(1)ÁCOMA
NUOVA SERIE
ANNO
2012
N.
3
R
IVISTA
I
NTERNAZIONALE
DI
S
TUDI
N
ORDAMERICANI
(2))RQGDWDQHOGD%UXQR&DUWRVLRH$OHVVDQGUR3RUWHOOL
3XEEOLFD]LRQHVHPHVWUDOH,QYHUQR
&RPLWDWRVFLHQWLÀFR9LWR$PRUXVR0DULVD%XOJKHURQL0DULDQQH'HERX]\-DQH'HVPRQG)HUGLQDQGR
)DVFH0LFKDHO)ULVFK5RQDOG*UHOH+HLQ],FNVWDGW'MHODO.DGLU*HRUJH/LSVLW]0DULR0D'DYLG
0RQWJRPHU\'RQDOG(3HDVH9LUJLQLD'RPLQJXH]:HUQHU6ROORUV0DULO\Q%<RXQJ
'LUHWWRUL'RQDWHOOD,]]R*LRUJLR0DULDQL6WHIDQR5RVVR
&RPLWDWRGLUHGD]LRQH6DUD$QWRQHOOL$QQD%HOODGHOOL(UPLQLR&RUWL6RQLD'L/RUHWR&LQ]LD6FDUSLQR
5HGD]LRQH $QQDOXFLD $FFDUGR 3DROR %DUFHOOD 5REHUWR &DJOLHUR %UXQR &DUWRVLR )LRUHQ]R ,XOLDQR
&DUOR 0DUWLQH] &ULVWLQD 0DWWLHOOR$OHVVDQGUR 3RUWHOOL$QQD 6FDQQDYLQL &LQ]LD 6FKLDYLQL )DEUL]LR
7RQHOOR
'LUHWWRUHUHVSRQVDELOH(UPDQQR*XDUQHUL
6HJUHWHULHGLUHGD]LRQH
%HUJDPR´ÉFRPDµ8QLYHUVLWjGHJOL6WXGLGL%HUJDPR3LD]]D5RVDWH²%HUJDPRID[
5RPD ´ÉFRPDµ 'LSDUWLPHQWR GL 6WXGL HXURSHL DPHULFDQL H LQWHUFXOWXUDOL 8QLYHUVLWj GL 5RPD
´/D6DSLHQ]DµYLD&DUOR)HD5RPD²ID[
(PDLODFRPD#XQLEJLW
6LWRZHEZZZDFRPDLW
3HUDEERQDPHQWLVFULYHUHDLQIR#HGLWRULULXQLWLQHW
3HURWWHQHUHLQXPHULDUUHWUDWLVFULYHUHDGDFRPD#XQLEJLW
´ÉFRPDµqXQDULYLVWDSHHUUHYLHZHG2OWUHDJOLDUWLFROLFRPPLVVLRQDWLGDOFRPLWDWRGLUHGD]LRQHODUL
YLVWDSXEEOLFDDQFKHDUWLFROLQRQVROOHFLWDWL7XWWLLPDQRVFULWWLLQYLDWLDOODUHGD]LRQHVDUDQQRVRWWRSRVWL
DYDOXWD]LRQHDQRQLPDGDSDUWHGLGXHRSLUHYLHZHUV*OLDXWRULVRQRSUHJDWLGLUHQGHUHQRQULFRQR
VFLELOLJOLHYHQWXDOLULIHULPHQWLDSURSULHRSHUHLQWHVWRRLQQRWD,SDUHULGHLUHYLHZHUVVDUDQQRLQYLDWL
DOO·DXWRUHHQWURTXDWWURPHVLGDOODULFH]LRQHGHOPDQRVFULWWR3HUUDJLRQLWHFQLFKHTXDOVLDVLFRQWULEXWR
QRQLQYLDWRDOO·LQGLUL]]RUHGD]LRQH#DFRPDLWYHUUjFHVWLQDWR
´ÉFRPDµLVDSHHUUHYLHZHGMRXUQDO,WSXEOLVKHVXQVROLFLWHGDUWLFOHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKRVHFRPPLVVLRQHG
E\WKHHGLWRULDOERDUG$OOVXEPLVVLRQVDUHVXEMHFWWRGRXEOHEOLQGUHIHUHHLQJE\WZRRUPRUHUHYLHZHUV
6HOILGHQWLI\LQJFLWDWLRQVRUUHIHUHQFHVLQWKHDUWLFOHWH[WDQGQRWHVVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG7KHUHYLHZHUV·
UHSRUWVZLOOEHWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHDXWKRUZLWKLQGD\VIURPWKHGDWHRIVXEPLVVLRQ$UWLFOHVVXEPLW
WHGIRUSXEOLFDWLRQPXVWEHVHQWDVDQHPDLODWWDFKPHQWWRUHGD]LRQH#DFRPDLW6XEPLVVLRQVE\DQ\
RWKHUPHDQVZLOOQRWEHFRQVLGHUHG
5HDOL]]D]LRQHHGLWRULDOH$QGUHD'·$PEURVLR
&RSHUWLQD0DXUR6XOODP
5HDOL]]D]LRQHGLFRSHUWLQD/RUHQ]R/HWL]LD
)LQLWRGLVWDPSDUHQHOO·RWWREUHDFXUDGL3GH6SDSUHVVRORVWDELOLPHQWR/HJR6SD²/DYLV71
(3)7KH:LUHHJOLDOWULO·$PHULFDQHOOHVXHVHULH79
DFXUDGL)LRUHQ]R,XOLDQR'RQDWHOOD,]]RH&LQ]LD6FDUSLQR
,QWURGX]LRQHVHULH79VHFRQGDVWDJLRQH
%UHDNLQJ%DFNXQRVJXDUGRGDOSDVVDWRRYYHURQRWHSHUXQDJHQHDORJLD
)LRUHQ]R,XOLDQRH&LQ]LD6FDUSLQR
´:D\'RZQLQWKH+ROHµ/DGLVHJXDJOLDQ]DXUEDQDVLVWHPLFDH7KH:LUH
$QPRO&KDGGKDH:LOOLDP-XOLXV:LOVRQ
/DVRFLRORJLDH7KH:LUH
.HQQHWK::DUUHQ
7KH:LUHGRYHUHDOWjHÀQ]LRQHVLLQFURFLDQR(OHPHQWLSHUXQDJHRJUDÀD
VRFLDOHGL%DOWLPRUD
)DELR$PDWR
%XURFUD]LDGHOODVLFXUH]]DRWHUURUHQD]LRQDOH"7KH:LUHLQFRQWUD7KH2FH
$ODQ1DGHO
,OGRSSLDJJLRLWDOLDQRGL7KH2FHWUDVSHFLÀFLWjFXOWXUDOLH´VSLQWHµJOREDOL
$QQD%HOODGHOOL
&RPXQLWjSROLPRUIH)DPLJOLDVHVVRSRWHUHHUHOLJLRQHLQ%LJ/RYH
*LDQQD)XVFR
´/DFLWWjGHOOHLOOXVLRQLµ7KH+DSS\3ODFH&6,/DV9HJDV
&DUOR3DJHWWL
(4)6WHIDQR5RVVR
,O7HU]R/XRJR/RVWHJOLVWDWLLQWHUPHGLWUDODYLWDHODPRUWH
0DQXHO'HOJDGR
$QVHO$GDPVIRWRJUDIRGHOODZLOGHUQHVV
DFXUDGL6WHIDQR5RVVR
)RWRJUDÀHGHOWHPSRIXRULGDOODVWRULD
3DROR%DUEDUR
9LVXDOL]]DUH´O·HOHPHQWRXPDQRµ$QVHO$GDPVULWUDWWLVWD
$XGUH\*RRGPDQ
$QVHO$GDPVHLO:HVWLQWHRULD
.HOO\'HQQLV
(QJOLVK6XPPDULHV
(5)
Breaking Back: uno sguardo dal passato, ovvero, note
per una genealogia
)LRUHQ]R,XOLDQRH&LQ]LD6FDUSLQR
1. Back to the Seventies
&LQ]LD6FDUSLQR
5LSHQVDQGRDJOLHYHQWLVXFXLVLHUDDSSHQDFRQFOXVRXQLQWHURGHFHQQLRIRUVHFRO
VHQQRGLSRLXQ·LQWHUDHSRFDL0DQVRQ0XUGHUVGL/RV$QJHOHVHODVWDJLRQHOLVHU
JLFDGHOOD6XPPHURI/RYHGL+DLJKW$VKEXU\-RDQ'LGLRQDYUHEEHVFULWWRQHOVXR
:KLWH $OEXP FKH WUD LO H LO JLUDYDQR VWUDQH YRFL H VWUDQH VWRULH H
FKH´WXWWRHUDLQGLFLELOHPDQRQF·HUDQLHQWHGLLQLPPDJLQDELOHµ*OLDQQL6HWWDQWD
DYUHEEHURFRQWULEXLWRDUHQGHUHQRQSLLQGLFLELOHFLzFKHSULPDHUDVRORLPPDJLQD
ELOHODYLROHQ]DHͿHUDWDODFRUUX]LRQHSROLWLFDFHUWRPDDQFKHLGLULWWLGHJOLRPRVHV
VXDOLLOGLULWWRDOGLYRU]LRHDOO·DERUWR/DWHQVLRQHFLYLOHHSULYDWDDOODULYHQGLFD]LRQH
GLXQDVHPSUHPDJJLRUHUDSSUHVHQWDELOLWjFXOWXUDOHHJLXULGLFDGHOODGLYHUVLWjLQ
QHUYzLOGHFHQQLRVHJQDWRGDO:DWHUJDWHHGDOOHFULVLSHWUROLIHUHHVLULYHUVzLQSDUWH
QHJOLDQQL2WWDQWD3URSULRLQTXHOIUDQJHQWHO·LPSRUWDQ]DHODYLVLELOLWjFUHVFHQWH
GHOPH]]RWHOHYLVLYRIHFHGHOOHVHULH²VRSUDWWXWWROHFRPPHGLHOHVLWFRPHLSROL
]LHVFKL²XQDVHGHGLQHJR]LD]LRQHSRSRODUHGLDOFXQHWHQVLRQLFKHVLDJLWDYDQRQHO
SDHVHFRQVHJQDQGRTXHLSURGRWWLGLPDVVDDOO·LPPDJLQD]LRQHQD]LRQDOHHLQWHUQD
]LRQDOHTXDOLVFHQDULGLYLWDSRVVLELOLDUWLFRODWLUHSHUWRULGLVWRULHHGLVLPEROLLQÁXV
VRFRQWLQXRRSHUXVDUHXQDFDWHJRULDFRQLDWDGD$UMXQ$SSDGXUDL´PHGLDVFDSHVµ
)XURQRJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDDGDYYLDUHXQGLDORJRWUDVHULH79HVRFLHWjYLDYLDSLÀWWR
HFRPSOHVVROHSULPHDYUHEEHURPXWXDWRFRQWHQXWLHIRUPHGDOSDQRUDPDVRFLRFXO
WXUDOHFRQWHPSRUDQHRLQPRGDOLWjSLGLUHWWHODVHFRQGDDYUHEEHFRQRVFLXWRSURJUHV
VLYHULGHÀQL]LRQLDQFKHVXOODEDVHGHOOHLVWDQWDQHHSURYHQLHQWLGDOSLFFRORVFKHUPR
$ULSHVFDUOHRJJLOHQXPHURVHLVWDQWDQHHGHOGHFHQQLRWHOHYLVLYRFKHYDJURVVR
PRGRGDODOVHPEUDQRVRͿULUHGLDOFXQLGLIHWWLFURPDWLFLGLXQDÀOLJUDQD
XQSR·JUH]]DGLXQDPHVVDDIXRFRDSSURVVLPDWLYDOLPLWLVXSHUDWLGDOODULYROX
]LRQHTXDOLWDWLYDODVHFRQGD´7HOHYLVLRQ*ROGHQ$JHµGHLYHQW·DQQLDYHQLUH0D
DGLVSHWWRGHOOHVXHLPSHUIH]LRQLTXHOO·HQRUPHDUFKLYLRSRSRODUHFRQWLHQHPROWH
GHOOHVWUDWHJLHVWLOLVWLFKHFRQFXLDYUHEEHURIDWWRLFRQWL²WDOYROWDSUHQGHQGRQHOH
GLVWDQ]H²WXWWHOHVHULHVXFFHVVLYHSLDQFRUDFKHLQYHQWDUVLVSLQRͿHFOLͿKDQJHU
JOLDQQL6HWWDQWDDYUHEEHURLQIDWWLLPSURQWDWROHVHULH79DXQ·HVWHWLFDYRWDWDPD
JDULLQPRGRSLGLFKLDUDWRFKHUHDOHPDWXWWDYLDLQGHURJDELOHDXQD´SUHVDGLUHW
WDµRULHQWDWDDOO·DWWXDOLWj
/HSDJLQHFKHVHJXRQRQDVFRQRFRVuGDOO·DFFRVWDPHQWRGLLVWDQWDQHHSUHVHQWLH
SDVVDWHHIRUVHGDXQSR·GLQRVWDOJLDSHUOHYHFFKLHSRODURLG
(6)
2012-1970: “We Are Family”
8QR VJXDUGR DL QXPHUL H DOOD YDULHWj GHOOH VLWFRP DPHULFDQH SURGRWWH QHJOL DQQL
6HWWDQWDULYHODXQDVWDJLRQHIHFRQGDHSHUPROWLDVSHWWLORQJHYDOLEHUDWDGDOOHFR
VWUL]LRQL VRFLDOL GL FODVVH PHGLD H PRUDOL :$63 FKH KDQQR GHWWDWR OHJJH QHOOH
VHULH79GHLGXHGHFHQQLSUHFHGHQWLODVLWXDWLRQFRPHG\ULHVFHLQIDWWLSHUODSULPD
YROWDDFRQLXJDUHLOVXFFHVVRGLSXEEOLFRFRQXQDFRUDJJLRVDHVSHVVRVSUHJLXGLFDWD
DWWHQ]LRQHDWHPDWLFKHVRFLDOLXUJHQWLHFRQWURYHUVH1RQRVWDQWHO·HWHURJHQHLWjGHL
ULVXOWDWLLOGHFHQQLRFKHYHGHODQDVFLWDGLVHULHLQQRYDWLYHFRPH$OOLQWKH)DPLO\
0DXGH$OLFH0
$
6
+
H.RMDNFRQFHSLVFHDQFKHO·HVFDSLVPRSVHXGRURPDQWLFRGL
/RYH%RDWHTXHOORQRVWDOJLFRGL+DSS\'D\VODWHOHYLVLRQHGHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDVFULYH
'DYLG$OOHQ&DVHFUHGHQHOODSRVVLELOLWjGL´SURPXRYHUHRGLYDQWDUVLGLSURPXR
YHUHXQDFRPSUHQVLRQHGLFLzFKHJUDQSDUWHGHOODSURSULDDXGLHQFHDYUHEEHSRWXWR
FRQVLGHUDUHVHVVXDOPHQWHHWQLFDPHQWHRUHOLJLRVDPHQWHHVWUDQHRHGLYHUVR>DOLHQ@µ
4XDQGRQHOLOSURGXWWRUH1RUPDQ/HDUGHFLGHGLODQFLDUH$OOLQWKH)DPLO\GD
FXLVDUHEEHSRLVFDWXULWDXQDJHQLDGLVSLQRͿGLVXFFHVVRWUDFXL,-HͿHUVRQH0DXGH
ORIDSHQVDQGRFKHODVLWFRPLQTXDQWRWDOHVLDRUPDLPDWXUDSHUDFFRJOLHUHXQ·HVSH
ULHQ]DVRFLDOHHFXOWXUDOHFRPSOHVVDHDOSDVVRFRLWHPSLJLXGLFDQGRJOLDPHULFDQL
SURQWL D FRQIURQWDUVL DQFKH JUD]LH DO SLFFROR VFKHUPR FRQ L SXQWL QHYUDOJLFL GHO
GLVFRUVRSXEEOLFRGLTXHJOLDQQLO·HPDQFLSD]LRQHGHOODGRQQDO·DERUWRLOGLYRU]LR
O·RPRVHVVXDOLWjODJXHUUDLQ9LHWQDPSHUFLWDUQHVRORDOFXQL
0DDFDPELDUHQRQVRQRVROROHVLWFRP/DWUDVIRUPD]LRQHGLVFHQHJJLDWXUHDP
ELHQWD]LRQLHIRUPDWLQYHVWHO·LQWHURSDUDGLJPDVHULDOHGDOODQRYLWjGHOODVRDSLQ
SULPHWLPHLQFXLVHULDOHVHULHVLLQFRQWUDQRFUHDQGROD´VHULHVHULDOL]]DWDµ'DOODV
DOODQDVFLWDGLXQJUXSSRGLSROL]LHVFKL.RMDN%DUHWWD&RORPER&+LSVH6WDUVN\H
+XWFKFKHFRQWHQJRQRLQQXFHPROWLGHJOLVYLOXSSLIXWXULGHOJHQHUHSHUDOPHQR
YHQW·DQQLDOODQRYLWjGHOPHGLFDOGUDPDVDWLULFR0
$
6
+
HDOODVSHULPHQWD]LRQH
SDURGLFD62$3HGRFXPHQWDULVWLFD$Q$PHULFDQ)DPLO\
/RVJXDUGRUHWURVSHWWLYRKDLQVHUERQRQSRFKHVRUSUHVHDJXDUGDUVLLQGLHWURFL
VLDFFRUJHLQIDWWLFKHPHQWUHLOULYROX]LRQDULRGHFHQQLRGHOODFRQWURFXOWXUDLOHJJHQ
GDULDQQL6HVVDQWDQRQKDQQRDHVFOXVLRQHGL6WDU7UHNHGHOODVDJDLPSRUWDWDGDOOD
UDGLR*XLGLQJ/LJKWV6HQWLHULLQYHQWDWRDOFXQSURGRWWRWHOHYLVLYRLFRQLFRL6HWWDQWD
ELVWUDWWDWLGDJOLLQWHOOHWWXDOLFRQWHPSRUDQHLFRPH´0H'HFDGHµGHFHQQLR´QDUFLVL
VWDµHSDWRORJLFDPHQWHWXUEDWR´*UHDW0DODLVHµULFRUGDWRGDLSLSHUOHDFFRQFLD
WXUHHOHPRGHWHUULELOLODGLVFRPXVLFHWUHSUHVLGHQWLSRFRDPDWLHPHQRDPPLUDWL
1L[RQ)RUG&DUWHUKDQQRFRQFRUVRDIRUJLDUHXQSDWULPRQLRWHOHYLVLYRGLFLO
PHQWHWUDVFXUDELOH5LSHUFRUUHUHLOGHFHQQLRDYYDQWDJJLDQGRVLGHOODSURVSHWWLYDGL
FRQWULEXWLVWRULRJUDÀFLUHFHQWLFRPH7KH6HYHQWLHV7KH*UHDW6KLIWLQ$PHULFDQ&XOWXUH
6RFLHW\DQG3ROLWLFVGL%UXFH-6FKXOPDQDLXWDDLQTXDGUDUHXQSHULRGRFDSDFHGL
´ULPRGHOODUHORVFHQDULRSROLWLFRSLSURIRQGDPHQWHGHJOLDQQL7UHQWDµLQFXLVL
DYYLFHQGDQRFDPELDPHQWLUDGLFDOLLQRJQLDVSHWWRGHOODYLWDSXEEOLFDHSULYDWDGH
JOLDPHULFDQL²GDOOHUHOD]LRQLLQWHUSHUVRQDOLDOODUHOLJLRQHODIDPLJOLDODSROLWLFDH
O·HFRQRPLDGLPHUFDWR²DSDUWLUHGDXQDPXWDWDJHRJUDÀDVRFLRFXOWXUDOHGHOSDHVH
ODFHQWUDOLWjGHO´1HZ6RXWKµGHOOD6XQEHOWO·DPELHQWDOLVPRODVHFRQGDRQGDWDIHP
PLQLVWDOHORWWHSHULGLULWWLGHLJD\HLYDUL´ULQDVFLPHQWLµHWQLFL
(7)
7UDLOHLOLOVXVVHJXLUVLGLHYHQWLGLJUDQGHULVRQDQ]DPHGLDWLFDHO·LP
SRUVLGLOHJJLHVHQWHQ]HGHOOD&RUWH6XSUHPDSHUPROWLYHUVLHSRFDOLFDPELDQRLOYROWR
GHOODVRFLHWjDPHULFDQDGDOORVFDQGDORGHO:DWHUJDWHSDGUHGLWXWWLLJDWHDYHQLUH
DOODÀQHGHOODJXHUUDLQ9LHWQDPGDOODFULVLSHWUROLIHUDDOODVWDJÁD]LRQHGDLGLVDVWUL
HFRORJLFLGL7KUHH0LOH,VODQGH/RYH&DQDODOODPDUHDQHUDGL6DQWD%DUEDUDGDOOD
´EDWWDJOLDGHLVHVVLµFRPEDWWXWD²HYLQWD²VLPEROLFDPHQWHGDOODWHQQLVWD%LOO\-HDQ
.LQJFRQWUR%REE\5LJJVDOO·RFFXSD]LRQHGL$OFDWUD]GDSDUWHGHOOHWULEGLQDWLYLGHO
1HZ$PHULFDQ0RYHPHQWGDOODOHJJHVXOGLYRU]LR´QRIDXOWµ´VHQ]DFROSDµDSSUR
YDWDLQ&DOLIRUQLDQHODGRWWDWDLQVWDWLQHOHLQWXWWLJOLVWDWLWUDQQHGXHQHO
DOODVHQWHQ]DGHOOD&RUWH6XSUHPDVXOO·DERUWRGHO5RHYV:DGHSLHWUDPL
OLDUHQHOODOLEHUDOL]]D]LRQHHQHOO·DEROL]LRQHGHOOHOHJJLVXOO·DERUWRHDXQ·LQWHUDEDWWHULD
GLOHJJLDWXWHODGHOO·HPDQFLSD]LRQHIHPPLQLOHLQDPELWLFRPHO·LVWUX]LRQHODVDOXWH
OHSROLWLFKHEDQFDULHODYLROHQ]DGRPHVWLFDHORVWXSURFRQODVRODVFRQÀWWDQHOO·(TXDO
5LJKWV$PHQGPHQW(5$SDVVDWRDO&RQJUHVVRPDQRQUDWLÀFDWRGDWXWWLJOLVWDWLH
DQFRUDGDOODFUHD]LRQHGHOO·(3$OD(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\DOSDVVDJJLRGL
SURYYHGLPHQWLDFRQWUROORGHOODTXDOLWjGHOO·DULDHGHOO·DFTXD
/·HOHQFR²SXUQRQHVDXVWLYR²qXWLOHDWUDWWHJJLDUHLFRQWRUQLGLXQGHFHQQLR
ULFFRHSUREOHPDWLFRVHJQDWRGDXQ·HFRQRPLDFKHFRQRVFHUHFHVVLRQLSURIRQGHGD
SROLWLFKHVRFLDOLIHGHUDOLVWDWDOLHPXQLFLSDOLYRWDWHDOSURJUHVVLYRDEEDWWLPHQWR
GHOZHOIDUHHDOFRQVHJXHQWHGHJUDGRGHOOHLQQHUFLWLHVPHVVHLQJLQRFFKLRGDVWUDWH
JLH´XUEDQLFLGHµGDXQPHUFDWRLPPRELOLDUHLQPDQRDOODVSHFXOD]LRQHGHLSULYDWL
HGDOODGLͿXVLRQHHQGHPLFDGLFUDFHGHURLQD8QTXDGURFKHDOLPHQWHUjVHFRQGR
ODGLVDPLQDVRFLRORJLFDGL7KH:LUHÀUPDWDGD:LOOLDP-:LOVRQH$QPRO&KDGGKD
FRQWHQXWDLQTXHVWRQXPHURGL´ÉFRPDµOD´GLVXJXDJOLDQ]DVLVWHPLFDµGLXQDFLW
WjFRPH%DOWLPRUDQHLGHFHQQLVXFFHVVLYL
'LIURQWHDXQDWDOHFRPSOHVVLWjVRFLDOHDOFXQHVHULHWHOHYLVLYHDPHULFDQHD
QDQROHORURFDSDFLWjVLVPRJUDÀFKHHPLPHWLFKHHFRQWULEXLVFRQRVXOODVFRUWDGL
XQYDQWDJJLRELGLPHQVLRQDOHHVHULDOHVXPXVLFDPRGDHFLQHPDDUHVWLWXLUHSUR
SDJDUHHQRUPDOL]]DUHOHJUDQGLHSLFFROHVFRVVHVRFLDOLHFXOWXUDOLFKHDWWUDYHUVDQR
XQSDHVHVHPSUHSLLQWHUHVVDWRDOFRQFHWWRGL´GLYHUVLWjµ
6HOD´GLYHUVLWjµPHWWHLQVRWWDO·LGHDGLLQWHJUD]LRQHHWQLFDHUD]]LDOHLQQRPH
GLXQDSOXUDOLWjHJXDOLWDULDDFXLVLULIDUDQQROHULYHQGLFD]LRQLGHOOHIHPPLQLVWHGHJOL
LPPLJUDWLHGHLJD\LOJHQHUHWHOHYLVLYRFKHSLGLRJQLDOWURQHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDVL
IDOXRJRGHSXWDWRDUDSSUHVHQWDUODHIRUVHDFRQWHQHUODqODVLWFRPFRQLOSULPDWR
LQGLVFXVVRGL$OOLQWKH)DPLO\$UFLEDOGRWUDVPHVVDGDOOD&%6WUDLO5LVFULWWXUD
GHOO·LQJOHVH7LOO'HDWK'R8V3DUW$OOLQWKH)DPLO\RSHUDXQDURWWXUDQHWWDFRQLOSDVVDWR
DFRPLQFLDUHGDOFHWRVRFLDOHGDFXLPXRYHLOQXFOHRGHL%XQNHUqLQIDWWLZRUNLQJFODVV
,OSDWHUIDPLOLDV$UFKLHqXQYHWHUDQRGHOOD6HFRQGDJXHUUDPRQGLDOHEXUEHURSROH
PLFRGHGLWRDOO·LQYHWWLYDFRQVHUYDWRUHHUHSXEEOLFDQRPLVRJLQRHUD]]LVWDODPDGUH
(GLWKqXQDFDVDOLQJDJDUUXODHQDLIGRWDWDGHOO·DUWHLQFRQVDSHYROHGHOODPHGLD]LRQH
ODÀJOLD*ORULDqÀGDQ]DWDDOORVWXGHQWHGLFROOHJH0LNHXQSURGRWWRGHOODFRQWURFXO
WXUDHLOWXWWRqDPELHQWDWRLQXQTXDUWLHUHSRSRODUHGHO4XHHQVD1HZ<RUN3HUVR
QDJJLTXDOLL-HͿHUVRQLYLFLQLDIURDPHULFDQLVXFXLWRUQHUHPRH0DXGHFXJLQDGL
(GLWKEHQHVWDQWHHGHPRFUDWLFDGLYHQWHUDQQRLSURWDJRQLVWLGHJOLRPRQLPLVSLQRͿ
,Q$OOLQWKH)DPLO\RJQLDUJRPHQWRqSUHVHQWDWRDWWUDYHUVRORVFRQWURYHUEDOHWUDGXH
(8)
SURVSHWWLYHDQWLWHWLFKHODUHWURJXDUGLDGL$UFKLHGDXQDSDUWHO·DYDQJXDUGLDJHQHUD
]LRQDOHGL0LNHH*ORULDROHSRVL]LRQLOLEHUDOGL0DXGH²RGLFKLSHUOHL²GDOO·DOWUD
4XDVLQHVVXQDVSHWWRGHOODYLWDGHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDVIXJJHDOOHVWRFFDWHGL$UFKLHH
DXQDFRQVHJXHQWHGLVSXWDGDFRQVXPDUVLWUDLOVRJJLRUQRHODFXFLQDGHL%XQNHUH
VXFFHVVLYDPHQWHQHOODFDVDGL0LNHH*ORULDGDLGLULWWLGHOOHGRQQHVXOODYRURDOGLYRU
]LRGDJOLDQWLFRQFH]LRQDOLDOO·DERUWRGDOO·RPRVHVVXDOLWjDOUD]]LVPR1HOO·LQVWDQFDELOH
DGGRPHVWLFDPHQWRGHJOLDUJRPHQWLSLVFRWWDQWLHQHOODYHUYHXPRULVWLFDDQFKHFUXGD
PDIDPLOLDUHFKHQHGLVLQQHVFDLSRWHQ]LDOLHVSORVLYLULVLHGHFLzFKHIDGL$OOLQWKH)D
PLO\HDGLVWDQ]DGLTXDUDQW·DQQLQRQVRORXQDVHULHDQFRUDVSDVVRVDPDDQFKHXQD
VRUWDGLVHUEDWRLRGLLQIRUPD]LRQLLPPDJLQLHWHPLGHOVXRWHPSR
$QFKHO·DUULYRGH,-HͿHUVRQVXOSLFFRORVFKHUPRVHPEUDULÁHWWHUHXQDSLDPSLD
ULFRJQL]LRQHVRFLDOHGHOO·HVSHULHQ]DDPHULFDQDGLTXHJOLDQQL$GLͿHUHQ]DGHL%XQ
NHU*HRUJHH/RXLVHULHVFRQRDPLJOLRUDUHODORURSRVL]LRQHHFRQRPLFDHWUDVIHULUVL
D0DQKDWWDQLQXQDSSDUWDPHQWRGLOXVVR´LQWKHVN\µFRQGLULPSHWWDLXSSHUPLGGOH
FODVVWUDFXLXQDFRSSLDLQWHUUD]]LDOHHXQLQJOHVHFDULFDWXUDOH'DXQODWR,-HͿHUVRQ
DIURDPHULFDQLDUULFFKLWLLQXQTXDUWLHUHSHUORSLELDQFRGLFODVVHPHGLRDOWDVRQROD
SULPDVLWFRPQHUDVYLQFRODWDGDOFRQWHVWRSRYHURGLSURGRWWLSUHFHGHQWLHFRHYLFRPH
LQ6DQIRUGDQG6RQDPELHQWDWRD:DWWV/RV$QJHOHVHLQ*RRG7LPHV
VSLQRͿGL0DXGHLQFXLODIDPLJOLD(YDQVDELWDLQXQDSURMHFWKRXVHGL&KLFDJRFRQ
PDOFHODWLULPDQGLDJOLVTXDOOLGL&DEULQL*UHHQV3URMHFWVGHOODVWHVVDFLWWj
'DOO·DOWUR
DGLVSHWWRGHOODQDWXUDLQQRYDWLYDGHOODFUHD]LRQHGL/HDUQHOULPXRYHUHRJQLIRUPD
´GLRVWLOLWjUD]]LDOHVFRSHUWDµ,-HͿHUVRQÀQLVFRQRVSHVVRFRQLOULSURSRUUHLOFRQÁLWWR
LQFRQFLOLDELOH²HODGLYHUVLWjLQVXSHUDELOH²WUDELDQFKLHQHUL
XQOLPLWHFKHVLIDUj
DQFRUSLHYLGHQWHLQ'LͿ·UHQW6WURNHV,OPLRDPLFR$UQROGVSLQRͿGL0DXGH
VWRULDGHLGXHRUIDQHOOLGL+DUOHPFDWDSXOWDWLQHOOD3DUN$YHQXHGLXQYHGRYRELDQFR
6H L %XQNHU H L -HͿHUVRQ VRQR IDPLJOLH LQ VHQVR WUDGL]LRQDOH JOL DQQL 6HWWDQWD
WHQJRQR SRL D EDWWHVLPR XQ JHQHUH GL VLWFRP GHVWLQDWR D VRSUDYYLYHUH ÀQR D QRL
TXDVLLGHQWLFRDVHVWHVVRTXHOORGHOOHGRQQHWDOYROWDPDGULVLQJOHSHUVFHOWDRSHU
FKpGLYRU]LDWHHVSHFXODUPHQWHTXHOORGLXRPLQLVLQJOHGLYRU]LDWLFKHVLYDQQRDG
DJJLXQJHUHDOODFDWHJRULDGHLYHGRYL4XDQWRDOODSULPDWLSRORJLDWDQWRULFRUUHQWH
GD DSSDULUH QHOOH FURQDFKH WHOHYLVLYH GL ULYLVWH H TXRWLGLDQL DPHULFDQL GL LHUL H GL
RJJL
YLVLDQQRYHUDQRDOFXQHGHOOHVHULHSLVHJXLWHHSUHPLDWHGHOGHFHQQLRGDO
0DU\7\OHU0RRUH6KRZXQDWUHQWHQQHDYYHQHQWHFKHODVFLDLOÀGDQ]DWRVLWUDVIHULVFH
D0LQQHDSROLVHFRPLQFLDODVXDQXRYDYLWDGDVLQJOHHGRQQDLQFDUULHUDDLVXRL
VSLQRͿ3K\OOLVH5KRGDHQWUDPELLQFHQWUDWLVXGRQQHGLYRU]LDWHHYROLWLYHGD$OLFH
DPELHQWDWRD3KRHQL[HLVSLUDWRDOÀOPGL6FRUVHVH$OLFHQRQDELWDSLTXL
FRQODSURWDJRQLVWDYHGRYDHPDGUHFKHODYRUDFRPHFDPHULHUDDO0HO·V'LQHU
D2QH'D\DWD7LPH*LRUQRSHUJLRUQRHQQHVLPDFUHDWXUDGL1RUPDQ/HDU
LQFHQWUDWDVXOODYLWDGLXQDPDGUHGLYRU]LDWDFRQGXHÀJOLHDGROHVFHQWLD,QGLDQDSR
OLV'HVFULYHQGRODTXRWLGLDQLWjGLGRQQHELDQFKHHVLQJOHDOODSUHVHFRQPDQVLRQL
PDWHUQHHODYRUDWLYHHFRQXQDULFHUFDLGHQWLWDULDSLDXWHQWLFDQRQVWXSLVFHFKH
TXHVWHVLWFRP²XQDGHFLQDWUDLOHLO²DEELDQRJRGXWRGHOO·DWWHQ]LRQHGL
ULYLVWHFRPH´06µ´9RJXHµH´0F&DOO·VµDOODVWUHJXDGLUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQLHVHPSODUL
GLDOFXQHULYHQGLFD]LRQLGHOPRYLPHQWRIHPPLQLVWD6HqYHURFKHQHOO·DWWHQWDDQD
OLVLGL/DXUHQ5DELQRZLW]DXQRVFDQGDJOLRSLDWWHQWRFRPPHGLHFRPH2QH'D\DWD
(9)
7LPHH$OLFHPRVWUDQRGLULSURSRUUH´SDUDPHWULGHOODVWUXWWXUDIDPLOLDUHLQFRUSRUDQ
GRJOLDPLFLPDVFKLQHOOHYHFLGLSDUHQWLHSDWULDUFKLVLPEROLFLµ
ORLDWRFKHOHVHSDUD
GDOODSURGX]LRQHGHJOLDQQL&LQTXDQWDH6HVVDQWDUHVWDLQFROPDELOHHO·LPSRUWDQ]D
VHPLQDOHQHJOLVYLOXSSLIXWXULGHOJHQHUHLQGXEELD
$ULEDGLUHTXDQWRLOGLYRU]LRVLDQHOOHYHQHGHOGHFHQQLRQDVFRQRSRLXQJUXS
SRGLVHULHTXDVLWXWWHVLWFRPGDOODFDVLVWLFDSLYDULDGDOOHGXHFRSSLHVHSDUDWH
FRQÀJOLGL+HUH:H*R$JDLQDLFHOHEUL/RXGSURWDJRQLVWLGHOSULPRGRFX
PHQWDULRUHDOLW\ $Q $PHULFDQ )DPLO\ ² FKH UHJLVWUD DQFKH LO SULPR FRPLQJ
RXWGLXQJD\LOÀJOLR/DQFHVXOSLFFRORVFKHUPR²DOQXFOHRGHOGUDPD)DPLO\
HDOOD´VWUDQDFRSSLDµGLXRPLQLFKHVLULWURYDQRDFRQGLYLGHUHORVWHVVR
DSSDUWDPHQWRD0DQKDWWDQ7KH2GG&RXSOH(VSHFFKLRGLXQDULYROX
]LRQHGHPRJUDÀFDHDELWDWLYDLQFRUVRVLIDQQRODUJRDQFKHVROX]LRQLGLFRQYLYHQ
]D´FRHGµLQFXLJLRYDQLSURWDJRQLVWLHSURWDJRQLVWHFRQGLYLGRQRDSSDUWDPHQWLH
DYYHQWXUHFRPHLQ/DYHUQH 6KLUOH\VSLQRͿGL+DSS\'D\VHQHOPpQDJH
jWURLVSODWRQLFRPDQRQWURSSRGL7KUHH·V&RPSDQ\7UHFXRULLQDWWR
*OLDVVHVWDPHQWLVRFLRORJLFLQRQULJXDUGDQRVRORODSUROLIHUD]LRQHGLPRGHOOL
IDPLOLDULDOWHUQDWLYLDTXHOORWUDGL]LRQDOHPDODVWHVVDÀJXUDSDWHUQDFKHPHVVD
DOOHVWUHWWHGDOIHPPLQLVPRYHFFKLRHQXRYRVLIDSLPRUELGDSLVHQVLELOHDOOH
HVLJHQ]HDͿHWWLYHGHLÀJOLHGHOODPRJOLHSHUXQ$UFKLH%XQNHUFRQYLQWRFKHXQ
SDGUHVDSSLDVHPSUHFRPHIDUHVHFRQGRLOFHOHEUHPRWWRGHOODVLWFRP)DWKHU.QRZV
%HVWF·qLQVRPPDXQ7RP%UDGIRUG(LJKWLV(QRXJK/DIDPLJOLD%UDGIRUG
SURQWRDGDVFROWDUHLVXRLRWWRÀJOLHPRVWUDUVLWHQHURHYXOQHUDELOH
0HQRYXOQHUDELOLPDQLHQWHDͿDWWRLQIDOOLELOLVRQRLQYHFHLSURWDJRQLVWLGHOO·DO
WURJHQHUHFKHVLIDFDULFRGLDOFXQHWHQVLRQLVRFLDOLGHOGHFHQQLR²ODPLFURFULPLQD
OLWjXUEDQDHVXEXUEDQD²DQRGL]]DQGROHHUHVWLWXHQGRDOSXEEOLFRXQ·LPPDJLQH
SRVLWLYDGHOOHLVWLWX]LRQLVHODOH]LRQHGHO:DWHUJDWHq´QRQÀGDUWLGLQHVVXQRµ
TXLVLWHQWDXQDVRUWDGLULFRQFLOLD]LRQHFRQOHIRU]HGHOO·RUGLQHHORVLIDDWWUDYHUVR
ÀJXUHIRQGDPHQWDOPHQWHUDVVLFXUDQWL,OSROL]LHVFRRFULPHGUDPDÀRULVFHLQIDWWL
QHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDVXOO·DVIDOWRGHOOHVWUDGHGL1HZ<RUNHGHOOD&DOLIRUQLD.RMDN
1HZ<RUN%DUHWWD1HZ-HUVH\H&ROXPER/RV$QJHOHV
ODWULDGHHWQLFDGHOJHQHUHLOSULPRGLRULJLQLJUHFKHJOLDOWULGXH
LWDOLDQHLQDXJXUDXQDVWDJLRQHDVVDLULFFDFKHVLSURWUDUUjÀQRDJOLDQQL2WWDQWD
$OGLOjGHOODIDPDXQLYHUVDOHHGHOODVHULDOLWjYLUWXDOPHQWHLQÀQLWDGL&ROXPERLO
WHQHQWH&RORPERQHOODYHUVLRQHLWDOLDQDq.RMDNDSRUWDUHLQVFULWWDO·DSSDUWHQHQ
]DDOO·DWPRVIHUDGHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDHDLPSULPHUVLPDJJLRUPHQWHQHOODPHPRULD
FROOHWWLYDODPXVLFDGLVLJODHVWDFFKLLFRVWDQWLUXPRULGHOWUDFRLOOHFFDOHFFD
ODEDWWXWD´:KRORYHV\DEDE\"µLOPRGRGLSRUWDUHODSLVWRODHO·XVRTXLQGLOD
GLͿXVLRQHPHGLDWLFDGHO´0LUDQGD:DUQLQJµODSURFHGXUDLQWURGRWWDQHO
VHFRQGR FXL VL OHJJRQR DOO·DUUHVWDWR L VXRL GLULWWL VRQR HOHPHQWL DVVRFLDWL D TXHO
GHFHQQLRLQJUDGRDOORVWHVVRWHPSRGLIDUHVFXRODLQTXHOOLVXFFHVVLYL
/·DOWUD HUHGLWj GL .RMDN q LO UXROR FHQWUDOH FKH YL JLRFDQR 1HZ <RUN H OH VXH
VWUDGH/DVHULHLOOXPLQDHDPSOLÀFDDOFXQLDVSHWWLGHOODYLWDFLWWDGLQDODVXDVWUXW
WXUDVLLVSLUDDOOHQRWL]LHGLFURQDFDLOSLORWFRSUHXQFDVRFHOHEUHGHOOD%URRNO\Q
GLTXHJOLDQQLL0DUFXV1HOVRQ0XUGHUVHOHVFHQHDOO·DSHUWRVRQRJLUDWHVSHVVR
QHJOLVOXPGLXQDPHWURSROLUDJXUDWDVHFRQGRXQDGHÀQL]LRQHGHO´7LPHµGHO
(10)
´LQWXWWDODVXDPLVHULDGLVFDUDIDJJLHUDFNHWµ
/DSULQFLSDOHFDUDWWHULVWLFDGL
.RMDNVFULYH3DXO&REOH\qFKH´UXRWDLQWRUQRDO¶UHDOLVPR·>«@µ´ODVWDQFKH]]DOD
FRPSOHVVLWjORVTXDOORUHHDQFKHOHWHFQLFKH¶GRFXPHQWDULVWLFKH·GHOODUHJLD>«@µ
IXQ]LRQDQRFRPHDOWUHWWDQWLVHJQLGLXQ·HVWHWLFDGHOODYHURVLPLJOLDQ]DFKHULWRUQH
UjDGLVWDQ]DGLYHQW·DQQLQHOQHZ\RUFKHVH/DZ 2UGHU
.RMDNDJHQWHGHO1<3'RSHUDFRVuFRPH%DUHWWDH&RORPERLQVROLWDULDDS
SRJJLDQGRVLDTXDOFKHLQIRUPDWRUHHGLUDGRDOODVXDVTXDGUDPDDJHQGRSRLDX
WRQRPDPHQWH$OVROLSVLVPRODYRUDWLYRGLTXHVWLHURLQRQHURLFLHSRFRDJJUHVVLYL
LOOLYHOORGLYLROHQ]DGL.RMDNqDQGDWRGLPLQXHQGRQHOFRUVRGHOODSURGX]LRQHD
FDXVDGHOOHSROHPLFKHVXVFLWDWHGDOOHSULPHSXQWDWHPHQWUHTXHOORGL&RORPERq
VHPSUHVWDWRLQHVLVWHQWHVRSSHULUDQQRLQSDUWHGXHFRSSLHGLSLHGLSLDWWLEHOORFFL
FKHVFRUD]]DQRVXOOHYLHGHOOD&DOLIRUQLDLQ6WDUVN\ +XWFKH&+LSV
FRQLQVHJXLPHQWLVRWWROLQHDWLGDVWDFFKLPXVLFDOLHURPELGLPRWRUH(LWUDWWL
UDVVLFXUDQWLVLIDQQRFROWHPSRDFFDWWLYDQWL
6LWFRPHGUDPDLQFHQWUDWLVXOOHIDPLJOLHHSROL]LHVFKLFKHDEEUDFFLDQRODVWUDGD
HSUHQGRQRDVWUL]]DUHO·RFFKLRDXQSXEEOLFRDQFKHIHPPLQLOH$SDUWH'DOODV
VRQRTXHVWLLGXHJUDQGLÀORQLWHOHYLVLYLGHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDFKHFRQWLQXHUDQQRSHU
JUDGXDOLHPHQGDPHQWLÀQRDRJJL
1970-2012: “Born this Way”
6HLOORRN´JOLWWHUURFNµGL/DG\*DJDGLFKLDUDWDPHQWHLVSLUDWRD'DYLG%RZLHLOUL
WRUQRGHLSDQWDORQLD]DPSDGLHOHIDQWHGHLMHDQVDWWLOODWLGHOOH]HSSHHGHLERUVHOOL
PDVFKLOLQRQEDVWDVVHURDGHVFULYHUHOHDPSLHSURSDJJLQLGHO´GHFHQQLROXQJRGHO
VHFROREUHYHµSRWUHPPRDJJLXQJHUHDOPHQRDOWUHGXHQRWHGLFRORUHODULVFULWWX
UDFLQHPDWRJUDÀFDGL&KDUOLH·V$QJHOV²QRYHDQQLSULPDFKH)DUUDK)DZFHWW
LOVLPERORGHJOL´DQJHOLµPRULVVHGLFDQFURSULYDQGRFRVuO·$PHULFDGHOVRUULVR
SLIRWRJHQLFRGHOVXRWHPSR²HODULSURSRVL]LRQHGL'DOODVQH[WJHQHUDWLRQ
(SSXUHWRQLVFDQ]RQDWLDSDUWHODYLWDOLWjGHOODPDWULFHGHL6HWWDQWDRJJLSUL
PDDQFRUDFKHFXOWXUDOHqHFRQRPLFDHSROLWLFDHGHÀQLUQHODQDWXUDLQTXDOVLDVL
DPELWRXQ·LPSUHVDLQVLGLRVDVLWUDWWDGLXQULWRUQRGLXQUHFXSHURGLXQULFRUVR
RIRUVHGHOODÀQHGLXQDSDUDEROD"
$RVVHUYDUHDOFXQHGLQDPLFKHLQWHUQHDOOHVHULH79DPHULFDQHGLTXHVWRSULPRGH
FHQQLRGHO'XHPLODODULVSRVWDVHPEUDVIDFFHWWDWDPDDͿHUPDWLYDËXQULWRUQRQHOOD
PLVXUDLQFXLFRQWLQXDQRDHVVHUHVRSUDWWXWWROHVLWFRPHLGUDPHG\QDWXUDOHHYROX]LR
QHGHOOHSULPHLQXQIRUPDWSLOXQJRHFRPSOHVVRDIDUHGDVSHFFKLRDOO·HVSHULHQ]D
GHOOD FRQWHPSRUDQHLWj DPHULFDQD LQJDJJLDQGR XQ ULQQRYDWR LQWHQWR PLPHWLFR QHL
FRQIURQWLGLDOFXQLWHPL´FDOGLµDORURYROWDLPSHQVDELOLVHQ]DOHEDWWDJOLHFRPEDWWXWH
QHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDTXDOLLPDWULPRQLJD\ODSURFUHD]LRQHDVVLVWLWDDOFHQWURGL7KH
1HZ1RUPDOFRPPHGLDGLSURVVLPDXVFLWDSHU1%&FKHULWUDHXQDFRSSLDJD\HXQD
PDGUHVXUURJDWDO·XVRGHOOHFHOOXOHVWDPLQDOLLOSUREOHPDGHOPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPRTXD
UDQW·DQQLGRSRËXQUHFXSHURULVSHWWRDGDOFXQHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHIRUPDOLVXFXLSXQWD
QRSHUHVHPSLR0RGHUQ)DPLO\H7KH2FHQHOPRFNXPHQWDU\IRQGHQGRHULODQFLDQGR
GXHPRGDOLWjFKHULVDOJRQRDJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDHDUULYDQRDQRLDWWUDYHUVR:RRG\$OOHQ
(11)
ODSDURGLD62$3²DFXLVLGHYHDQFKHLOSULPRFOLͿKDQJHUWHOHYLVLYRWHFQLFDGHVWLQDWD
DIDUIXURUHFRQ'DOODV²H$OOWKDW*OLWWHUVHLOGRFXPHQWDULR$Q$PHULFDQ)DPLO\ËXQ
ULFRUVRQHOO·LQVLVWHQ]DFRQFXLYHQJRQRULSURSRVWHVROX]LRQLDELWDWLYHHGHVLVWHQ]LDOLGL
GXHWUHTXDWWURRFLQTXHFXRULLQDWWRVXXQDFRVWDRVXOO·DOWUDGHOSDHVH(GqIRUVH
ODÀQHGLXQDSDUDERODTXHOODGHLGUDPDDOOD6RSUDQR
3LLQJHQHUDOHFLVRQRDOPHQRGXHWHQGHQ]HGLIRQGRFKHULFKLDPDQRL6HWWDQWD
VHJQDQGRDOORVWHVVRWHPSRLOSXQWRGLDUULYRGLXQDWUDLHWWRULDFXOWXUDOHFKHFXOPLQD
VXOÀQLUHGHJOLDQQL1RYDQWDODSULPDqODUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQHGLFHOOXOHIDPLOLDULFKH
QRQRVWDQWHODORUR´GLVIXQ]LRQDOLWjµFRQWLQXDQRDVWDUHLQVLHPHSLXWWRVWRFKHDWRPL]
]DUVLODVHFRQGDqXQDVRUWDGLGLVVHPLQD]LRQHGHOODGLYHUVLWjVRSUDWWXWWRGLJHQHUHH
LQPLVXUDPLQRUHHWQLFDQHLYDULQXFOHLIDPLOLDULRODYRUDWLYL'DXQODWRODGLYHUVLWj
RPHJOLRDQFRUDOHGLYHUVLWjQRQKDQQRSLELVRJQRGLHVVHUHLQFDQDODWHLQVHULHWHPD
WLFKHRGLULYHQGLFDUHXQDVSHFLÀFLWjLGHQWLWDULDWDOHGDQRQSRWHUHVVHUHSDUWHGLXQR
VSDFFDWRSLHWHURJHQHRHGDOO·DOWURDQFKHVXOODVFLDDSHUWDGDOO·RSHUDSLRQLHULVWLFDGL
DOFXQHSURGX]LRQLGLÀQHPLOOHQQLR(5:LOO *UDFH7KH/:RUG(OOHQQRQLQFRQ
WUDQRSLORVGHJQRHO·RVWLOLWjGHOOHIUDQJHFRQVHUYDWULFLGHOSDHVH,QXQDUWLFRORGHO
´1HZ<RUN7LPHVµLQWLWRODWRWDQWRSHUUHVWDUHLQWHPD*D\2Q79,W·V$OO,QWKH)D
PLO\VLULFRUGDSHUHVHPSLRFRPHODSUHVHQ]DGLXQWUDQVHVVXDOHLQ*OHH)R[LO
WHHQDJHPXVLFDOFKHSLDFHDJOL2EDPDTXHOODGLXQDFRSSLDOHVELFDIHOLFHPHQWHVSRVDWD
LQ*UH\·V$QDWRP\$%&HGLXQDFRSSLDJD\FKHVWDSHUDGRWWDUHXQDVHFRQGD
EDPELQDLQ0RGHUQ)DPLO\$%&QRQDEELDQRVXVFLWDWRDOFXQWLSRGLUHVLVWHQ]D
PRUDOLVWDGDSDUWHGHOSXEEOLFR$Q]LSHUFRPSOLFDUHXQSR·LOTXDGURJLRYDULFRUGDUH
FKHOHXQLFKHFULWLFKHD0RGHUQ)DPLO\VRQRDUULYDWHGDOODFRPXQLWj/*%7PHQWUHOD
VHULHKDFROWRLOSODXVRGHOUHSXEEOLFDQRPRUPRQH0LWW5RPQH\
$EHQJXDUGDUHLQIDWWLOD´PRGHUQLWjµGHOODIDPLJOLDFUHDWDQHOGD6WH
YHQ /HYLWDQ H &KULVWRSKHU /OR\G JLj DXWRUL GL &KHHUV H :LQJV q TXDQWR PHQR
DPELJXD/·DOEHURGLIDPLJOLDqFRPSRVWRGDWUHUDPL-D\3ULWFKHWWLOSDWULDUFD
ODVXDVHFRQGDPRJOLHFRORPELDQD*ORULDHLOÀJOLRGLOHL0DQQ\LOÀJOLRGL-D\
0LWFKHOOLOVXRFRPSDJQR&DPHODORUREDPELQDYLHWQDPLWDDGRWWDWDODÀJOLDGL
-D\&ODLUHVXRPDULWR3KLOHLORURWUHÀJOL/HPRJOLVWDQQRDFDVDLÀJOLYDQQRD
VFXRODLPDULWLSHQVDQRDOVRVWHQWDPHQWRHFRQRPLFRDOOHDXWRDOODPDQXWHQ]LRQH
GRPHVWLFDHDJOLKREE\LJD\FXFLQDQRHDJJKLQGDQRODORUREDPELQDFRPHXQD
SULQFLSHVVD/·DPELHQWD]LRQHqVXEXUEDQDHFDOLIRUQLDQDLOIRUPDWqTXHOORGHOPR
FNXPHQWDU\FKHJLjURGDWRLQ7KH2FHFRQVLVWHQHOO·LQWHUSRODUHDOOHULSUHVHWUDGL
]LRQDOLGHLEUHYLLQWHUPH]]LLQFXLJOLDWWRULSDUODQRGLUHWWDPHQWHDXQDWHOHFDPHUD
FKHOLULSUHQGH,SHUVRQDJJLVRQRLPPHUVLQHOODWHFQRORJLDHOHVFHQHFRVuFRPH
OHFRQYHUVD]LRQLVRQRVSHVVRYHLFRODWHDWWUDYHUVR,SDG,SKRQH\RXWXEHHVN\SH
$OODSDXUDFKHLOWHOHIRQRDEELDXFFLVROHVLWFRP²SHUFKpQHVVXQRKDSLELVRJQR
GLDQGDUHDFDVDGLXQYLFLQRSHUIDUHGXHFKLDFFKLHUH²0RGHUQ)DPLO\VRVWLWXLVFH
O·LQFHUWH]]D GL FRPXQLFDUH DQFKH VRWWR OR VWHVVR WHWWR 6FULYH %UXFH )HLOHU LQ XQ
DUWLFRORFRPSDUVRVXO´1HZ<RUN7LPHVµFKHODVHULHSUHQGHFRQVDSHYROPHQWHOH
GLVWDQ]HWDQWRGDOFRUURVLYRUHDOLVPRGHOOHVLWFRPGL1RUPDQ/HDULFXLSURWDJR
QLVWLYLYRQRLQSULPDSHUVRQDHVSHULHQ]HWUDXPDWLFKHFKHLQFDUQDQROR=HLWJHLVWGL
LHULHTXHOORGLRJJL(GLWK%XQNHUqYLWWLPDGLXQWHQWDWRVWXSUR0DXGHKDXQ
DERUWRH$UFKLHEDFLDXQWUDYHVWLWR«TXDQWRGDOO·LUULYHUHQ]DGL6HLQIHOG
(12)
ULFDYDQGRVLXQRVSD]LRLQWHUPHGLRSLLQWURVSHWWLYR´WLPLGRµHVXWXWWRSRVLWL
YR,JUDQGLWHPLGHOO·DWWXDOLWjQRQWRFFDQRVXOYLYRODWULEGHL3ULWFKHWWFKHQHq
DOPDVVLPRODPELWDHVWHUQDPHQWHFRQFHQWUDWDLQYHFHVXOODSURSULDFRQVHUYD]LRQH
LQPH]]RDOOHGLFROWj&LzQRQGLPHQRODQDWXUDOH]]D²YLUDWDVSHVVRLQWRQL
FDULFDWXUDOLFKHULHVFRQRWXWWDYLDDQRQULVXOWDUHRͿHQVLYL²FRQFXLLOTXDGURGL
IDPLJOLD WLHQH LQVLHPH DOPHQR WUH ÀJXUH DOWUH GXH SDGUL JD\ H XQD FRORPELDQD
GLSULPDJHQHUD]LRQHKDORVWHVVRJDUERHIRUVHORVWHVVRJXVWRHGXOFRUDWRGHOOH
ULFRQFLOLD]LRQLFKHDUULYDQRLPPDQFDELOLDOODÀQHGLRJQLSXQWDWD
'L VHJQR RSSRVWR DOO·DSSDUHQWH OHJJHUH]]D VRFLRORJLFD GL 0RGHUQ )DPLO\ q LO
GUDPHG\6KDPHOHVV6KRZWLPHFKHSUHVHQWDXQDIDPLJOLDTXHVWDVuYHUDPHQ
WH´G\VIXQFWLRQDOµFUHDWDVXOODIDOVDULJDGHOO·RULJLQDOHLQJOHVHGD-RKQ:HOOVJLj
SURGXWWRUHGL(5H:HVW:LQJ,OSDGUH:LOOLDP+0DF\GHLVHL*DOODJKHUq
XQDOFROL]]DWRFKHYLYHFRQXQDVVHJQRGLVXVVLGLRJXDGDJQDWRGLYROWDLQYROWD
WUXͿDQGRORVWDWRLÀJOLDEEDQGRQDWLGDOODPDGUHVLDUUDQJLDQRFRQGLYLGHQGRJOL
VSD]LGLXQDFDVDGL&KLFDJRFKHYDLQSH]]LODVLJODJLUDWDQHOO·XQLFREDJQRLQFXL
VLDYYLFHQGDQRDXQRDXQRWXWWLLPHPEULGHOODIDPLJOLDqVWUHSLWRVD,OFRQWHVWR
HFRQRPLFRLQFXLVLPXRYRQRL*DOODJKHUKDVFULWWRTXDOFXQRQRQq´EOXHFROODUµ
²RYYHURRSHUDLR²SHUFKpLOSUHFLSL]LRGHOODVXVVLVWHQ]DKDWROWRORURDQFKHLO´FRO
OHWWRµ ,O WRQR q SROLWLFDPHQWH VFRUUHWWR H GLVVDFUDQWH OD GLYHUVLWj SHU HVHPSLR
O·RPRVHVVXDOLWjGLXQRGHLÀJOLqWDOPHQWHLQWULQVHFDDLSURWDJRQLVWLGDSDVVDUH
LQVHFRQGRSLDQRRGDQRQPHULWDUHDWWHQ]LRQHHVFOXVLYD(SSXUHQRQRVWDQWHOD
QHFHVVDULDPDQFDQ]DGLKDSS\HQGLQJLQVWLOH0RGHUQ)DPLO\L*DOODJKHUULPDQJRQR
XQLWLFRQWLQXDQGRDSUHIHULUHXQDYLWDVRWWRODVRJOLDGLSRYHUWjDXQDSRVVLELOH
VROX]LRQHDGRWWLYD&DPELDQRODFODVVHVRFLDOHODFLWWjHODFLIUDVWLOLVWLFDPDLO
PHVVDJJLRVXOODIDPLJOLDQRQVLGLVFRVWDSDUDGRVVDOPHQWHGDTXHOORGHL3ULWFKHWW
4XDQWRD´VLQJOHODGLHVµH´VLQJOHPHQµLQYHFHLOUHWDJJLRGHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDLQ
FRQWUDQHLFDVLPLJOLRULTXHOORGHJOLDQQL1RYDQWD²GD)ULHQGVDOVXRFRUUL
VSHWWLYRDIURDPHULFDQRDPELHQWDWRQHLEURZQVWRQHVGL%URRNO\Q/LYLQJ6LQJOH
HD6H[DQGWKH&LW\²HSURGXFHXQDVRUWDGLDUUHWUDPHQWRDQDJUDÀFR
PHQWUHQHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDDHVVHUHVLQJOHHUDQRSHUORSLGRQQHGLYRU]LDWHGDL
WUHQW·DQQLLQVX²´WKLUW\VRPHWKLQJµVLVDUHEEHURGHÀQLWHDQFKH&DUULH%UDGVKDZ
&R²VRQRLWLWROLVWHVVLGLVLWFRPHGUDPHG\GLRJJLDHYRFDUHWDQWRXQDIDVFLDG·HWj
SL JLRYDQH TXDQWR XQ DSSLDWWLPHQWR XQLYHUVDOL]]DQWH GHOOH VWRULH UDFFRQWDWH GD
*LUOV+%2OHTXDWWURYHQWHQQLFKHFHUFDQRIRUWXQDD0DQKDWWDQHVLFROORFDQR
WUDOHTXDWWURDPLFKH&DUULH0LUDQGD$PDQGDH&KDUORWWHHOHDGROHVFHQWLGL*RV
VLS*LUOVD1HZ*LUO)R[FRQODSURWDJRQLVWD-HVVLQVHJQDQWHHOHPHQWDUHLQ
XQDVFXRODGL/RV$QJHOHVFKHGLYLGHO·DSSDUWDPHQWRFRQWUHUDJD]]LD%URNH*LUOV
&%6OHGXHFDPHULHUHGL%URRNO\QFKHYLYRQRHODYRUDQRLQVLHPH/·XQLFD
VLQJOHWUHQWHQQH´RJLGLOuµFKHVLDJJLUDGDOOHSDUWLGL0LGWRZQqODSURWDJRQLVWDGL
5RFNVLWFRPSOXULSUHPLDWDVFULWWDHLQWHUSUHWDWDGDOODIRUPLGDELOH7LQD)H\
$XQ·LQVXODULWjJHQLDOHHDVÀWWLFDULVSRQGHLQYHFHODVLWFRPGLPDJJLRUVXFFHVVR
GHJOLXOWLPLFLQTXHDQQL%LJ%DQJ7KHRU\&%6FKHSRUWDO·LQWHOOHWWXDOLVPREULO
ODQWHHFDXVWLFRGL)UDVLHUH6HLQIHOGDOO·HVWUHPRÀQHQGRSHUDXWRDOLPHQWDUVL
GHLVXRLVWHVVLFOLFKpLTXDWWURQHUGFKHSDVVDQROHORURJLRUQDWHWUDFRPSOHVVLFDOFROL
GLDVWURÀVLFDPRQRORJKLGDYDQWLDLPRGHOOLQLGL6WDU7UHNHLPSDFFLDWHFRQYHUVD]LRQL
(13)
FRQO·DOWURVHVVRLPSHUVRQDWRGDOODELRQGLQDGHOOHSRUWDDFFDQWR$PELHQWDWRD3D
VDGHQDPDDYXOVRGDTXDOVLYRJOLDFRQWDWWRFRQODUHDOWjFLUFRVWDQWH%LJ%DQJ7KHRU\
qIRUPDOPHQWHSHUIHWWRHVRFLDOPHQWHDXWLVWLFRFRPHLJHQLSUHFRFLFKHULWUDH
0HQWUHVLWFRPHGUDPHG\JRGRQRGLEXRQDVDOXWHQHOODULHODERUD]LRQHGLYHFFKL
PRGHOOLDOODOXFHGHLPXWDWLDVVHWWLVRFLDOLODVWDJLRQHGHOOHVHULHGUDPPDWLFKH/RVW
6L[)HHW8QGHU,6RSUDQR7KH:LUH/:RUG«VHPEUDDOPRPHQWRLQGHFOLQRVDOYR
SRFKHHFFH]LRQLVXWXWWH%UHDNLQJ%DG$0&DSDUWLUHGDO0DG0HQ$0&
HLQPLVXUDPLQRUH%RDUGZDON(PSLUH+%2VRQRSURGRWWLGDOODTXDOLWj
LQGLVFXWLELOHPDODORURDPELHQWD]LRQHQHOSDVVDWRJOLDQQL6HVVDQWDSHULOSULPRLO
SURLEL]LRQLVPRSHULOVHFRQGRQRQVRORVFLYRODWDOYROWDQHOODULFRVWUX]LRQHXQSR·
FDOOLJUDÀFD PD OL VRWWUDH D XQ FRQIURQWR LPPHGLDWR FRQ O·DWWXDOLWj FKH q LQYHFH OD
FLIUDGLVWLQWLYDGLRSHUHTXDOL7KH:LUH+%2H,6RSUDQR+%2
6HVLHVFOXGHO·HVSHULPHQWRTXDVLGRFXPHQWDULVWLFRGL'DYLG6LPRQO·DXWRUHGL7KH
:LUHLQ7UHPH+%2LQWHUHVVDWRDUDSSUHVHQWDUHODULFRVWUX]LRQHGHOO·RPRQL
PRTXDUWLHUHGL1HZ2UOHDQVQHOGRSR.DWULQDDSDUWLUHGDLVXRLPXVLFLVWLOHORUR
YLWHHOHORURVWRULHODVHULHGUDPPDWLFDSLFRPSOHVVDHULXVFLWDGHJOLXOWLPLDQQLq
%UHDNLQJ%DGVFULWWDHSURGRWWDGD9LQFH*LOOLJDQJLjDXWRUHGL;)LOHVHDPELHQWDWD
DG$OEXTXHUTXH1HZ0H[LFR1HOODGLVFHVDDJOLLQIHULDPELJXDPHQWHFDWDUWLFDGL
:DOWHU:KLWHLQWHUSUHWDWRGD%U\DQ&UDQVWRQSURIHVVRUHGLFKLPLFDGLOLFHRFKHD
FLQTXDQW·DQQLVFRSUHGLDYHUHXQFDQFURWHUPLQDOHDLSROPRQLHVLPHWWHDSURGXUUH
PHWDPIHWDPLQH´FKU\VWDOPHWKµSHUODVFLDUHXQJUX]]RORDOODPRJOLHLQFLQWDHDO
ÀJOLRGLVDELOHLQPROWLKDQQROHWWRXQDÀJXUDTXDVLDOOHJRULFDXQ´(YHU\PDQµDOOH
SUHVHFRQODUHVDGHLFRQWL/DWUDVIRUPD]LRQHGHOSURWDJRQLVWDGDXRPRLQFRORUHH
SDYLGRXQWLSLFRSURGRWWRGHOO·$PHULFDGLPH]]RDFULPLQDOHDWXWWRWRQGRVXOOR
VIRQGRGLVFHQDULGHVHUWLFLqPDJQHWLFDVHQ]DPDLVXRQDUHLQYHURVLPLOH
6HEEHQH
O·LQWHUDVWRULDGL:KLWHVLDDYYROWDLQXQRVWUDWRGLPRUDOLWjRLPPRUDOLWjPHWDÀVLFD
WUDSLDQWDWDLQSDHVDJJLFKHULFRUGDQRJOLVSDJKHWWLZHVWHUQLOUHDOLVPRVSLHWDWRGL
%UHDNLQJ%DGQRQULQXQFLDPDLDULFRUGDUHDOORVSHWWDWRUHLOPRQGRGDFXLVWDFKLD
PDQGRXQD0LGGOH$PHULFDLQFXLOHDVVLFXUD]LRQLPHGLFKHGLXQLQVHJQDQWHQRQ
EDVWDQRDFRSULUHOHFXUHSHULOFDQFURODSURGX]LRQHHORVSDFFLRGLPHWDPIHWDPLQH
VRQRXQEXVLQHVVLQFUHVFLWDHLGHVHUWLVXGRFFLGHQWDOLOXRJKLLQFXLFRPHGLUHEEH-RH
3HVFLLQ&DVLQzVLSXzVHSSHOOLUHTXDOVLDVLFRVD
$OUHDOLVPR²VLDHVVRPLPHWLFRLURQLFRRDOOXFLQDWR²VHPEUDQRLQYHFHDYHUDE
GLFDWRLFULPHGUDPDHFULPHSURFHGXUDOFKHVLPROWLSOLFDQRULIUDQJHQGRVLO·XQO·DOWUR
QHLYDULFDQDOLJHQHUDOLVWLHYLDFDYR$QFKHLOIRUWXQDWLVVLPRVRWWRJHQHUHDQWLWHUUR
ULVWLFRDYYLDWRQHOSRVWVHWWHPEUHGDHFRQWLQXDWRLQVHJXLWRGD
GLYHUVHVHULHWUDFXL+RPHODQG6KRZWLPHULVSRQGHDXQDORJLFDGLGLVORFD
]LRQHGHOGDWRJHRJUDÀFRHVRFLRORJLFRVIUXWWDQGRLOYHQWDJOLRGLSRVVLELOLWjQDUUDWL
YHRͿHUWHGDOO·LQFDVWURGLPDFFKLQD]LRQLGLLQWHOOLJHQFHPLOLWDUHHUDJXUD]LRQLGHO
YLOODLQLVODPLFRHVVRRFFXSDDOSDULGHLUHSHQWLQLURYHVFLDPHQWLGLVFHQDULLQFXLVL
GLYLGHXQRVSD]LRGLPH]]RVHQ]DGLPRUDUHUHDOLVWLFDPHQWHQpLQXQRQpQHOO·DOWUR
4XDQWR D 7KH :LUH ² OD FXL JUDQGH]]D GUDPPDWLFD q ULFRQRVFLXWD XQLYHUVDO
PHQWHGDOO·DFFDGHPLDPDQRQGDJOL(PP\$ZDUGVHGqDVFULYLELOHSLDOUHVSLUR
VRFLRORJLFRHDOOHVROX]LRQLQDUUDWLYHFKHQRQDOO·DSSDUWHQHQ]DDOVRORJHQHUHSROL
]LHVFRFULPLQDOH²O·HSLFDGL%DOWLPRUDQRQVHPEUDDYHUIDWWRSURVHOLWLIRUVHVFULYH
(14)
0DUVKD.LQGHUSHUYLDGL´XQFDVWWURSSRQHURHGLXQ·DQDOLVLWURSSRVLVWHPLFDSHU
O·$PHULFDGLPH]]Rµ
/DSUHVDGLUHWWDVXOO·DWWXDOLWjPXOWLIRUPHDOODEDVHGL7KH:LUHH/DZ 2UGHUVL
qLQYHFHVFOHURWL]]DWDQHOODSUROLIHUD]LRQHGLFRURQHUHSURÀOHULQJUDGRGLGLVVH]LR
QDUHDWWUDYHUVRWHFQRORJLHFRVWRVLVVLPHJOLDWWLFULPLQDOLLQXQLWjVHPSUHSLVSHFL
ÀFKHHVRORLGHDOPHQWHFRPHVSLHJD&RULQQH.UXVHLQXQVDJJLRVX&6,VFLHQWLÀ
FKH
3LFKHUHVWLWXLUHXQTXDGURRUJDQLFRGHOO·HVSHULHQ]DGLXQDFLWWjDWWUDYHUVROD
OHQWHGHOFULPLQHXQDVHULHFRPH&6,VHPEUDSXQWDUHDOORVUDGLFDPHQWRJHRJUDÀFR
HFXOWXUDOH/DVFLDQGRGDSDUWHLGXHVSLQRͿFROORFDWLD0LDPLHD1HZ<RUNO·DP
ELHQWD]LRQHGHOODVHULHPDGUH/DV9HJDVFLWWjGHOFULPLQHGHOJLRFRG·D]]DUGRHGHO
SHFFDWRQRQqVRORLURQLFDFRQWUDOWDUHLPSUREDELOHDOO·HFLHQ]DFKLUXUJLFDFRQFXL
O·HQWRPRORJR*ULVVRPIDVHPSUHJLXVWL]LDPDTXDVLSRVWLFFLDXQRVIRQGRSRFRSL
FKHVFHQRJUDÀFRDOEXQNHULQFXLRSHUDVSHVVRLQFDPLFLGDODERUDWRULRODVXDVTXD
GUD
&HUWRFLVRQRYHGXWHDHUHHGLFDVLQzHVWULSLQTXDVLRJQLSXQWDWDQRQFKpVFHQH
DPELHQWDWHQHOGHVHUWRPDSUHVLQHOORURLQVLHPHLFDVLVLVRWWUDJJRQRDOODVSHFLÀFLWj
ORFDOHFRQÀJXUDQGRVLVFULYH'HUHN.RPSDUHFRPH´FULPLQLFKHVLSRVVRQRFRP
PHWWHUHYLUWXDOPHQWHRYXQTXHµ/DV9HJDVIXQ]LRQDLQVRPPDFRQWLQXD.RPSDUH
´FRPHOXRJRJHQHULFRµDGDWWRDYHLFRODUHXQD´PRUDOHDPHULFDQDQRUPDOL]]DQWHµ
3HUPROWLYHUVLLQGLFDWLYRGHOORVFROODPHQWRRUPDLFRQVXPDWRWUDFLWWjHSROL]LH
VFKLXQRGHLFULPHGUDPDSLULXVFLWLGHJOLXOWLPLDQQL&ULPLQDO0LQGVVFHJOLHGL
OLEHUDUVLGHOWXWWRGDOO·DOLD]LRQHDXQOXRJRODQDWXUDLWLQHUDQWHGHOFRPSLWRGHO
WHDPGLFULPLQRORJLVLULVROYHLQIDWWLQHOODQHXWUDOLWjGLTXDOVLDVLFRQWHVWRLQFXLVL
WURYDQRDODYRUDUHULEDGLWDVHPDLFHQHIRVVHELVRJQRGDOOHVFHQHDPELHQWDWHLQ
DHUHRFKHFKLXGRQRJOLHSLVRGL
/D VWUDGD FKH SRUWD GD .RMDN ² H 0LDPL 9LFH ² D &ULPLQDO 0LQGV q GLYHQWDWD
XQ·DXWRVWUDGDDVHLFRUVLHLQFXLOHLQGDJLQLSURFHGRQRSDUDOOHOHDLWHVVXWLVRFLDOL
GHOOHFLWWjVHQ]DPDLWRFFDUOLQHOYLYR
2. Back to the Nineties
)LRUHQ]R,XOLDQR
5DFFKLXVLLQXQDVRUWDGLSDUHQWHVLIHOLFHWUDODFDGXWDGHOPXURHLOFUROORGHOOHWRUUL
DOOHVRJOLHGLTXHOODFKHYHQLYDGHÀQLWD´ÀQHGHOODVWRULDµJOLDQQL1RYDQWDVRQR
VWDWLSHUJOL6WDWL8QLWLXQGHFHQQLRGLJUDQGLWUDVIRUPD]LRQLHKDQQRUDSSUHVHQ
WDWRXQDFHVXUDQHWWDSHUPROWLDVSHWWLFRQLOSDVVDWR*OLDQQLGL&OLQWRQSULPR
SUHVLGHQWHGHPRFUDWLFRGRSRROWUHXQGHFHQQLRGLDPPLQLVWUD]LRQHUHSXEEOLFDQD
VHPEUDYDGRYHVVHURVHJQDUHXQDQXRYDVWDJLRQHGHOOHOLEHUWjHGHLGLULWWLLQXQD
IDVH FKH VL SUHVHQWDYD FRPH WRWDOPHQWH QXRYD H IRULHUD GL ULVYROWL LPSUHYHGLELOL
GRSRODVFRPSDUVDGHOORVWRULFRQHPLFRVRYLHWLFRHO·DͿHUPD]LRQHVXVFDODJOREDOH
GHLYDORULGLOLEHUWjHGHPRFUD]LDFKHDYHYDQRUDSSUHVHQWDWRLYHVVLOOLLGHRORJLFLH
PROWRVSHVVRSXUDPHQWHSURSDJDQGLVWLFLGHJOL6WDWL8QLWL$QQLVHJQDWLGDXQ·DQVLD
GLULQQRYDPHQWRFKHQRQVHPSUHVLWUDGXFHYDLQUHDOWjFRQFUHWHL1LQHWLHVVLFRQ
FOXGRQREUXVFDPHQWHFRQO·HVSORVLRQHGHOODUDEELDGHLQXRYL´DQJU\\RXQJPHQµ
ODJHQHUD]LRQHULEHOOHHDQWDJRQLVWDGHOSRSRORQRJOREDOFKHD6HDWWOHIDVHQWLUHOD
(15)
VXDYRFHSHUODSULPDYROWDQHOJULGDQGRHPDUFLDQGRFRQWURTXHOSURFHVVRGL
DPHULFDQL]]D]LRQHIRU]DWDGHOSLDQHWDIUXWWRGHOQXRYRXQLODWHUDOLVPR6RQRTXHVWL
JOLDQQLQHLTXDOLSDUHSUHQGHUHSLHGHXQDQXRYDVHQVLELOLWjHWLFRSROLWLFDVSHFLHWUD
OHJLRYDQLJHQHUD]LRQLGRSRLOGLVLPSHJQRRVWHQWDWRHGHGRQLVWDGHOGHFHQQLRSUH
FHGHQWH*OLHYHQWLGHOO·VHWWHPEUHGHOVHPEUHUDQQRJLjDSSDUWHQHUHDXQ·DO
WUDHSRFDORQWDQLVVLPDGDJOLDQQLGHOFOLQWRQLVPRHGDOORURHSLORJRHVHJQDWDGD
XQULWRUQRGUDVWLFRDOFXOWRGHOO·RUGLQHHGHOODUHSUHVVLRQHVWDYROWDVXVFDODJOREDOH
/DWHOHYLVLRQHGLTXHJOLDQQLYLYHHWUDGXFHOHWUDVIRUPD]LRQLGHOODVRFLHWjDPH
ULFDQDQHOVXRFRPSOHVVR/·DͿHUPD]LRQHGHOOHQXRYHWHFQRORJLHHODGLͿXVLRQHVX
ODUJDVFDODGLLQWHUQHWFRPLQFLDQRDGLYHQWDUHXQIHQRPHQRGLFXLDQFKHLPHGLD
WUDGL]LRQDOLQRQSRVVRQRQRQWHQHUHFRQWRËVRSUDWWXWWRLOFRQÀQHVWHVVRWUDUH
DOWjHÀFWLRQDGLYHQWDUHVHPSUHSLODELOHQRQqVRORODSULPD*XHUUDGHOJROIRD
HVVHUHWRWDOPHQWHPHGLDOL]]DWDHWUDVPHVVDGLIDWWRLQGLUHWWDWHOHYLVLYDPDGLOu
DTXDOFKHDQQRO·RQGDWDGHOODUHDOLW\79GLPRVWUHUjFKHODÀQ]LRQHHODUHDOWjVRQR
VHPSUHSLGLFLOLGDGLVWLQJXHUH1HOGLEDWWLWRLQWHOOHWWXDOHHDFFDGHPLFRG·DOWUD
SDUWHKDXQUXRORVLJQLÀFDWLYRODYRFHGL-HDQ%DXGULOODUGGLFXLQRQDFDVRSUR
SULRQHJOLDQQL1RYDQWDVLWUDGXFRQRLQLQJOHVHWUDJOLDOWULVXRLOLEUL6LPXODFUHVHW
VLPXODWLRQH/·(FKDQJHV\PEROLTXHHWODPRUWDGHFUHWDUHFKHWUDLOUHDOH
HOHVXHULSURGX]LRQLQRQF·qQHVVXQDGLͿHUHQ]DVRVWDQ]LDOH
$WWUDYHUVR XQ·LSRWHVL GL PDSSDWXUD GHOOH VHULH SURGRWWH QHJOL DQQL 1RYDQWD
FKHJLXVWDSSRQHWUHIUDJOLHVLWLWHOHYLVLYLSLLQWHUHVVDQWLGLTXHOODVWDJLRQHGLFDP
ELDPHQWLTXHVWHSDJLQHSURYHUDQQRDFKLHGHUVLFKHFRVDVWDYDVXFFHGHQGRDTXHO
ODJHQHUD]LRQHFKHqVWDWDDGROHVFHQWHQHJOLDQQLGHO*UXQJHGHOODQHZHFRQRP\H
GHOERRPGLLQWHUQHWHTXDOLLPPDJLQLHVWRULHQHFRQVHUYLQRWXWWRUDODPHPRULD
Laura e i suoi eredi: il caso Twin Peaks
1HOODVXDLQWURGX]LRQHDXQSUHFHGHQWHQXPHURGL´ÉFRPDµGHGLFDWRDOOHVHULHWHOH
YLVLYHDPHULFDQH´,6RSUDQRHJOLDOWULµ&LQ]LD6FDUSLQRIDFHYDULIHULPHQWRDTXHOOD
FKHqFRPXQHPHQWHGHÀQLWDOD´VHFRQGDVWDJLRQHG·RURµGHOODWHOHYLVLRQHDPHULFD
QDFROORFDWDJURVVRPRGRLQWRUQRDOODPHWjGHJOLDQQL1RYDQWDËLQIDWWLLQTXHJOL
DQQL FKH VL DVVLVWH D XQ ULQQRYDWR SLFFR GL FUHDWLYLWj FKH SRUWD DOOD SURGX]LRQH H
PHVVDLQRQGDVRSUDWWXWWRGDSDUWHGHOO·HPLWWHQWHYLDFDYR+%2GLDOFXQHWUDOH
VHULHSLIDPRVHHFHOHEUDWHFKHQHOO·DUFRGLSRFKLDQQLGLYHQWDQRXQYHURHSURSULR
IHQRPHQRFXOWXUDOHQHJOL6WDWL8QLWLHQHOPRQGR/HVHULHSURGRWWHGXUDQWHTXHOOD
VWDJLRQHIRUWXQDWDHSUREDELOPHQWHRUDFRQFOXVDKDQQRSHUzRULJLQLFKHULVDOJRQR
DTXDOFKHDQQRSULPD/DWUDQVL]LRQHWUDXQPRGRGLFRQFHSLUHODVHULDOLWjWHOHYLVLYD
SUHGRPLQDQWHÀQRDWXWWLJOLDQQL2WWDQWDHO·HUDGHL´6RSUDQRHGHJOLDOWULµVLFRP
SLHQHOODIDWWLVSHFLHQHOODVHULHFKHSHUODSULPDYROWDKDFRQVHQWLWRGLSDUODUHGLWHOH
YLVLRQHLQWHUPLQLGLTXDOLWjHSRWHQ]LDOLWjHVSUHVVLYHHGHVWHWLFKHÀQRDGDOORUDPDL
ULFRQRVFLXWHDOPHGLXPGLPDVVDSHUHFFHOOHQ]DRYYHURTXHOFRQQXELRGLVXFFHVVR
SRSRODUHHULFHUFDWH]]DVWLOLVWLFDFKHqVWDWR7ZLQ3HDNVDSDUWLUHGDFXLDGHWWDGL
PROWLODWHOHYLVLRQHQRQVDUHEEHSLVWDWDODVWHVVD7UDVPHVVDLQGXHVROHVWDJLRQL
GDODOGDOQHWZRUN$%&LGHDWDHSURGRWWDGD'DYLG/\QFKH0DUN)URVW
(16)
ODVHULH7ZLQ3HDNVSXzHVVHUHYLVWDDROWUHYHQW·DQQLGDOODVXDPHVVDLQRQGDFRPH
XQHVSHULPHQWRFKHFRQWLHQHHULDVVXPHFRQHVLWLGLYHUVLWXWWRFLzFKHDYUHEEHIDWWR
ODIRUWXQDGHOOHVHULHWHOHYLVLYHWUDVPHVVHGDOOD79YLDFDYRGLOuDTXDOFKHDQQR/D
ULYROX]LRQH+%2YLHQHLQXQFHUWRVHQVRDQWLFLSDWDGDXQDVHULHWUDVPHVVDGDXQ
QHWZRUNFKHLQFRQWUDXQVXFFHVVRSUREDELOPHQWHLQVSHUDWRHFKHGLYHQWDQHOJLURGL
SRFKLPHVLXQSURGRWWRGLFXOWRQHJOL6WDWL8QLWLHQRQVROR3HUÀQRLQ,WDOLDGRYH
q OD EHUOXVFRQLDQD &DQDOH D WUDVPHWWHUH LQ SULPD VHUDWD OH YLFHQGH GHOO·DJHQWH
GHOO·)%,'DOH&RRSHUHOHVXHLQGDJLQLVXOODPRUWHGL/DXUD3DOPHU7ZLQ3HDNVqVWDWR
XQFDVRGLFRVWXPHROWUHFKHPHGLDWLFRODFXLHFRqGXUDWDQHJOLDQQL
7XWWDYLD q LQWHUHVVDQWH ULÁHWWHUH VX TXDOL VLDQR VWDWH GDO SXQWR GL YLVWD GHO OLQ
JXDJJLRWHOHYLVLYROHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHFKHKDQQRUHVR7ZLQ3HDNVQRQVRORXQSURGRWWR
WRWDOPHQWHQXRYRSHUTXHJOLDQQLPDDGGLULWWXUDXQSUHFXUVRUHGLTXHOOLFKHVDUHEEH
URVWDWLWUDVPHVVLVRORTXDOFKHDQQRSLWDUGL5LVSHWWRDOOHVHULH79SLQRWHGHOO·XO
WLPRGHFHQQLRDGHVHPSLR7ZLQ3HDNVVHPEUDHGqGLYHUVLVVLPDTXDVLLOSURGRWWR
GLXQ·DOWUDHSRFD,OULWPRGHOODQDUUD]LRQHqOHQWRWDOYROWDLQPDQLHUDHVDVSHUDQWH
QHVVXQDOLQHDULWjFDUDWWHUL]]DXQDWUDPDFKHDOFRQWUDULRVLDJJURYLJOLDSXQWDWDGRSR
SXQWDWDGDQGRDOODVHULHQHOVXRFRPSOHVVRO·DVSHWWRGLXQSDVWLFKHQRQVHPSUHULX
VFLWLVVLPRGRYHLOWKULOOHUVLIRQGHFRQO·XPRULVPRHVFHQHKRUURUVLDOWHUQDQRDTXLHWL
VSDFFDWLGHOODYLWDQHOODUHPRWDSURYLQFLDGHOQRUGRYHVWDPHULFDQR3RFRDFKHYHGHUH
DOPHQRLQDSSDUHQ]DFRQTXDQWRVDUHEEHYHQXWRGRSRFRQLULWPLDGUHQDOLQLFLHLGLD
ORJKLVHUUDWLFKHKDQQRFDUDWWHUL]]DWRPROWDWHOHYLVLRQHGHJOLDQQL1RYDQWD(SSXUH
ODPHVFRODQ]DGLVWLOLWHPLHOLQJXDJJLGL7ZLQ3HDNVqXQFRQFHQWUDWRGLHOHPHQWLFKH
DYUHEEHURFDUDWWHUL]]DWRXQHOHYDWRQXPHURGLVHULHWHOHYLVLYHQHLGXHGHFHQQLDYHQL
UH$FRPLQFLDUHGDOPRWLYRGHOO·´DXWRULDOLWjµODULFRQRVFLELOLWjLPPHGLDWDGHOUHJLVWD
PHQWUHQHVVXQRDSDUWHTXDOFKHDSSDVVLRQDWRVDUHEEHLQJUDGRRJJLGLFLWDUHLQRPL
GHLUHJLVWLGL'DOODVRGL7KH&RVE\6KRZ,5RELQVRQLQ,WDOLDJLXVWRSHUFLWDUHGXHWUD
OHVHULHGLPDJJLRUHVXFFHVVRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHWUDJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDH2WWDQWDO·DVVRFLD
]LRQHGL7ZLQ3HDNVDOQRPHHDOORVWLOHGL/\QFKqLPPHGLDWDDQFKHDGLVWDQ]DGLDQQL
,QTXHVWRVHQVR7ZLQ3HDNVDQWLFLSDTXDQWROHVHULHWDUJDWH+%2DYUHEEHURVDQFLWRGL
OuDTXDOFKHDQQRQRQQHFHVVDULDPHQWHPHWWHQGRLQSULPRSLDQRLOQRPHGLTXHVWRR
GLTXHOUHJLVWDPDVRWWROLQHDQGRXQSULQFLSLRGLDXWRULDOLWjFKHVLDVVRFLDDLQRPLGL
DXWRULVFHQHJJLDWRULUHJLVWLSURGXWWRULFKHGLYHQWDQRVXELWRQRWLDJOLDSSDVVLRQDWL
RDQFRUDGLSLFUHDQGRXQOHJDPHPHQRRYYLRPDFKLDUDPHQWHSHUFHSLWRGDOSXE
EOLFRWUDLOPDUFKLR´+%2µHORVWLOHGHOOHVXHSURGX]LRQLËODWLSRORJLDGLQDUUD]LRQH
LQTXDQWRWDOHVLDHVVDULFRQGXFLELOHRPHQRDXQRVFHQHJJLDWRUHRDXQUHJLVWDLQ
SDUWLFRODUHFKHSXzHVVHUHLQHTXLYRFDELOPHQWHDVVRFLDWDDOO·HPLWWHQWHHDOODFDEOHQHW
PDUFKLRGLVWLQWLYRGLXQJHQHUHGLXQDWLSRORJLDRGLXQRVWLOHFKHQHGHFUHWDORVSHV
VRUHQDUUDWLYRHODTXDOLWjHVWHWLFD
7ZLQ3HDNVQRQQDVFHFRPHVHULHGLSXURLQWUDWWHQLPHQWRTXLQGLPDFRPHWHQWD
WLYRGLUHDOL]]DUHXQDWHOHYLVLRQHG·DXWRUH6HHTXDQWRTXHVWRRELHWWLYRVLDVWDWRUDJ
JLXQWRqPDWHULDFRQWURYHUVDHSUREDELOPHQWHGDWRORVFDUVRVXFFHVVRGHOODVHFRQGD
VWDJLRQHFKHKDFRPSRUWDWRODVRVSHQVLRQHGHOODVHULHHTXLQGLODVXDFDQFHOOD]LRQH
QRQqIXRULOXRJRFRQFOXGHUHFKHSHUXQDHFFHVVLYDFRPSOHVVLWjRSHUFKpLWHPSLQRQ
HUDQRDQFRUDPDWXULO·HVLWRGL7ZLQ3HDNVLQTXDQWRHVSHULPHQWRHVWHWLFRHQDUUDWLYR
VLDVWDWRIDOOLPHQWDUH7XWWDYLDD7ZLQ3HDNVYDULFRQRVFLXWRLOPHULWRVHQRQDOWURGL
(17)
DYHUHGHFUHWDWRFKHXQDWHOHYLVLRQHG·DXWRUHqSRVVLELOHHDQ]LFKHqSRVVLELOHFRQFH
SLUHHSURGXUUHXQDWHOHYLVLRQHFKHSXULQGLYLGXDQGRQHOO·DXWRULDOLWjXQWUDWWRGLVWLQ
WLYRQRQYHQJDPHQRDOODQHFHVVLWjSURSULDVRSUDWWXWWRGLXQQHWZRUNJHQHUDOLVWD
FKHDGLͿHUHQ]DGHOOHHPLWWHQWLYLDFDYRqFRQGL]LRQDWRGDOODQHFHVVLWjGLYHQGHUH
VSD]LSXEEOLFLWDULGLIDUHSUHVDVXXQJUDQGHSXEEOLFR$OO·HSRFDLQFXLIXWUDVPHVVR
7ZLQ3HDNVIXXQFDVRWDOPHQWHVHQVD]LRQDOHFKHQRQVRORFRPHHUDSUHYHGLELOHLOPHU
FKDQGLVLQJLQFHQWUDWRVXOODVHULHHVXLVXRLSHUVRQDJJLGLYHQQHSUHVWRXQEXVLQHVVGL
YDVWDSRUWDWDPDDGLͿHUHQ]DGLTXDOVLDVLDOWUDVHULHWHOHYLVLYDÀQRDGDOORUDSURGRWWD
GL7ZLQ3HDNVFRPLQFLDURQRDVFULYHUHDPSLDPHQWHFULWLFLHVWXGLRVLFKHLQPROWLFDVL
KDQQR IDWWR GHOOD VHULH XQ IHQRPHQR PHGLDWLFR HVWHWLFR H FXOWXUDOH FRVu JLJDQWHVFR
GDWUDVFXUDUHTXHJOLDVSHWWLFKHLQPDQLHUDIRUVHSLPRGHVWDODULFRQGXFHYDQRDOOD
UHDOWjJHRJUDÀFDHVRFLRHFRQRPLFDQHOODTXDOHHUDFROORFDWD
/HUDJLRQLGHOFODPRURVRVXFFHVVRGL7ZLQ3HDNVLQÀQGHLFRQWLQRQVRQRPROWR
GLYHUVHGDTXHOOHFKHKDQQRGHFUHWDWRODQRWRULHWjGHOOHVHULH79FKHVDUHEEHURVWD
WHODQFLDWHGRSRTXDOFKHDQQRHGHOOHTXDOL7ZLQ3HDNVUDSSUHVHQWDSHUFHUWLDVSHWWL
XQSULPRHPEULRQDOHHGHWHURJHQHRFURJLROR,Q7ZLQ3HDNVVLULWURYDQRLJHQHUL
GHOGUDPDFKHDYUHEEHURVHJQDWRGLOuDSRFRODVWDJLRQHG·RURGHOODWHOHYLVLRQHYLD
FDYRLPRWLYLGHOVRSUDQQDWXUDOHFKHVRORXQSDLRGLDQQLGRSRQHOVDUHEEH
URULWRUQDWLLQXQ·DOWUDVHULHGLFXOWR7KH;)LOHVHLQÀQHXQ·HQIDVLDWUDWWLPRUERVD
VXOUXRORGHOFDGDYHUHGL/DXUD3DOPHUFKHGLYHQWDO·HOHPHQWRFKLDYHDQFKHVXO
SLDQRLFRQLFRLQWRUQRDOTXDOHVLFRVWUXLVFHO·LQWHUDQDUUD]LRQHRͿUHQGRLOGHVWUR
DOODSRVVLELOLWjGLVYLOXSSDUHLQVHQVRQDUUDWLYRHVLPEROLFRLOGLVFRUVRGHOODPRUWH
HGHOODPRUWDOLWjVHFRQGRXQDPRGDOLWjFKHWURYHUjLOVXRULVFRQWURSLFRPSLX
WR²GHFUHWDQGRQHLOVXFFHVVR²LQXQJUDQQXPHURGLVHULHWHOHYLVLYHGLYHUVHSHU
DSSURFFLHFRQWHQXWLGD&6,D6L[)HHW8QGHU
/DYLFHQGDGL/DXUD3DOPHUKDWXWWDO·DULDGLHVVHUHQLHQW·DOWURFKHODVWRULDGLXQ
RPLFLGLRFKHPHWWHLQPRWRXQDVHULHGLPHFFDQLVPLSHUFHUWLDVSHWWLSHUÀQRSUH
YHGLELOLHFKHULFKLDPDQRJOLVWLOHPLGHOODGHWHFWLYHÀFWLRQLQXQDSLFFRODFLWWjGHOOR
VWDWRGL:DVKLQJWRQGRSRFKHLOFRUSRGLXQDUDJD]]DYLHQHULWURYDWRVXOJUHWRGLXQ
ÀXPHDUULYDO·DJHQWHGHOO·)%,'DOH&RRSHUFKHVLGLVWLQJXHGDVXELWRSHUOHPRGD
OLWjQRQVHPSUHRUWRGRVVHFRQFXLFRQGXFHOHLQGDJLQLËTXDVLLQHYLWDELOHDTXHVWR
SXQWRLOGLVYHODUVLGLVHJUHWLSLRPHQRVFDEURVLRLPEDUD]]DQWLFKHHPHUJRQRFRQ
LOSURJUHVVLYRVYROJLPHQWRGHOOHLQGDJLQL0DDLÀQLGHOODVXDLQÁXHQ]DVXOOHSURGX
]LRQLWHOHYLVLYHVXFFHVVLYHDQFRUDSLULOHYDQ]DKDODFRPPLVWLRQHRSHUDWDGD7ZLQ
3HDNVWUDOHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHGHOSROL]LHVFRHTXHOOHGHOVRSUDQQDWXUDOHDGDELWDUHLER
VFKLFKHFLUFRQGDQR7ZLQ3HDNVqXQDUHDOWjSDUDOOHODIDWWDGLSUHVHQ]HLQTXLHWDQWLH
ÀJXUHGHPRQLDFKHHGqDQFRUDXQ·DOWUDGLPHQVLRQHTXHOODRQLULFDDRͿULUHXQSXQ
WRGLVQRGRFUXFLDOHGHOOHYLFHQGH/DGRSSLH]]DGL/DXUD3DOPHUqLQÀQHO·HOHPHQ
WRSLSHUWXUEDQWHGLWXWWLHULYHODWRUHGLXQDQXRYDSURVSHWWLYDVXOPRQGRGHJOL
DGROHVFHQWLHVXOORURUDSSRUWRDSHUWDPHQWHFRQÁLWWXDOHFRQOHIDPLJOLHGLRULJLQH
XQ·DOWUDGHOOHLQWXL]LRQLPHVVHLQVFHQDGD7ZLQ3HDNVFKHVDUDQQRVXFFHVVLYDPHQWH
HODERUDWHÀQRDGLYHQWDUHXQDSUHVHQ]DVWDELOHQHOODWHOHYLVLRQHGLTXHJOLDQQL
4XHVWDLQWXL]LRQHFUHDWLYDGL/\QFKULÁHWWHXQPXWDPHQWRDOORUDLQDWWRDQFKHVXO
SLDQRGHOOHVWUDWHJLHSXEEOLFLWDULHHGLPDUNHWLQJGHOO·LQGXVWULDWHOHYLVLYD,QTXHOOD
IDVH GL SDVVDJJLR GDO EURDGFDVWLQJ DO QDUURZFDVWLQJ FKH VHFRQGR JOL VWXGLRVL KD
(18)
PDUFDWRXQDGLͿHUHQ]DFUXFLDOHWUDLGXHGHFHQQLF·qXQDQXRYDFDWHJRULDGLVSHWWD
WRULFKHVLLPSRQJRQRLQPDQLHUDVHPSUHSLLQVLVWHQWHFRPHIDVFLDGLSXEEOLFREHQ
LQGLYLGXDWDHQRQDVVLPLODELOHDGDOWUHFDWHJRULHRYYHURTXHOODGHJOLDGROHVFHQWLH
GHLSRVWDGROHVFHQWLFKHQHOO·HUDGL079GLYHQWDQRXQVHJPHQWRGLSXEEOLFRGD
FRQVLGHUDUHFRQDWWHQ]LRQHHSURIRQGLWjPDJJLRUHGLTXDQWRVLIRVVHIDWWRÀQRDTXHO
PRPHQWR'RSRTXDVLXQGHFHQQLRLQFXLODWHOHYLVLRQHGDXQODWRDYHYDFRQVLGHUD
WRLJLRYDQLXQDVHPSOLFHFDWHJRULDGLFRQVXPDWRULHLOFLQHPDGLFRQVXPRGDOO·DO
WURQHDYHYDPHVVRLQULOLHYRFRQWRQLVSHVVRJUHYLLOGLVLPSHJQRHO·RVVHVVLRQHSHU
LOGLYHUWLPHQWRHLOVHVVRQHJOLDQQL1RYDQWDVLDͿDFFLDVXJOLVFKHUPLWHOHYLVLYLXQD
QXRYDWLSRORJLDGLDGROHVFHQWH6HPEUDHVVHUHSDVVDWDO·RVVHVVLRQHSHULOGLYHUWLPHQ
WRVIUHQDWRHÀQHDVHVWHVVRSHULOOXVVRDWXWWLLFRVWLSHULOVHVVRFRPHEHQHGLFRQVX
PRGDYLYHUHLQPDQLHUDSXUDPHQWHFXPXODWLYDHULFUHDWLYD/·LGHDGLFRQIH]LRQDUH
SURGRWWLFKHDUULYDYDQRDLJLRYDQLLQPDQLHUDQRQHVFOXVLYDYHQLYDVRVWLWXLWDGDO
WHQWDWLYRGLRͿULUHSURGRWWLWHOHYLVLYLLQJUDGRGLGHÀQLUHXQDQXRYDFDWHJRULDVR
FLDOHQHOPRPHQWRVWHVVRLQFXLODUDSSUHVHQWDYDQR$JOLDQQLGHOGLYHUWLPHQWRHGHO
GLVLPSHJQRVLULVSRQGHYDFRQXQDDFFHQWXDWDSUREOHPDWL]]D]LRQHGHOO·DGROHVFHQ]D
HGHOODVXDFRQÁLWWXDOLWjFRQLOPRQGRDGXOWRYLVLELOHLQ7ZLQ3HDNVQHOORVFROODPHQWR
WUDO·LPPDJLQHLGHDOL]]DWDGL/DXUDHODUHDOWjGHOVXRFDGDYHUH
,Q7ZLQ3HDNVqODIDPLJOLDWUDGL]LRQDOHDPHULFDQDFHOHEUDWDQHOOHYHFFKLHVLW
FRPFRPHULIXJLRVLFXURHOXRJRGLULVROX]LRQHHULFRPSRVL]LRQHGHLFRQÁLWWLDG
DSSDULUHFRPHFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHÁDJUDWDHRUPDLLQFDSDFHGLVYROJHUHODVXDIXQ
]LRQHWUDGL]LRQDOHGLJXLGDPRUDOHGHOODVRFLHWjHGHOODQD]LRQH,OIDWWRVWHVVRFKH
ODÀJXUDGHOSDGUHGL/DXUDVLULYHOLDPELYDOHQWHOHWWHUDOPHQWHODFHUDWDHFDSDFH
GLFRPSLHUHOHSHJJLRULHͿHUDWH]]HO·LQFHVWRHO·RPLFLGLRqODVSLDLQGLUHWWDFKH
O·HSRFDLQFXLVLFHOHEUDYDODFRPSDWWH]]DHO·DUPRQLDGHOQXFOHRIDPLOLDUHqRUPDL
WUDPRQWDWD,QVHQVRSLODWRLQROWUHqODÀVLRQRPLDVRFLDOHGHOO·$PHULFDSURIRQ
GDSHUFHSLWDSLRPHQRHUURQHDPHQWHFRPHODSL´DXWHQWLFDµDHVVHUHPHVVD
LQGLVFXVVLRQH
HSHUTXHVWRPRWLYRqHPEOHPDWLFDODFRPSRVL]LRQHHWQLFDGHOOD
FLWWDGLQDGL7ZLQ3HDNVFRVuFRPHYLHQHULWUDWWDQHOODVHULHLQFXLVRQRSRFKLVVL
PLLSHUVRQDJJLGLHWQLDGLYHUVDGDTXHOODFDXFDVLFD
,OPRWLYRGHOO·RPRJHQHLWj
HWQLFDWHPDWL]]DWDLQ7ZLQ3HDNVFRPHUDSSUHVHQWDWLYDGHOO·$PHULFDELDQFDHWUD
GL]LRQDOLVWDGLFXLWXWWDYLDVLPHWWRQRLQHYLGHQ]DOHFRQWUDGGL]LRQLHODSURIRQGH
IDJOLHVRFLDOLHPRUDOLqDOFRQWUDULRQDWXUDOL]]DWRHSUHVHQWDWRLQPDQLHUDGHOWXWWR
DSUREOHPDWLFD LQ DOWUH VHULH WHOHYLVLYH SURGRWWH LQ TXHJOL DQQL FRPH VL YHGUj LQ
VHJXLWRDGLPRVWUD]LRQHIRUVHGHOODYRORQWjGLPHWWHUHGDSDUWHLOPRWLYRGHOOD
FRQÁLWWXDOLWjHWQLFDFKHQHJOLDQQLSDVVDWLHUDVWDWRRJJHWWRGLXQGLEDWWLWRDFFHVR
DGHVHPSLRDSURSRVLWRGHOODSROLWLFDUHDJDQLDQDVXOO·$UPDWLYH$FWLRQ
“Forever Young”, da Beverly Hills al Central Perk
,OPRQGRGHJOLDGROHVFHQWLHVSORUDWRLQ7ZLQ3HDNVVLLQWXLVFHFRPHFRPSOHWDPHQ
WHDXWRQRPRGDTXHOORDGXOWRFDUDWWHUL]]DWRGDLSURSULFRQÁLWWLHGDXQ·DQVLDGL
ULEHOOLRQHVHQ]DDOFXQRVERFFRYLVLELOHFKHPHQWUHWURYDYDODVXDYRFHDQFKHLQ
DOWUHIRUPHHVSUHVVLYHFKHVLDͿHUPDYDQRSURSULRLQTXHJOLDQQLFRPHODPXVLFD
(19)
*UXQJHSHUHVHPSLRYHGHYDQHOODWHOHYLVLRQHXQPH]]RGLUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQHLQ
WHUHVVDQWH6HLOPRWLYRGHOO·DGROHVFHQ]DSUREOHPDWLFDHVYLQFRODWDGDOODYLWDDGXO
WDqVRORXQRGHLPROWHSOLFLSLDQLQDUUDWLYLVYLOXSSDWLGD7ZLQ3HDNVHVVRGLYHQWD
LOQXFOHRFHQWUDOHGLTXHOODFKHVDUHEEHGLYHQWDWDODVHULHFXOWRGHJOLDGROHVFHQWL
GHJOLDQQL1RYDQWD%HYHUO\+LOOV$OODPROWHSOLFLWjGLJHQHULHDOSDVWLFKHVWL
OLVWLFRGL7ZLQ3HDNV%HYHUO\+LOOVRSSRQHXQXQLFRFULWHULRIRUPDOHGLULIHULPHQWR
TXHOORGHOODVRDSFKHÀQRDGDOORUDVLHUDULYROWDHVFOXVLYDPHQWHDXQSXEEOLFRGL
GRQQHDGXOWHHDGHVVRGLYHQWDXQRVSHFFKLRLQFXLJOLDGROHVFHQWLGLDPERLVHVVL
SRVVRQRULFRQRVFHUVL$QGDWRLQRQGDVXOOD)R[GDODO%HYHUO\+LOOVqXQ
SURGRWWRFKLDUDPHQWHGLYHUVRGD7ZLQ3HDNVTXHVW·XOWLPRLVSLUDWRDOFLQHPDG·DX
WRUHHGLUHWWRGDXQRGHLUHJLVWLDPHULFDQLSLQRWLHGLVFXVVLHO·DOWURDVFULYLELOHD
SLHQRWLWRORDXQJHQHUHSRSRODUHHGLFRQVXPR/LDFFRPXQDSURSULRODQHFHVVLWj
HYLGHQWHPHQWHSHUFHSLWDQHOO·´LQFRQVFLRFROOHWWLYRµGLTXHJOLDQQLGLIDUHLFRQWL
FRQ XQD JHQHUD]LRQH OH FXL SUREOHPDWLFKH HUDQR VWDWH LQ SDVVDWR WURSSR VSHVVR
OLTXLGDWHGDOODFXOWXUDSRSRODUHDWWUDYHUVRUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQLFRQYHQ]LRQDOLHVX
SHUÀFLDOL,QHQWUDPELLFDVLXQGHWWDJOLRLPSRUWDQWHqGDWRGDOIDWWRFKHJOLDWWRUL
VRQRSLYHFFKLGHLSHUVRQDJJLFKHLQWHUSUHWDQRIDWWRUHTXHVWRFKHODVFLDSHQVDUH
FKHSLFKHDOWHQWDWLYRUHDOHGLULÁHWWHUHHDQDOL]]DUHLOPRQGRGHJOLDGROHVFHQWL
ODWHQGHQ]DGRPLQDQWHIRVVHTXHOODGLFRQIH]LRQDUHO·LPPDJLQHLGHDOL]]DWDGLXQ
´Vpµ DGROHVFHQ]LDOH FKH GLYHQWDYD WDQWR SL HFDFH VH D LQWHUSUHWDUH JUXSSL GL
GLFLDVVHWWHQQLYHQLYDQRFKLDPDWLDWWRULGLDOPHQRFLQTXHRVHLDQQLSLDQ]LDQL
,QJUDGRGLHVHUFLWDUHXQDIRUWHSUHVDVXOSXEEOLFRDFXLVLULYROJHYDQRLSURWD
JRQLVWLGL%HYHUO\+LOOVULVSHFFKLDYDQRTXHOORFKHVHPEUDYDGRYHVVHHVVHUHLOWHHQD
JHULGHDOHGHOODQXRYDJHQHUD]LRQHSRVWDQQL2WWDQWDHLQTXHVWRVHQVRqHPEOH
PDWLFDODVFHOWDGHJOLDXWRULGLVGRSSLDUHODÀJXUDGHOSURWDJRQLVWDWUDGXHJHPHOOL
%UDQGRQH%UHQGD:DOVKDOWHUHJRO·XQRGHOO·DOWUDDSDUWLUHGDOQRPHLQPRGR
GDJDUDQWLUHXQDUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQHDGHJXDWDHSHUÀQRFUHGLELOHGLGXHDGROHVFHQWL
DPHULFDQLGLHQWUDPELLVHVVLVHQ]DFKHDGLYLGHUOLLQWHUYHQLVVHURGLͿHUHQ]HJHQH
UD]LRQDOLDQFKHPLQLPH$QFKHLQTXHVWRFDVRFRPHVLqYLVWRSULPDDSURSRVLWRGL
7ZLQ3HDNVF·qXQ·LSRWHFDGLWLSRHWQLFRDOODEDVHGHOODFRPSRVL]LRQHGHOJUXSSRGL
SURWDJRQLVWLODIDPLJOLD:DOVKELDQFDVLWUDVIHULVFHGDOIUHGGR0LQQHVRWDDOOD&D
OLIRUQLDGHOVXGQHOSLULFFRHSLELDQFRTXDUWLHUHGLXQDFLWWjFRPH/RV$QJHOHV
GLFHUWRPROWRSLFRQÁLWWXDOHHPXOWLHWQLFDGLTXHOODFKHYLHQHUDSSUHVHQWDWDVXOOR
VFKHUPR&RPHLQ7ZLQ3HDNVVRORDGDWWRULHSHUVRQDJJLELDQFKLVRQRDGDWHOH
SDUWLSLVLJQLÀFDWLYHHODUJDPHQWHPDJJLRULWDULHGHOO·LQWHUDVHULH
3RUWDWRUL GL XQ·DPHULFDQLWj VDQD H WUDGL]LRQDOLVWD L :DOVK GHYRQR LPPHGLDWD
PHQWHFRQIURQWDUVLFRQXQDUHDOWjSLGUDPPDWLFDHFRPSOHVVDGLTXHOODDFXLODYLWD
GLSURYLQFLDOLDYHYDDELWXDWL/HIDPLJOLHGHLFRHWDQHLGL%UDQGRQH%UHQGDLQIDWWL
VRQRVHPSUHGLVIXQ]LRQDOLHSUREOHPDWLFKHODGGRYHL:DOVKVLSRQJRQRFRPHXQLFD
HXOWLPDRDVLIHOLFHLQXQDUHDOWjFKHDOQXFOHRIDPLOLDUHVHPEUDGDUHVHPSUHPHQR
LPSRUWDQ]D4XHVWDFRVWUX]LRQHQDUUDWLYDRͿUHODSRVVLELOLWjGDXQODWRGLPHWWHUHLQ
OXFHLYDORULWUDGL]LRQDOLFRPHLQWULQVHFDPHQWHSRVLWLYLPDGDOO·DOWURFRQFHQWUDO·DW
WHQ]LRQHHLOSXQWRGLYLVWDGHOORVSHWWDWRUHVXLJLRYDQLSURWDJRQLVWLFRQÀQDQGRJUD
GXDOPHQWHOHÀJXUHJHQLWRULDOLHLQJHQHUDOHDGXOWHDXQUXRORPDUJLQDOHHGLFRPSOH
PHQWRHLQYLWDQGRLQPRGRLQVLVWLWRDXQDLGHQWLÀFD]LRQHSURIRQGDWUDJOLVSHWWDWRUL
(20)
HLSURWDJRQLVWLDGROHVFHQWL,OVLVWHPD%HYHUO\+LOOVDWWUDYHUVRODYDORUL]]D]LRQHGHOOD
´YHFFKLDµ$PHULFDIDLQPRGRFKHOHPLQHYDJDQWLGHOOHQXRYHJHQHUD]LRQLGHJOLDQQL
1RYDQWDDQFRUDLQGHFLIUDELOLHFRPSOHVVHSRVVDQRDUPRQL]]DUVLFRQODJHQHUD]LRQH
GHJOLDGXOWLVHQ]DWXWWDYLDULQXQFLDUHDOODORURLQGLYLGXDOLWjDGROHVFHQ]LDOHFDUDWWH
UL]]DWDGDXQLGHDOLVPRULEHOOHSHUTXDQWRVLFXUDPHQWHDQQDFTXDWR
3ULPD FKH OD IDPLJOLD :DOVK LQFDUQDVVH LO SURWRWLSR GHO UDSSRUWR JHQLWRULÀ
JOLPHVVRLQVFHQDGDOODWHOHYLVLRQHDPHULFDQDODWHQVLRQHJHQHUD]LRQDOHWURYDYD
VSD]LRVRSUDWWXWWRQHOJHQHUHGHOODVLWFRPFRPHLQ7KH&RVE\6KRZ)DPLO\7LHV
*URZLQJ3DLQVHVLULVROYHYDQHOODULFRQFLOLD]LRQHGHJOLDGROHVFHQWLFRQLYDORULGHL
JHQLWRUL/DUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQHGLXQPRQGRTXDVLHVFOXVLYDPHQWHDGROHVFHQ]LDOH
LQYHFHSDVVDYDVRSUDWWXWWRSHULOFLQHPDGHPHQ]LDOH$QLPDO+RXVHR3RUN\·VLQ
FXL O·DGROHVFHQ]D HUD ULWUDWWD FRPH XQ·HWj SXUDPHQWH JROLDUGLFD VRSUDWWXWWR SHU
TXDQWRULJXDUGDODVHVVXDOLWj,Q%HYHUO\+LOOVDOFRQWUDULRO·DGROHVFHQ]DH
WXWWLJOLDVSHWWLGHOODYLWDJLRYDQLOHVRQRFRVWDQWHPHQWHSUREOHPDWL]]DWLHJOLDGR
OHVFHQWLVRQRFKLDPDWLDVFHOWHDXWRQRPHHFRPSOHVVHFKHKDQQRULSHUFXVVLRQLSR
WHQ]LDOPHQWHFUXFLDOLVXOOHORURYLWH
$ FRQIURQWR FRQ L VDJJL SURWDJRQLVWL GL %HYHUO\ +LOOV VHPSUH DQLPDWL GD XQD
WHQVLRQHLGHDOHFKHSHUTXDQWRWDOYROWDLQJHQXDRYHOOHLWDULDWUDGLVFHXQSURIRQGR
VHQVRGLPRWLYD]LRQHO·HVSHULHQ]DUDFFRQWDWDLQ7ZLQ3HDNVVLFRQÀJXUDFRPHDQ
WLWHWLFDHWXWWDYLDVSHFXODUH$WWUDYHUVRODUDSSUHVHQWD]LRQHGHO´QHZ\RXQJPDQµ
HGHOOD´QHZ\RXQJZRPDQµGHLSULPLDQQL1RYDQWDLQIDWWLGXHVHULHWHOHYLVLYH
FRVuSDUDGLJPDWLFKHHUDSSUHVHQWDWLYHPHWWRQRLQGLUHWWDPHQWHLQFULVLLOPRGHOOR
GHOO·DPHULFDQLWjQRUPDWLYDVSHFLHQHOODVXDHVSUHVVLRQHSLTXRWLGLDQDHLPPH
GLDWDPHQWHULFRQRVFLELOHTXHOODIDPLOLDUH/DIRWRJUDÀDGL/DXUD3DOPHURVVHVVL
YDPHQWHULSURSRVWDDOODÀQHGLRJQLSXQWDWDGL7ZLQ3HDNVLQFXL/DXUDqULWUDWWD
LQSULPRSLDQRLQRFFDVLRQHGHOEDOORGHOODVFXRODqLOULFRUGRHOHJLDFRGLXQDSHU
IH]LRQH RUJDQLFD XPDQDIDPLOLDUHVRFLDOHQD]LRQDOH FKH QRQ HVLVWH SL H DOOR
VWHVVRPRGRLQVRVSHWWDELOPHQWHSXUH%HYHUO\+LOOVFHOHEUDFRQWRQLGLFHUWRSL
VIXPDWLHPHQRGUDVWLFLODÀQHGLXQRVWLOHGLYLWDFRQFHSLWRVHFRQGRWUDGL]LRQH
FRPHLPSHUQLDWRVXOODIDPLJOLDHVXLYDORULWLSLFLGHOODQD]LRQHHFKHDJOLDGROH
VFHQWLQRQFKLHGHDOWURFKHFUHVFHUHFRVuGDSHUSHWXDUHLOVLVWHPDGHOTXDOHIDQQR
SDUWH3XUQRQGLVWUXJJHQGRO·DUPRQLDGHOQXFOHRIDPLOLDUHLQPDQLHUDUDGLFDOH
FRPHDFFDGHLQ7ZLQ3HDNV%HYHUO\+LOOVPHWWHLQSULPRSLDQRXQ·DQVLRVDULFHUFDGL
VpGDSDUWHGHLJLRYDQLSURWDJRQLVWLFKHVLSURWUDHEHQROWUHO·DGROHVFHQ]DHFKH
QRQFXOPLQDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHLQXQDFRQFLOLD]LRQHÀQDOHFRQLOQXFOHRIDPLOLDUHGL
RULJLQHLJHQLWRULGLFDVD:DOVKDXQFHUWRSXQWRHVFRQRGLVFHQDGLUHWWLD+RQJ
.RQJGRYH-LPqFKLDPDWRGDOVXRODYRURGLDYYRFDWRDOORVWHVVRPRGRLQXQD
FKLDUD HG HORTXHQWH YRORQWj GL GLVWDFFR GDOOH SURSULH RULJLQL QRQ VROR IDPLOLDUL
PDSXUHQD]LRQDOL%UHQGDGHFLGHGLWUDVIHULUVLD/RQGUDSHUVWXGLDUHUHFLWD]LRQH
VFHOWDTXDQWRPHQRFXULRVDSHUFKLXQTXHVLDFUHVFLXWRDOO·RPEUDGL+ROO\ZRRG
ËDQFRUDO·RUL]]RQWHGHOODSRVWDGROHVFHQ]DLOWHPDSRUWDQWHGLTXHOODFKHSUR
EDELOPHQWHqVWDWDODSLQRWDVLWFRPGHJOLDQQL1RYDQWDSUHVWRGLYHQWDWDFRPH
QHLGXHFDVLFLWDWLLQSUHFHGHQ]DXQRJJHWWRGLFXOWRGHVWLQDWRDGXUDUHQHJOLDQQL
)ULHQGVDQGDWDLQRQGDGDODOVXOQHWZRUN1%&qODVWRULDGLVHLWUHQ
WHQQLQHZ\RUFKHVLFKHGHFUHWDQRLQPDQLHUDFRPSLXWDTXHOORFKHqVWDWRGHÀQLWR
(21)
FRPHLOSDVVDJJLRGDOODIDPLO\DOODIUDPLO\ULSURSRVL]LRQHDQRPDODHDOODUJDWDGHO
YHFFKLRQXFOHRIDPLOLDUHLQGLYLGXDQGRLPPHGLDWDPHQWHQHOODIDVFLDGLVSHWWDWRUL
QRQSLDGROHVFHQWLHQRQDQFRUDRSUREDELOPHQWHQRQPDLDGXOWLXQWDUJHWEHQ
ULFRQRVFLELOHLQWHUPLQLGLSXEEOLFRHGLPHUFDWR
)ULHQGVFKHVLGLVWLQJXHFRPHQHLGXHFDVLSUHFHGHQWLSHUODWRWDOHUDFLDOEOLQGQHVV
FKHFDUDWWHUL]]DLQWHUSUHWLHHSLVRGLFHQWUDOLFHOHEUDO·DPHULFDQLWjQHOPRPHQWRVWHV
VRLQFXLODVXSHUDHODXQLYHUVDOL]]DWDQWRGDHVVHUHDPELHQWDWDLQXQD1HZ<RUN
ÀWWL]LDGRYHSHUVLQRXQRGHLOXRJKLSLULFRUUHQWLHUDSSUHVHQWDWLYLGHOO·LQWHUDVHULH
²O·DSSDUWDPHQWRLQFXLYLYRQR0RQLFDH5DFKHOFKHYRUUHEEHHVVHUHODUHVDUHDOLVWL
FDGLXQYHURDSSDUWDPHQWRGL0DQKDWWDQ²qVWDWRLQUHDOWjULFDYDWRGDSLDSSDUWD
PHQWLPHVVLLQVLHPHGDWDODQRWDSHQXULDGLVSD]LGHOOHDELWD]LRQLLQTXHOO·DUHDGHOOD
FLWWjHODQHFHVVLWjWHOHYLVLYDGLFUHDUHSHUODVLWFRPXQ·DPELHQWD]LRQHFKHDSSDULVVH
FRQIRUWHYROHHQRQDQJXVWD6LDPRTXLQGLLQSLHQRUHJLPHGLLSHUUHDOWjQHOTXDOH
LOLPLWLVSD]LDOLROWUHDTXHOOLWHPSRUDOLVHPEUDQRHVVHUVLGLODWDWLROWUHPLVXUDLVHL
SURWDJRQLVWLVRQRWUHQWHQQLRUPDLDͿUDQFDWLGDOOHIDPLJOLHGLSURYHQLHQ]DHFKHWXW
WDYLDYLYRQRYLFHQGHTXDVLDGROHVFHQ]LDOLHOHYLYRQRFRQXQDSSURFFLRWXWW·DOWUR
FKH DGXOWR LQ XQR VSD]LR FKH DSSDUWLHQH D XQD 1HZ<RUN LGHDOL]]DWD H FRVWUXLWD
FRPHVFHQDULRDGDWWRDOORVWLOHGLYLWDFKHODVHULHFRVWUXLVFHHLPPRUWDOD
&KHFRVDqULPDVWRGHOODWHOHYLVLRQHGLTXHJOLDQQL",QFKHPRGRLPLWLHOHLFRQH
GL7ZLQ3HDNV%HYHUO\+LOOVH)ULHQGVVRQRVRSUDYYLVVXWLDXQPRPHQWRGHOOD
VWRULDDPHULFDQDGHOTXDOHVLVRQRIDWWLSLRPHQRFRQVDSHYROPHQWHLQWHUSUHWL"
$EELDPRYLVWRFKHXQWUDWWRGLVWLQWLYRGHOODWHOHYLVLRQHDQQL1RYDQWDSXzHVVHUH
LQGLYLGXDWRQHOO·LQGHEROLPHQWRHGHÀQLWLYRVPDQWHOODPHQWRGHLOHJDPLIDPLOLDULH
LQXQDULGHÀQL]LRQHGHOSDVVDJJLRGDOO·DGROHVFHQ]DDOO·HWjDGXOWDFKHUHQGHTXHVWH
WUHVHULHFLDVFXQDDVXRPRGRHPEOHPDWLFKH3HUPROWLDVSHWWLVLqWUDWWDWRLQWXWWLH
WUHLFDVLGLRSHUHDORURPRGRTXDVLXQLFKHHVHQ]·DOWURDQRPDOHFKHKDQQRSURGRWWR
VHTXHORVSLQRͿFKHQRQQHKDQQRPDLHJXDJOLDWRLOVXFFHVVR'D)ULHQGVqQDWR-RH\
WUDVPHVVRSHUGXHDQQLGDOOD1%&FKHVHJXHOHVRUWLGLXQRGHLVHLSURWDJRQLVWL-RH\
7ULEELDQLDVSLUDQWHDWWRUHFKHVLWUDVIHULVFHD/RV$QJHOHVSHUFHUFDUHGLIDUHFDUULHUD
(LQROWUHGDDQQLVLULQFRUURQRYRFLVXSRVVLELOLULSUHVHGHOODVHULHRDGGLULWWXUDVXOOD
SURGX]LRQHGLXQÀOPDGHVVDLVSLUDWRQHVVXQDGHOOHTXDOLKDPDLDYXWRFRQIHUPD
*OLVSLQRͿHLQJHQHUDOHLWHHQGUDPDQDWLVXOODVFLDGL%HYHUO\+LOOVVRQRVWDWL
QXPHURVLDFRPLQFLDUHGD0HOURVH3ODFHH'DZVRQ·V&UHHNWUDVPHVVLVHPSUHQHJOL
DQQL1RYDQWDFKHVLVRͿHUPDQRLQPDQLHUDSHUFHUWLDVSHWWLSHUÀQRSLFRQVDSH
YROPHQWHHVDVSHUDWDVSHFLHQHOVHFRQGRFDVRVXOPRQGRDGROHVFHQ]LDOHPLFURFR
VPRGLVWLQWRGDOODUHDOWjDGXOWDHDOOHSUHVHFRQLSURSULFRQÁLWWLHGUDPPLÀQRDO
SLUHFHQWH7KH2&DOWURWHHQGUDPDGLDPELHQWD]LRQHFDOLIRUQLDQDQHOTXDOHULWRUQD
LOWHPDGHOO·DUULYRLQXQQXRYRFRQWHVWRSLULFFRHOXVVXRVRGLXQRXWVLGHUGHVWL
QDWRDGLYHQWDUHLOSURWDJRQLVWDGHOODVHULHVHQHOFDVRGL%HYHUO\+LOOVLIUDWHOOL
:DOVKSURYHQLYDQRGDOODSURYLQFLDDPHULFDQDTXLF·qXQRVSRVWDPHQWRLQWHUQRDOOD
VWHVVD&DOLIRUQLDGD&KLQRFLWWjGHOOD6DQ%HUQDUGLQR&RXQW\GLSLQWDFRPHGHJUD
GDWDHEUXWDOHD2UDQJH&RXQW\ËLQWHUHVVDQWHSRLLOFDVRGLFKHYDLQRQGD
GDOVXOQHWZRUN7KH&:HFKHDOPHQRQHOOHLQWHQ]LRQLRULJLQDULHGRYHYDQRQ
VRORHVVHUHODSURVHFX]LRQHGL%HYHUO\+LOOVPDULSUHVHQWDUHJOLVWHVVLSHUVR
QDJJLFRQJOLVWHVVLLQWHUSUHWLDROWUHGLHFLDQQLGLGLVWDQ]DLQXQDVRUWDGLFRQWL
(22)
QXLWjHVROLGDULHWjLQWHUJHQHUD]LRQDOH,OFDVRSLHPEOHPDWLFRWXWWDYLDqTXHOORGL
7ZLQ3HDNVGRSRFKHODVHULHHUDVWDWDLQWHUURWWDDOODVHFRQGDVWDJLRQHDGHVVDKD
IDWWRVHJXLWRXQÀOP)LUH:DONZLWK0HJLUDWRQHOVXJOLXOWLPLJLRUQLGLYLWD
GL/DXUD3DOPHU,QVXFFHVVRFODPRURVRDOPRPHQWRGHOO·XVFLWDFULWLFDWRWUDO·DOWUR
SHUFKpFDRWLFRHSLHQRGLVFHQHFUXHQWHFKHLQYHFHPDQFDYDQRTXDVLGHOWXWWRLQ7ZLQ
3HDNVDQFKH)LUH:DONZLWK0HqQHOWHPSRGLYHQWDWRXQFXOW6HPSUHOHJDWRD7ZLQ
3HDNVLQÀQHYDULFRUGDWRXQFDVRFXULRVRGL´GRSSLDPLJUD]LRQHµGLXQSURGRWWR
WHOHYLVLYRDPHULFDQRVLWUDWWDGHOODVHULH7KH.LOOLQJDQGDWDLQRQGDSHUGXHVWDJLRQL
QHOHUHPDNHGLXQDVHULHSURGRWWDLQ'DQLPDUFDFRQLOWLWROR)RUEU\GHO
VHQ,OFULPLQHODVWRULDGHOPLVWHULRVRRPLFLGLRGLXQDDGROHVFHQWHHGHOOHLQWULFDWH
YLFHQGHFKHVHJXRQR9LVWRGDPROWLFRPHULFFRGLULIHULPHQWLDQFKHHVSOLFLWLD7ZLQ
3HDNVSHUTXDQWRODFRPSRQHQWHVRSUDQQDWXUDOHVLDGHOWXWWRDVVHQWHHLOUXRORGHO
GHWHFWLYHVLDDGDWRDXQDGRQQD7KH.LOOLQJqVWDWRULDPELHQWDWRD6HDWWOHLQXQD
VRUWDGLULWRUQRLGHDOHQHOORVWDWRGL:DVKLQJWRQFKHVHQRQDOWURLQWHUPLQLGLDV
VRFLD]LRQHVLPEROLFDSDUHYRJOLDVHJQDUHXQSXQWRXOWHULRUHGLFRQWLQXLWjULVSHWWRD
TXDQWRRUPDLYHQWLDQQLSULPDHUDVWDWRFUHDWRGD/\QFKH)URVW
127(
* Cinzia Scarpino svolge attività di ricerca presso la cattedra di Cultura angloamericana
dell’Università degli Studi di Milano. Ha pubblicato US Waste. Rifiuti e sprechi d’America
(Saggia-tore 2011), saggi di narrativa americana contemporanea e di storia ambientale, ed è co-autrice
con M. Maffi, C. Schiavini, M.S. Zangari di Americana. Storie e culture degli Stati Uniti dalla A
alla Z (Saggiatore 2012). Si è inoltre occupata di serie televisive (I Soprano e gli altri, curato con
Donatella Izzo, Shake 2008). Fa parte della redazione di “Ácoma”. Fiorenzo Iuliano è assegnista
di ricerca in Letteratura angloamericana presso l’Università di Napoli “L’Orientale”. È autore di
Il corpo ritrovato. Storie e figure della corporeità negli Stati Uniti di fine Novecento (“I libri di
Ácoma”, Shake 2012) e Altri mondi, altre parole. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak tra decostruzione e
impegno militante (Ombrecorte 2012). Fa parte della redazione di “Ácoma”. La prima sezione di
questo saggio (anni Settanta) è opera di Cinzia Scarpino; la seconda (anni Novanta) di Fiorenzo
Iuliano.
1 Joan Didion, The White Album, in We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live. Collected
Nonfiction, Everyman’s Library-Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2006, p. 207.
2 Arjun Appadurai, Modernità in polvere: dimensioni culturali della globalizzazione
(1996), Meltemi, Roma 2007.
3 Rimando qui al mio Introduzione. L’America in serie (TV), in Donatella Izzo e Cinzia
Scarpino, a cura di, I Soprano e gli altri, “Ácoma”, 36 (estate 2008), pp. 5-13.
4 David Allen Case, Domesticating the Enemy: Bewitched and the Seventies Sitcom, in
Shelton Waldrep, a cura di, The Seventies. The Age of Glitter in Popular Culture, Routledge, New
York 2000, pp. 195-202; David Farber e Beth Baley, a cura di, America in the Seventies, University
Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 2004.
5 Case, Domesticating the Enemy,cit., p. 195.
6 Si veda Stefania Carini, Quality Tv. Narrazione e stile del telefilm nell’età della