on the phone wants to know about Ann. A: Ann is near me. / B: She WORK [right now]? A: No, she NOT WORK [right now].
/Somebody on the phone wants to know about John. A: John is near me./ (As in sentence n.1, [right now] is implied.)
2 B: He CLEAN a gun? A: No, he NOT CLEAN a gun.
3 B: He READ a newspaper? A: No, he NOT READ a newspaper.
4 B: He BUILD a shelter [for the sheep]? A: No, he NOT BUILD a shelter [for the sheep]. 5 B: He SING a song? A: No, he NOT SING a song.
6 B: He GIVE a present to his sister? A: No, he NOT GIVE a present to his sister. 7 B: He TELL a story to his sister? A: No, he NOT TELL a story to his sister.
/Somebody on the phone wants to know about Ann. A: Ann is near me./ (As in sentence n.1, [right now] is implied.)
8 B: She PEEL potatoes? A: No, she NOT PEEL potatoes.
9 B: She PEEL the potatoes? A: No, she NOT PEEL the potatoes.
10 B: She PEEL 3 kilos of potatoes? A: No, she NOT PEEL 3 kilos of potatoes. 11 B: She PEEL all the potatoes? A: No, she NOT PEEL all the potatoes.
12 B: She CHASE chickens [out of the house]? A: No, she NOT CHASE chickens [out of the house].
13 B: She CHASE two chickens [out of the house]? A: No, she NOT CHASE two chickens [out of the house].
14 B: She WRITE her thesis? No, she NOT WRITE her thesis.
/Somebody on the phone wants to know about Ted. The question is:/
15 A: He HAVE his hair CUT [right now]? B: No, he NOT HAVE his hair CUT.
16 A: He MAKE the child EAT the porridge [right now]? B: No, he NOT MAKE the child EAT the porridge. (Note: you can replace “the porridge” with something more natural to your own culture)
/Somebody on the phone wants to know about Julie; the question is/ 17 A: She GO OUT [right now]? B: No, she NOT GO out.
18 A: [Right now] she FLY to New York? B: No, she NOT FLY to New York.
/Somebody on the phone wants to know about Fred; A: Fred is near me/
19 B: He BEGIN to peel the potatoes [right now]? A: No, he NOT BEGIN to peel the potatoes. 20 B: He FINISH repairing the lamp [right now]? A: No, he NOT FINISH repairing the lamp. 21 B: He BEGIN a language drill [right now]? A: No, he NOT BEGIN a language drill. 22 B: He FINISH a language drill [right now]? A: No, he NOT FINISH a language drill.
23 B: He CONTINUE his story-telling [right now]? A: No, he NOT CONTINUE his story-telling.
24 /Somebody on the phone wants to know about Mary; the question is/ A: [Right now] She SIT in the kitchen? B: No, she NOT SIT in the kitchen.
B: I don't know, it NOT HANG on the nail.
26 [Right now] The climber NOT REACH the top of the mountain. 27 [Look out of the window now] The sun NOT SHINE.
28 [Right now] The water NOT BOIL [I can't make tea yet]. 29 [Now] The apples NOT ROT on the tree.
30 [Now, unexpectedly] Peter NOT KNOW the answer. 31 [Now, unexpectedly] Tess NOT LIKE the music. 32 The mountain NOT SURROUND the plain.
33 [You didn't bring any present.] You NOT BE very KIND, now!
34 /John has made an appreciation on Ann's hair-style; Ann says with a tone of surprise/ You NOT BE RUDE this evening.
/on the phone/ A: Is Ann with you right now? B: No, she is out 35 A: She DANCE? B: No, she NOT DANCE.
36 A: She PLAY CARDS? B: No, she NOT PLAY CARDS. 37 A: She SHOP? B: No, she NOT SHOP.
38 A: The level of the water INCREASE little by little since yesterday. B: That is not true. It NOT INCREASE gradually since yesterday.
39 A: Comparing it with yesterday, now the level of the water INCREASE. B: You're wrong. It NOT INCREASE.
40 A: Comparing it with yesterday, now the situation IMPROVE. B: In my opinion it NOT IMPROVE.
41 A: The situation IMPROVE gradually from yesterday. B: In my opinion it NOT IMPROVE gradually since yesterday.
42 [Hurry up!] The train LEAVE.
43 [You don't need to hurry] The train NOT LEAVE. 44 It is no use running. The train just LEAVE.
45 You can still make it in time. The train NOT LEAVE [yet]. 46 The old man DIE [but finally they found the right medicine]. 47 The old man NOT DIE [because they're giving him the right cure]. 48 Ann STAND in the doorway, [right now].
49 Ann NOT STAND in the doorway, [right now].
50 A: If you insist on calling me Fred, you INTRUDE in my private life. B: In my opinion, I NOT INTRUDE in your private life.
51 A: As soon as you start asking what is the use of education, you ABANDON the basic assumptions of any true culture. B: No, in my opinion you NOT ABANDON them. 52 [Come in, please!] The meal BE SERVED [right now].
53 [You don't need to hurry,] the meal NOT BE SERVED [right now]. 54 Hurry up! The meal BE SERVED [already]
55 You don't need to hurry. The meal NOT BE SERVED [yet]. 56 [Let's go out,] it NOT RAIN now.
57 [This is disgusting;] it is 8.30 and the train not yet LEAVE.
58 [A: I want to give your sister a book to read, but I don't know which one. Are there any of these books that she READ already?] B:Yes, she READ this book. [Added as a suggestion:] Instead, she NOT READ this book.
59 [Question: Is the king still alive?] No, he DIE. Or: Yes. He NOT DIE.
60 Question: You MEET my sister? (At any time of your life up to now)? Answer: Yes, I MEET her. Or: No, I NOT MEET her.
61 [A child asks: Can I go now?]
Mother: You DO your homework? Child: Yes, I DO it. Or: No, I NOT DO it. 62 [Question: Do you know my sister?]
Answer: Yes, I MEET her (so I know her). Or: No, I NOT MEET her (so I don't know her). 63 [Question: Can you swim in this lake? (=Is it possible for anybody to swim in this lake?)] Answer: Yes, at least I SWIM in it several times. Or: I don't know, I never SWIM in it. 64 [It is morning. A wakes up, looks out of the window and sees that the street is wet.]
A: It RAIN during the night. B: It NOT RAIN during the night. The dustmen WASH the street. 65 [A question asked at 9 o'clock A.M.: Why do you look so tired?]
Answer: I NOT SLEEP well during the night.
66 [A hasn't got his wages and he says:] I NOT GET my wages today, so I can't buy you a beer now. 67 [Question: your sister still BE at home?] Answer: Yes, she NOT GO AWAY yet.
68 [As in 28. Question: Your sister COME BACK?] No, she NOT COME BACK yet. 69 [A: You are talking so loud, you've woken up the baby.]
B: No, he NOT WAKE UP yet.
70 [Note: use BE or VISIT, or some other predicate, according to what sounds most natural in L.] You BE to (VISIT) Australia, as you know all that? Yes, I BE (VISIT) there, so I know. Or: No, I NOT BE there. I READ it in a book.
Question: You OPEN the window (and closed it again)? Yes, I OPEN it. Or: No, I NOT OPEN it. 72 A: I was told you are writing a book, and you already WRITE fifty pages. B: I NOT WRITE fifty pages. I only WRITE twenty. Or: I NOT WRITE only fifty pages. I (already) WRITE one hundred.
73 A: I was told you collect dolls, and you COLLECT some two hundred by now. B: I NOT COLLECT two hundred, I only COLLECT one hundred. Or: I NOT COLLECT two hundred, I COLLECT three hundred.
74 A: I was told you LOSE five umbrella this year. B: I NOT LOSE five umbrella. I LOSE two. 75 [Why do you look so tired? (Note: you may replace “three days” by “three nights” or whatever seems most natural.)] I NOT SLEEP for three days.
76 [A: She is still watching television! How long she DO that?]
B: She WATCH (it) for three hours. C: No, she NOT WATCH (it) for three hours. 77 [Telling what a baby just DO. “N” should be replaced with a girl's name.]
A: N just SAY her first word! B: I think you were mistaken. She NOT SAY a word. 78 [B comes from the kitchen very agitated and A asks:]
What's on? The dog EAT our cake? B: No the dog NOT EAT our cake. Something else has happened...
79 [Question: A: Is your son still doing his homework?]
B: No, he FINISH (it) by now (or: already). Or: Yes, he NOT FINISH (it) yet.
80 [A's sister was not home when A arrived. Question: did you find your sister at home? A answers:] No, I did not (find her). She LEAVE.
APPENDICE B – RISULTATI DEI QUESTIONARI COMPILATI DAGLI INFORMATORI CINESI Informatore C1 1. 她忙着呢么？没，没呢。 2. 他在擦一把枪吗？ 没有，他没在擦枪。 3. 他在看报？没，他没在看。 4. 他在搭窝睡？没，没见他搭。 5. 他唱歌呢？没，每听见他唱。 6.他给他姐送礼了？没，他没给他姐礼物。 7. 他给妹妹讲故事呢？没，他没给（妹妹）讲故事。 8. 她在削土豆？没，没削土豆。
9. 她在削土豆？没，没削土豆。 10. 她削了3公斤土豆？没，她没有。 11. 她削完土豆了? 没，她没削完呢。 12. 她出去抓鸡了？没，她没在外面抓鸡。 13. 她出去抓鸡了？没，她没在外面抓鸡。 14. 她在写论文？没，没写。 15. 他在理发？没有，没理。 16. 他在喂小孩喝粥？没，他没在喂小孩。 17. 她出去了？没有，没出去。 18. 她飞区纽约了？没有，没去。 19. 他削土豆呢？没有，还没呢。 20. 他修完灯了？没有，还没修完。 21.他练习外语呢？没有，还没呢。 22. 他练完外语了？没有，还没练完。 23. 他还在讲故事？没有，他没在讲故事了。 24. 她在厨房坐着呢？没有，她不在厨房坐着。 25.我不知道，没在墙上挂着。 26. 登山者还没到山顶。 27. 今天外面）没有阳光。 28. 水还没开。 29. 树上的苹果还没熟。 30. 皮特居然不知道答案。 31. Tess 竟然不喜欢音乐。 32. 平原没有被山环绕。 33. 你现在对我一点都不好了。 34. 你今天真好。 35. 她跳舞去了？没有，她没去。 36. 她打牌呢？没有，她没打牌。 37. 她逛街去了？ 没有，她没去逛街。 38. 昨天水位有点上涨了。不对，不是昨天上涨的。 39. 跟昨天比水位涨了。 不对，它没涨。
40. 事情比昨天有了进展。我觉得没有。 41. 事情比昨天稍微有了进展。 我觉得没有。 42. 火车要开了！ 43. 火车还没要开。 44. 火车已经开走了。 45. 火车还没开走。 46. 很遗憾，这个老人死了。 47. 这个老人不会死了。