CAPITOLO 6 92
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(8) ω =/6/\&. φ "2&=/ "A*(G%"D4(*2&M&6/%46`0?.&=/ 46`=/./%?-&6/%"(* "IEIJ(3'+6/ @._U bA*6/2`%"D4(*!$!$.lý&T?Uj6/ "A*C& %4D"(*01-& 4./IyIJ(l=& [0?6/=%4(*Iy "6/2&. φ xl-& "A*A*6/%"(*X[-&6/!$!$ "(30?6a+(* .%46!$\& "%4#/-8-/6=/ ,( %"6/ =/ (φ ( ) − φ ) (*'+'+6/ @2&6[(*%V\&(3%"6/ . φ − φ T } .&!$'+(*2&=/6/A* V(*%q!$./A*6/2&=&D"6/ @=/ 42&.&XV6/'+'+./28 4(3016fð 0 0. (φ ( ) − φ ) ≈ (φ − φ ) + 4
(9) 4(φ + 8 !#" 4(φ − φ ) ⋅ [φ ( ) − φ ] 0 0. 2. − φ ) ⋅ [φ . ( ) − φ ] +. {YT"Ø~. 0 0. CAPITOLO 6. 93.
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(11) / 4(φ8 − φ7 ) ⋅ +.-
(12) / ω − 4φ 123 )#*,+ 4(φ8 − φ7 ) ⋅ )#*,+ 2ω (. =/6/\&.[(*K/K& 4(3016[#&!E(*'+6[%4(? @./%4(*IJ "6/2&.[M/./28./ (*%". +.-
(13) / O. φ: ≈ φ; XO!$ O-&6/!$!$6/2&6m#&!$(* .[%".m ./%"(3IE "6/2& ð ÷ øVù 4(φ8 − φ7 ) ≈ 1 ; ù.<
(14) = 4(φ8 ÃW(k{YT"Ä~:=/ "\&./2&'+(*XO-&./ A* "ÒOð. )9 2 T. ω = (1 − )#*,+ 2ω . 2. − φ7 ) ≈ 4(φ8 − φ7. {YT";~. ). Y{ T"~ ÃW(P{Y/T4~5xP%4D" "2&'+./2&!$ 4'+Sk=&.&%a+(*!$A3 "62&./%fA*(*!$6 "2A3#& f =8#&.-&6/%"(* "IJIE(*'+6& j "2&A* @6/A* "(*'+ UMO.P}ONW!$ "(*2&6Âa+(*'+'+ V6/!$A* 4%R%4(* @.P(*=P#&2&(Qa+ @./Z&#&./2&IJ( A*6/2[%4D"(*!$!$.P=/./%V-&6/%"(* "IJIE(*'+6/ @. 42&'+.& 2&6uU N A*C8.u6/!$A* "%4%R(Â(*'+'+6/ @2&6u(*%"%4D"(*2&M/6/%"6 φP T½ÃVD4ω./!$-& @./!$!$ 46&2&.u{YT"~!$#&M/M/./ "!$A*. #&2 2V/\/6o01./'+6/=&6o-&./ k01 "!$#& (* @. %"D4(*2&M&6/%46 =/./%=& 4 @./'+'+6/ . 42!$#&-&./ @a+ 4A* "./T 2&a+(*'+'+ "X A*6/01.t!$ \8./=/.Ü=/(*%4%R({YT"µ~YX%"(A*6/01-&6/28.2&'+.t=/./%!$./M&2&(*%4.RQ"{TS ~o(aY @./Z&#&./2&IJ( (*2&M/6/%"(* . ω C&(#&28D4(*01-& "./IJIE(_A*C&.x_=/ " ./'+'+(*0./2&'+.-& w6/-/6& IJ 46&2&(*%4.(*%4%"D"(*2&M/6/%"6 0?.&=/ 46a+6/ @0?(*'+6=/(*%P-&6%"(* @ 4IJIJ(*'+6/ .UUNPA*6/2 4%m=/ 4 @./'+'+6/ .{ ∆α = φP −φV )TPUV./ 0? "!$#& (* @.%R( @6/'+(*IJ 46&2&.=&./%P=/ " ./'+'+6/ @.-8 w6/=/6&'+'Y(=/(*%"%4DR(*A*A*./2&!E "6/2&.=/./%[A*(*01-&6 ./%4.&'+'+ "A*6m!3 q-&#&Òk6/-&./ @(* .[2&.&%O!$./M/#&.&2&'+.m0?6&=/6fð JT $#&6&'+ 4(*016>U N a+ "2&A*C&o%4DR(30?-8 4./IJIJ(<=&.&%!$./M/2&(*%".>(oa+ @./Z&#&./28IE(o(*2&M6/%"(* . ω T 2&6/2m=/ "\&./2&'+(k2&#&%"%4(*Tq 2mZ&#&./!$'+.mA*6/2&=/ "IJ 46&2& 4X ÙT }A*A*./2&=/ "(*0?6> R%A*(*01-&6>./%"./'+'+ "A*6z.>0 "!3#8 φ "(3PX0?W 6>φV %"(<2V/\&(<(*01-& "./IJIJ(<=/.&% !$./M/2&(*%".=/ m 42&'+./28!$ "'+S`(a+ ./Z&#&.&2&IE(l(*2&M/6/%"(* . ωTPn5#&./!E'+(l(30?-& "./IJIJ(lx -& 6-86 IJ "6/2&(*%4. (*%"%"( @6/'+(*IJ 46&2&. !$#&-&./ a+ "A* "(*%". δφ =&./%l=/ " ./'+'+6& ./TÃW( V E F G A*6/!$'+(*2&'+.Ó=& Þ-& @6/-/6/ @IJ 4628(*%4 "'+S Z = 16 Y φ -&#&Ò./!E!$./ .Ç6&'+'+./2&#&'+( 0? "!$#& (*2&=&6 -& @./\&./2&'+ "\&(*01./2&'+./Xs( A3(*0?-&6 2&#&%"%"6/XÉ=/ sZ&#&(*2&'+6 \&(* @ 4( %4D"(*01-& 4./IyIJ(Z8#&(*2&=/6o%4DR(*2&M/6/%"6o=/./%5-&6/%"(* "IJIE(*'+6& .oUU N5\& "./2&.< @#&6/'+(*'+6o=& 5#82 (*2&M/6/%"6[2&6/'Y6 ∆φP T J H. D EFG ( ) ≈ J I 4φ 0 0. 2. + 16φ. EFG. (φL. −φ. 0. [U\ ]. K A.B
(15) C ). H. ω − 4φ. EFG 2 ?#@,A. 2ω. H. >. 0 0. ^`_ A?.abBdceBd@%C _gf,_ih
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(39) .{T"ĵ~Y~YX:(*K/K/ "(*016./a+a+./'+'+#&(*'+6u(*%"A*#&2&. 01 "!3#8 .=8 M/%4 "=/ "2&M/,T 2m') 4-8 4A*6[ @ 4!$#8%"')(*'+6[xb0?6/!$'+ @(*'+6[2&./%"%4.mV "M/#8 (kT";P.[T";T Misura di gliding con metodo dell'altoparlante. Lock-in con cost. tempo 0.3s. T=32.7°C. Applicato campo E= 0.25 V/µm (rms). 0.4 0.0 φ s (°). -0.4 -0.8 -1.2 40. 80. 120. 160 tempo (min). 200. 240. $ w+:J ¹n$¨)§+ ¨)« ¡ª87¢"8¡ §w¨p¦p¤¥ ¦ ¦@² ¨ªy³8¡¦p¡±Y8 §)°4 p£p p¨)¦ φ× ¨p¦ ¦@² ¨w£ £ Yª/ p¡ª87&³¥ª
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(41) 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 φs (°). -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 49.6. 50.0. 50.4 50.8 51.2 tempo (min). 51.6. 52.0. $ w+y Íའ¢"¢4¨)³ ¦ p¡7¤ ¦ ¦¨V§+ p&¡y©¢¨¨p¦ ¦@² ¨ £ £ ª/ ¡ª8¤¥¦V£@¨+½8¡y¸ ¿W¤ ¨ ¢ O@¡Yª8¡³y¦ O¢"yp O¤ á3 ³/±Y§w¨ â ¸ ÃJ¸ }%4%"D"(*A*A*./2&!E 46/28.t=&./%A*(301-&6/X%"D4(*2&M&6/%46t=/.&%=/ " ./'+'+6/ @.Ü\&(* "( @(*-& 4=&(*0?./28'+.t=&(*% \&(*%46& . 428 4IJ "(*%".=/ N:JT4ÙÐsa+ 42&6(*%\&(8%46& . ÙÐ TÃW( 6'+(*IJ "6/2&. A*6/ @ 4!$-&6/28=/./2&'+.o=/./%5=/φ "V ./'+≈'+6& .ox!$'+(*'+(u=& δφV ≈ JT"ÄÐ T5φZ8V #&./≈!$'+(A*6/ @ "!$-&62&=/.o(*%"%4( 6/'+(*IJ "6/2&.o(*!3!$6/A* R(*'+(A*682o%"D4(*28A*6/ (*M/M/ "6/UT q#&K/ "'+6<=/6&-&6/X5 "%5=/ " ./'+'+6/ @.<016/!$') (u#&2&( %4./28'+(Q=&./ @ "\&(kA*(* @(*'+'+./ @ 4IJIy(*'+(k=&(Q#82&(b!3A3(*%"(b'+./01-& q./!$'+ @./0?(301./2&'+.[-& RÝk%4.&2&')(*T ÃW(G01 R!3#8 (G "-&6/ @'+(*'+(G 42W "M/#& @(GT4;xG=/./%?'+#&'+'Y6_-& ./%" "0? "2&(* .&Tbr7./%?a+#&'+#& 6_A* -& 6/01./'+'+ "(*0?6=/ 10? "M/%" 46& @(* .`#8%4'+./ @ 46& 01./2&'+.`%"(LZ&#&(*%" 4'+S>=/./ 1!$./M/28(*%" 1=/ M/%4 "=/ "2&M '+./ 016/!$'+(*'+(*2&=/6`%"(Å!$'+(*28IJ(L 42L0?6/=&6`=/(L R=/#& @ .`%".`=/.& @ "\&.`'+./ 0 "A*C&.` .&!$ 4=/#&.*T 2&(_\&6&%4'+(_6/'+'+./2&#&'+ Q!$./M/2&(*%" Q=/ QK/#&6&2&(_Z&#&(*%" 4'+SJXQ\&6/M&%4 "(*0?6l./aYa+./'+'+#&(* @.01 "!$#& . !$ 4!$'+.&01(*') 4A*C&.<(3%,\&(* @ 4(* @.<=&./%4%"DR 42&'+./28!3 R'+S=/.8%,A3(*01-&6<./%"./'+'+ "A*6<(*-&-&%" 4A*(*'+6o.<=/./%"%"( '+./0?-8./ (*'+#& @(k=/./%OA3(*01-& R6/2&./T. CAPITOLO 6. 99.
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