acquired hepatocellular degeneration (AHCD) 245 acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 366, 391, 392
acute transverse myelitis 365 ADC, see apparent diffusion coeffi-
cient
ADEM, see acute disseminated en- cephalomyelitis
AHCD, see acquired hepatocellular degeneration
alcoholic 32, 242 – encephalopathy 241 anaemia 34
anaplastic choroid plexus papilloma 222 anastomosis 94 aneurysm 112, 121 – Charcot-Bouchard 42 – in children 375 – multiple 49
– of the basilar artery 55 – of the circle of Willis 49 – of the distal vertebral
cerebellar artery 55 – of the middle cerebral
artery bifurcation/trifurcation 55 – of the pericallosal artery 56 – of the posterior inferior cerebellar
artery 55
– of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery 55
– rupture 28, 31, 52, 53, 89 – – of the anterior communication ar-
tery 54
aneurysmal bone cyst 341 angiography 4
– conventional 117 – in infants 376 angioplasty
– internal carotid artery 126
– left subclavian artery 125 – middle cerebral artery 127 – percutaneous 122 anoxia 269
anterior communication artery 54 aortic coarctation 112
apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) 66, 74
aqueduct of Sylvius 149, 158, 204 aqueductal stenosis 205 arachnoid
– cyst 352, 353 – villi 198
Arnold-Chiari malformation 206, 207, 395
arterial – embolism 380 – thrombosis 14
arteriovascular malformation rupture 28
arteriovenous – fistula 156
– malformation (AVM) 25, 31, 53, 115 – – in infants 374
articular abnormality 300 astrocytoma 218, 234, 353 ataxia 243
atlanto-occipital dislocation 303 atrophy 32
AVM, see arteriovenous malformation axial
– compression trauma 316 – herniation 200 axonal injury 167 back pain 338 bacterial – encephalitis 25 – meningitis 388
BAEP, see brainstem auditory evoked potential
basilar artery 55
benign tumour 339 bleeding 87 blood – clot 36
– – liquefaction 151 – CSF 46
– high pressure 29 – proton 102
blood–brain barrier breakdown 15 B-mode echotomography 94 bone scintigraphy 338 bony spinal canal stenosis 338 brachiocephalic vessel 103 brain
– contusion 148
– death 177, 261, 263, 265, 275 – haemorrhage 17
– lesion 131, 137 – perfusion 76
– swelling 203, 257, 263, 264, 281 – trauma 263
– tumour 229, 391 brainstem 255, 393
– auditory evoked potential (BAEP) 268, 276
– – determination 268 – lesion 171
– perfusion 271 – traumatic lesions 146 burst fracture 316
CAA, see cerebral amyloid angiopathy campylobacter 391
capsulo-putaminal haematoma 37 caput succedaneum 382
carbon monoxide intoxication 250 carotid ratio (CR) 96
catastrophic syndrome 373 cavernous
– angioma 364
– vascular malformation in children 375
SUBJECT INDEX
cavum septi pellucidi 55 CBF, see cerebral blood flow central nervous system (CNS) 241 – infection 387
– toxin 241
central spinal canal 323 centrum semiovale 152
cephalohaematoma in newborns 381 cerebellar astrocytoma in childhood
397
cerebellum diaschisis 269 cerebral
– abscess 389
– amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 33 – angiography 229, 277 – aqueduct stenosis 395 – blood flow (CBF) 255, 276 – contusion 167, 386 – haematoma 382
– haemorrhage 33, 118, 119 – herniation 200
– infarction 58, 118
– ischaemia 7, 58, 63, 117, 119, 260, 267, 269
– metastases 236
– microcirculation damage 66 – neoplasia in childhood 397 – oedema 155, 176, 201, 261, 267,
279, 286 – perfusion 64 – – pressure (CPP) 276 – swelling 175
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 18, 28, 90, 195, 275
– fistula 288, 289 – leakage 160, 291 – production 198
cerebrovascular disease in infants and newborns 371
cervical – disectomy 290 – laminectomy 290 – spine 288 – – fracture 180 – – trauma 308, 313 – – flexion trauma 330 Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm 42 chemical
– arachnoiditis 57 – shift 80 choline (Cho) 80 chondrosarcoma 341 choroid plexus papilloma 234 chronic alcoholics 32 circle of Willis 12, 52, 94, 105 – aneurysm 49
circulatory system shock 292 cisternal hyperdensity 52 clot
– density 36 – lyses 14 clotting 91
– and platelet disorder 372 CNS, see central nervous system coiling 95, 98
coma 179, 245, 253, 271 – depassée 275 – high grade 180
– irreversible 275 – low grade 181 – postanoxic 265, 269 – posttraumatic 267
comma-shaped haematoma 56 commissural lesion 170
communicating hydrocephalus 207, 209, 396
complete ictus 3
compression ischaemia 154 computed tomography
(CT) 4
– angiography 5, 53 – coma 253 – myelography 334 – scanogram 312 – semeiotics 8 – spinal structures 302 congenital hydrocephalus 395 continuous wave (CW) 95 contrast
– enhancement (CE) 19, 103 – medium 43, 57, 139, 277 contusion 166
– cerebral 167 – cortical 142 – haemorrhagic 166 – haemorrhagic 173 – non-haemorrhagic 166 – of the brain 148
contusion-shearing injury 168 conventional angiography 117 corpus callosum 142 cortical
– contusion 142 – sulcus 50
cortico-medullary junction 153 CPP, see cerebral perfusion pressure CR, see carotid ratio
cranial – injury 182 – neoplasia 235 – trauma 132 – – closed 137
– – contrast medium 139 – – open 137
craniectomy 284, 286 craniopharyngiomas 213 craniotomy 284, 287 cranium 182 cryptic angioma 35 – rupture 31 cryptococcosis 391 CsA, see cyclosporin A CSF, see cerebrospinal fluid CT, see computed tomography CW, see continuous wave
cyclosporin A (CsA) intoxication 249 cyst, leptomeningeal 25, 160 cystic
– formation 25 – myelomalacia 322
cytotoxic oedema 13, 66, 69, 202, 261 DAI, see diffuse axonal injury Dandy-Walker malformation 395 deep grey structure
– traumatic lesions 146
deoxyhaemoglobin 35, 165, 217, 328
depressed skull fracture 384 Devic’s disease 357 diabetes insidipus 160 diencephalon 393
diffuse axonal injury (DAI) 140, 145, 259, 260, 387
diffusible tracer 64 diffusion weighted – factor 66
– imaging (DWI) 5, 73, 79
digital subtractive angiography (DSA) 101, 118
diplopia 196, 393 disk abnormality 300 diskitis 341
disorder of recent memory 196 distal vertebral cerebellar artery 55 Doppler-effect echotomography 95 DSA, see digital subtractive angiogra-
phy
dura mater 140, 148 Duret haemorrhage 158
DWI, see diffusion weighted imaging dysfunction 255
ECD, see echo-colour-Doppler echo planar imaging (EPI) 65, 59 echo-colour-Doppler (ECD) 95 echo-Doppler (Duplex) 95 ectodermal tumour 230 embolism 14, 70, 93 embolus 64
embryogenic tumour 230 emergency surgery 134, 165 empty delta sign 24 encephalitis 387 – bacterial 25 – herpes 390 – viral 25, 389
encephalomalacia 144, 160 encephalopathy
– toxic 241 – Wernicke 243
endocrinological alteration 196 endoluminal clot lyses 14
ependymoma 211, 234, 353, 354, 360 – gyral 24
– intravascular 19 – leptomeningeal 20 – of the conus medullaris 361 – parenchymal 20
– vascular 19 epiaortic vessel 106 epidural
– abscess 341
– haematoma 147, 172, 254, 286, 385 – haemorrhage 118, 146
erythrocyte – alteration 90 – lysis 86
ethylene-glycol intoxication 246 Ewing’s sarcoma 341
extraaxial
– haemorrhage 285
– traumatic lesion 147, 171
– arachnoid cyst 346
– haematoma 172, 385
extrapontine myelinolysis 242
ex-vacuo ventricular enlargement 208 eyesight impairment 196
facial – injury 182 – skeleton 181, 182 – trauma 179
false localizing sign 160 falx cerebri 158, 159, 200 fast spin echo (FSE) 5, 88 fibromuscular dysplasia 119, 379 fibrosarcoma 341
fistula 156
– spinal dural arteriovenous 362 – thoracic spinal dural arteriovenous
363
– thoracic spinal region 358 FLAIR, see fluid attenuation inversion
recovery FLASH 65 flexion trauma 319
fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) 52
focal
– neurological deficit 182 – oedema 142
fogging effect 17, 20, 21 foramina of Monro 204 fracture
– in newborns 383 – of the bony orbit 187
– of the lower (caudal) cervical spine 322
– of the mandible 183 – of the maxilla – – complex 188 – – simple 183 – of the nasal bone 183
– of the nasal-ethmoid midface 189 – of the occipital condyle 303 – of the thoracic and lumbar spinal
segments 322
– of the upper (cranial) cervical spine 322
– of the zygomatic arch 183, 184 – ping-pong ball type 383 Froin’s syndrome 210 FSE, see fast spin echo gadolinium 65, 103, 108, 347 GCD, see Guglielmi detachable coin GCS, see Glasgow Coma Scale German plane 138
germinoma 214
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 133, 380 glioblastoma 211, 233, 234, 359 – multiforme 216, 353 gliocarcinoma 31 glioma 211, 233 gliosis 323 global
– cerebral hypoxia 269 – hypoperfusion 262 globus pallidus 251 glucose 85, 266
gradient-recalled echo (GRE) 88 growing fracture 383
Guglielmi detachable coin (GDC)
124, 127
gyral enhancement 24 haemangioblastoma 353, 355 haemangioma 339
– metameric 340 – vertebral 339
haematoma 29, 34, 145, 284 – capsulo-putaminal 37 – comma-shaped 56 – epidural 146, 147, 286, 385 – extradural 385
– intraparenchymal (IPH) 51, 59 – putaminal 28, 32
– subdural 59, 146, 149, 151, 173, 371, 385
– thalamic 31
– traumatic intraparenchymal 144 haematomyelia 291
haemoglobin 34, 50, 84, 165, 250 – alteration 90
haemophilus influenzae 388 haemorrhage 4, 18, 259, 326 – arterial infarct 22 – cerebral 33, 118, 119 – contusion 166, 173 – differential diagnosis 44 – epidural 118
– extraaxial 285 – in childhood 395 – in infants 374 – in newborns 371 – infarct 42, 46 – infratentorial 88 – intraaxial 83, 284 – intracranial 83
– intraparenchymal (IPH) 27, 371 – intratumoral 355
– intraventricular 46, 88, 146 – lobar 41, 42, 88
– mesencephalic 164 – multiple 47 – non-ischaemic 24 – nucleo-capsular 87 – parenchymal 118 – petechial 23 – pontine 43 – putaminal 37, 39 – stroke 4
– subarachnoid 49, 118, 121, 123, 154, 155, 172, 371, 386
– subcortical intraparenchymal 41 – subdural 118
– thalamic 39
haemosiderin 84, 87, 217, 332 Hangman’s fracture 304, 310 head
– injury 131, 137, 381 – – in children 380 – – open 140, 143 – trauma 133 headache 150, 195 helical scan 139 hemiplegia 96, 376
hemispheric cerebral infarction 203 heparinization 119
herniation – axial 200
– internal cerebral 158, 199, 213, 220, 223
– subfalcian 158, 200, 223, 255 – temporal 200
– tonsillar 158 – transphenoid 158 – transtentorial 158, 223 herpes
– encephalitis 390 – virus 389 Heubner’s artery 10
hexamethyl propylene-amine-oxime (HMPAO) 266
hippocampus 391
HMPAO, see hexamethyl propylene- amine-oxime
Horner’s syndrome 105
hydrocephalus 43, 51, 58, 59, 160, 195, 203, 205, 206, 213, 287, 288, 394
– communicating 206, 207, 209, 396 – congenital 395
– CSF sequestration 226 – hyperfunction of the shunt 226 – hypersecretory 208
– infection 226 – normotensive 207 – obstructive 205 – recurrence 226 hygroma 156, 175 hyperaesthesia 89 hypercapnia 198 hyperdensity 36 – cisternal 52 hyperextension 303 – trauma 316, 319 hyperflexion trauma 313
hyperplasia of the Alzheimer type 246 hypersecretory hydrocephalus 208 hypodensity 36
hypo-isodensity 260 hyponatraemia 243 hypophysis 288 hypotonia 30 hypoxia 269
hypoxic-ischaemic injury in newborn 374
iatrogenic epidural abscess 345 ICH, see intracranial hypertension ICP, see intracranial pressure infarct, see infarction infarction 287 – cerebral 58 – – posttraumatic 159 – differential diagnosis 24, 44 – haemorrhagic 46
– hemispheric cerebral 203 – lacunar 23
– venous haemorrhagic 23 infection 33, 286 – in childhood 395 – myelitis 365 – postsurgical 224, 289 – spinal 289
– spinal column 292
infratentorial haemorrhage 88
injury
– axonal 167
– contusion-shearing 168 – cranial 182
– diffuse axonal 140, 145 – facial 182
– of larger arteries and veins 159 – of the head 131, 137, 140 – shearing 170, 171 internal
– carotid artery 156
– cerebral herniation 157, 176, 199, 213, 220, 223
interstitial oedema 203 intoxication 211 – carbon monoxide 250 – cyclosporin A (CsA) 249 – ethylene-glycol 246 – methanol 246 – methotrexate 247
intraarterial fibrinolysis 121, 124 intraaxial
– haemorrhage 83, 284 – lesion 140
– traumatic lesion 166 intracerebral tumour 211 intracranial
– air collection 160 – aneurysm 372 – haemorrhage 83, 258 – hypertension (ICH) 195, 391 – – cerebral perfusion 199 – neoplasia 213
– pressure (ICP) 196, 255, 276 – – cerebral function 201 – – homeostasis 198 – – waves 198
– tumour in childhood 395 – vessel 105
intraparenchymal – haematoma 51, 59 – haemorrhage (IPH) 27, 371 – – contrast agent 43 – – prodromic symptoms 30 – – tumours 31
intratumoral haemorrhage 355 intravascular enhancement 19 intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH)
46, 59, 88, 146 ipsilateral hemisphere 11 irreversible coma 275 ischaemia 7, 257
– cerebral 7, 58, 63, 117, 119 – – posttraumatic 159 – compression 154 – in infants 376 – lacunar 76
– of the basal ganglia 377 – of the thoracic spinal cord 362 – temporal phases 13
ischaemia-based brain damage 250 ischaemic
– infarction 257 – oedema 201
– penumbra 73, 74, 81, 269 – stroke 4, 101
– swelling 256
IVH, see intraventricular haemorrhage
Jefferson’s fracture 304 junctional lesion 169
Katzman’s lumbar infusion test 209 kidney disease 112, 2445
kinking 95, 98
Korsakoff’s syndrome 244 kyphosis 290
labour trauma 371 laceration-contusion 166 lactate 80, 81
lactic acid accumulation 66 lacunar
– infarction 21 – ischaemia 76 laminoplasty 290 last meadow infarct 8, 10 Le Fort fracture 188 lenticular nucleus 18 leptomeningeal – cyst 25, 160, 383 – enhancement 20 leptomeninges 12, 57 leukocyte adhesion 68 leukoencephalopathy 247 ligamentous trauma 324 lipids 80
lipoma 351 liver cirrhosis 245
lobar haemorrhage 41, 42, 88 locked-in syndrome 171 lumbar
– hyperflexion trauma 317 – spine trauma 325 lumbosacral spine 292 lymphoma 214 macrocephalia 394 magnetic resonance (MR) – angiography (MRA) 101, 172 – venography 108
– imaging (MRI) 4 – – angiography 5 – – cranial trauma 132 – – diffusion 79
– – diffusion weighted imaging 5 – – head injury 163
– – in ischaemia 63 – – intrinsic limits 163 – – perfusion 75, 79 – – semeiological limits 163 – – spectroscopy 5, 80 – – trauma 163
magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) 102
malar fracture 186 malignant
– cerebral oedema syndrome 386 – gliomas 217
Marchiafava-Bignami disease 244 mass-forming lesion 351 mean transit time (MTT) 78 medulloblastoma 211, 234 – in childhood 397 MELAS syndrome 380 meningeal sarcoma 232
meningioma 211, 230–232, 237, 286,
347, 348
– olfactory groove 232 meningitis 51, 57, 288, 387 – bacterial 388
– purulent 388 mental confusion 243 mesencephalic – haemorrhage 164 – tuberculoma 206 mesodermal tumour 230 metahaemoglobin 50 metameric haemangioma 340 metastases 217
metastatic disease 341
methaemoglobin 86, 217, 260, 328 methanol intoxication 246 methotrexate
– intoxication 247 – neurotoxicity 249 methyl-ethylketone 246 microhaemorrhage 216 midbrain haemorrhage 281 middle cerebral artery bifurcation/tri-
furcation 55
Monro-Kellie doctrine 197
MOTSA, see multiple overlapping thin slab acquisition
moya-moya syndrome 377, 379 MTC, see magnetization transfer con-
trast
MTT, see mean transit time multiple
– aneurysm 49 – haemorrhage 47
– overlapping thin slab acquisition (MOTSA) 102
– sclerosis 356, 357, 362 multislice CT 301 mycoplasm 391 myelinolysis – extrapontine 242 – osmotic 243 – pontine 243 myelocisternal-CT 208 myelography 338, 347 Na
+-K
+ion pump 65 – dysfunction 65
NAA, see N-acetyl-aspartate N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 80 – depression 81
nasal-ethmoid midface fracture 189 necrotic brain tissue 35
neoangiogenesis 17
neoplasia 21, 24, 46, 87, 211, 347 – cranial 235
– in childhood 395 – intracranial 213 – spinal metastatic 342 neoplasm 31, 349
– of the cerebellar vermis 204 neoplastic lesion 214 neural tube closure defect 395 neurinoma 349
neuroectodermal tumour 229 neurological
– injury 299
– syndrome 337
neuroocular plane 181 neuropaediatric 371 neuroresuscitation 265
non-haemorrhagic contusion 166 non-ischaemic primary haemorrhage
24 non-traumatic – bleeding 27 – spinal emergency 337 normotensive hydrocephalus 207 nuclear medicine method 279 nucleo-capsular haemorrhage 87 obstructive hydrocephalus 205 occipital lobe 159
occlusive venous pathology 108 oedema 68, 326, 386
– cerebral 155, 176, 201, 261, 267, 279, 286
– – posttraumatic diffuse 158 – cytotoxic 66, 69, 202, 261 – focal 142
– interstitial 203 – ischaemic 201 – parenchymal 355 – perilesional 44, 213
– vasogenic 17, 176, 201, 220, 260 olfactory groove meningioma 232 oligodendroglioma 234
ophthalmoplegia 243 orbital trauma 187 os odontoideum 350 osmotic myelinolysis 243 osteoarticular trauma 321 otorrhagia 138
oxygen 266
oxyhaemoglobin 50, 84, 165, 260 Pacchionian granulation 205 Paget’s disease of the spine 341 papilloma 235
– of the choroid plexus 398, 399 paralysis of the facial nerve 138 paraplegia 337
parenchymal – enhancement 20 – haemorrhage 118 – oedema 355 PC, see phase contrast pCO
294
PD, see power-Doppler peak time (PT) 78
percutaneous angioplasty 122 perfusion
– MRI 75, 79 – pressure (PP) 255 – – index (PPI) 96 pericallosal artery 56 perilesional – oedema 44 – – vasogenic 213
perimesencephalic cistern 50 perivertebral soft tissue abnormality
300
PET, see positron emission tomogra- phy
petechial haemorrhage 23 phagocytosis of blood pigments 35
phase contrast (PC) 102 phenomenon 394
pilocytic astrocytoma 221, 398 pineal region germinoma 215 plasmacytopenia 351
PNET, see primitive neuroectodermal tumour
pneumocephalus 155, 288 pO
290, 94
polycystic kidney disease 112 polycythaemia 380
polytrauma 179, 298, 300 – patient in a coma 302 pontine
– haemorrhage 43 – myelinolysis 243 porencephalic cyst 372, 391 positron emission tomography (PET)
4
postanoxic coma 265, 269 posterior
– fossa 29
– inferior cerebellar artery 55 postsurgical
– cerebritis 225
– craniospinal emergency 283 – infection 224, 289 posttraumatic
– cerebral infarction 159 – cerebral ischaemia 159 – coma 267
– diffuse cerebral oedema 138 power-Doppler (PD) 95, 99 PP, see perfusion pressure PPI, see perfusion pressure index premature
– craniosynostosis 395 – neonate 373 – newborn 372
pressure-volume ratio 197 PRF, see pulse repetition frequency primitive neuroectodermal tumour
(PNET) 213
proton MR spectroscopy 66, 80 pseudoaneurysm 156, 289 pseudo-bulbar paralysis 243 pseudo-meningocele 289, 290, 323,
334
pseudotumour cerebri 203, 400 PT, see peak time
pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 95 pulsed wave (PW) 95
purulent meningitis 388 putaminal
– haematoma 28, 32 – haemorrhage 37, 39 PW, see pulsed wave Queckenstedt test 210 radiation myelopathy 366 radiofrequency (RF) 77 radionuclide 279
radionuclide myelocisternography 208 radiotherapy 232
rCBF, see regional cerebral blood flow Recklinghausen’s disease 349, 353, 356 recombinant tissue plasminogen activa-
tor (rt-PA) 16
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 78
resistance index (RI) 95 reversible ischaemic neurological
deficit (RIND) 3, 7 RF, see radiofrequency RI, see resistance index
RIND, see reversible ischaemic neuro- logical deficit
ring enhancement 24
rt-PA, see recombinant tissue plas- minogen activator
rupture
– of a cavernous angioma 30 – of cryptic angiomas 42
SAH, see subarachnoid haemorrhage salt losing syndrome 373
scanogram 138, 301, 302 Schwann cells 349
SCIWMRA, see spinal cord injury without magnetic resonance abnor- mality
SCIWORA, see spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality scoliosis 291, 347
SDH, see subdural haematoma SE, see spin echo
setting sun 394
shaken baby syndrome 150 shaking trauma 385 shearing injury 170, 171 siderosis 91
single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) 78, 265 skull
– base fracture 160 – fracture 134, 137, 139, 173 – vertex fractures 138 – x-rays 134
slit ventricle syndrome 287 SPECT, see single photon emission
computerized tomography spin echo (SE) 5, 323 – sequences 74 spinal
– angiography 347, 355 – column infection 292 – cord 299, 326 – – abscess 365
– – arteriovenous malformation 357 – – atrophy 333
– – compression 297 – – infarct 357 – – injury 302, 316, 322
– – injury without magnetic resonance abnormality 334
– – injury without radiological abnor- mality 334
– – rare tumours 355 – – swelling 326 – – trauma 332
– dural arteriovenous fistula 358, 362 – emergency 288, 297
– infection 289
– instability 313, 324
– meningioma 354
– metastases 339 – metastatic neoplasia 342 – neoplasia 338
– nerve 299 – nerve root – – compression 297 – schwannoma 356 – segment 301 – stenosis 291
– trauma 180, 299, 321, 323, 334 spiral CT 179, 301
spondylodiskitis 338, 341, 342, 346, 348
spontaneous haematoma 346 stairstep artefact 139 stenosis 93, 104, 107, 123 stenotic-occlusive atheromatous
pathology 104, 107 sterile inflammation 286 streptococci 391 stroke 3 – haemorrhagic 4 – ischaemic 4 stupor 245 subarachnoid
– haemorrhage (SAH) 49, 89, 112, 118, 121, 123, 154, 155, 172, 371, 386
– – after aneurysms 53 – – cisternal hyperdensity 52 – – contrast agent 57 – – CT 49
– – perimesencephalic 54 – – rebleeding 58 – – sine materia 52, 54 – metastases 351
subcortical intraparenchymal haemor- rhage 41
subdural
– haematoma (SDH) 59, 149, 151, 172, 173, 198, 371, 385 – haemorrhage 118, 146 – hygroma 156, 175, 388
subfalcian herniation 158, 200, 223, 255
subluxation 322 superficial siderosis 91 supraaortic vessel 103 supracellar cistern 50
supraclinoid internal carotid artery 55 Sylvian fissure 38, 42, 50
syringohydromyelia 355 syringomyelia 333
TB meningoencephalitis 391
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