III. ASPETTI QUANTITATIVI E STRUTTURALI delle ATTIVITÀ
7 CONCLUSIONI
7.3 Prospettive future di ricerca
Le inferenze rese possibili dai dati raccolti fanno anche sorgere un quesito generale, cui occorre dare una risposta plausibile (ovvero, con dati sperimentali specifici e coerenti) prima di procedere ad una qualsiasi teorizzazione sistematica di come si sviluppa l’AMS durante lo stesso periodo di sonno. Tale quesito è se gli ulteriori story-like events recuperati (-abili) con la tecnica del prompted recall facciano parte della stessa AMS o di AMS distinte elaborate in un unico periodo di sonno REM. Il quesito è cruciale per stabilire l’organizzazione delle AMS durante un determinato
stadio di sonno (nella fattispecie, il sonno REM). Infatti, non solo i pazienti NC, ma anche i normodormitori dopo il risveglio nella III fase REM hanno mostrato di poter recuperare in memoria ulteriori story-like events rispetto a quelli inseriti nello spontaneous report. È ragionevole assumere che altri story-like events sarebbero stati elaborati qualora il risveglio non fosse stato provocato dopo 8 minuti, ma dopo altri 5 o 10 (la durata della fase di sonno REM essendo nettamente maggiore nella seconda parte della notte nei normodormitori). Pertanto, anche se resta da stabilire quanti story-like events siano accessibili in memoria dopo il risveglio con lo spontaneous e il prompted recall in rapporto alla durata della fase di sonno precedente, è indubbio che il loro numero sia rapportabile alla durata dell’episodio di sonno REM. Pertanto, potrebbero far parte di AMS distinte, come sembrano accreditare alcuni dati di ricerche ormai remote, che indicavano come i soggetti avessero l’impressione di avere completato l’AMS (allora genericamente definita come “sogno”) se venivano risvegliati dopo qualche movimento corporeo generalizzato (gross body movement) (Dement e Wolpert, 1958). I dati del secondo esperimento non forniscono elementi a favore della presenza di una o più AMS, in quanto le definizioni di “storia” (o story-like event, ovvero, un evento più o meno complesso e lungo descritto da affermazioni connesse fra loro da relazioni temporali e causali: Mandler e Johnson, 1977; 1980) e di “attività mentale del sonno (AMS)” (un evento abbastanza coerente e complesso con contenuti drammatici e bizzarri, Foulkes, 1982) non sono simmetriche. Tuttavia, l’organizzazione strutturale delle “storie” presenti nelle AMS riportate al richiamo immediato (night report) è notevolmente stabile nel tempo, come è dimostrato dal fatto che rimane pressoché inalterata al richiamo differito delle stesse AMS (morning report: Cipolli e Poli, 1992). Pertanto, il confronto di come si concludono le “storie” cronologicamente anteriori (ovvero, quelle riportate nel prompted report) e quelle cronologicamente posteriori (riportate nello spontaneous report) potrebbe mostrare se le prime si concludono tendenzialmente in modo diverso dalle seconde, le quali possono essere incomplete (per es., senza nodi strutturali come l’Ending o una parte del Development, in particolare l’Outcome: cfr. gli esempi riportati in APPENDICE B e la descrizione del metodo di analisi dei dream reports nel Cap. V, § 5.3.4) in conseguenza dell’interruzione forzatamente provocata dal risveglio. Se anche le storie cronologicamente anteriori risultassero, in studi ulteriori e specifici, non concluse, allora si potrebbe ipotizzare che la “programmazione” di una AMS (effettuata dagli high-level processes responsabili del dream planning, secondo il modello multilivelli di produzione delle AMS: Foulkes, 1982) possa essere interrotta o da variazioni fisiologiche del sonno (movimenti corporei, variazioni di arousal, etc.), facilmente oggettivabili sulle registrazioni polisonnnografiche, oppure da qualche inadeguatezza dei processi cognitivi che operano a livello inferiore per il “memory recruitement” o la “insertion into the dream narrative”, ovvero il frame dell’AMS “programmato” a livello superiore, sempre secondo lo stesso modello.
Appare evidente l’interesse che hanno questi dati per la comprensione dei meccanismi di produzione di AMS, tanto nei pazienti NC quanto (almeno nella seconda parte della notte) nei
normodormotori, tenendo conto del fatto che il numero di “storie” elaborate durante il sonno REM è sicuramente più elevato rispetto a quello stimato nel presente studio, essendo la durata delle fasi REM generalmente maggiore degli 8 minuti stabiliti in questi esperimenti.
Esempi di dream reports suddivisi in statements e rappresentati tramite uno story
diagraph
Esempio 1
ES (1) Io ed un mio amico eravamo seduti fuori da alcune case in una zona residenziale EE (2) il mio amico stava guardando una lista di canzoni
EE (3) (quelle canzoni) dovevano essere cantate davanti a un pubblico IS (4) (e) somigliavano a quelle stupide canzoni degli anni ‘70
EE (5) nel momento in cui stava arrivando e parlando di queste canzoni EE (6) io stavo parlando ad un altro mio amico
EE (7) (e) piegando un fazzoletto rosso e nero EE (8) stavamo scherzando su un’altra mia amica
IS (9) (perché) lei stava adulando uno dei membri della commissione della sua tesi EE (10) (poi) abbiamo parlato di molte cose che erano successe nella sua vita EE (11) dopo abbiamo iniziato a tornare a casa
ES (12) era notte
Legenda: BEG = beginning; DEV = development; END = ending; SR = simple reaction; ACT = action; CR = complex
reaction; GL = goal; GP = goal path; ATT = attempt; OUT = outcome; ES = external state; EE = external event; IS = internal state; IE = internal event; Ø = costituente non realizzato nella struttura del report.
EE (1) Stavo camminando in un grande museo aperto ES (2) il museo era davvero spazioso e luminoso IE (3) Ho anche visto degli uffici vuoti
EE (4) (ma) non sono entrato in questi uffici
EE (5) (e) ho ascoltato delle persone che stavano parlando in francese ES (6) era come un museo di oggetti vari
IE (7) non stavo veramente prestando attenzione a nulla di particolare EE (8) (poi) Ho incontrato Marianna
EE (9) lei mi ha detto EE (10) dove stava andando
IE (11) (e poi) che voleva dare un’occhiata a questo particolare tipo di arte EE (12) (poi) abbiamo incontrato mia sorella e mia madre.
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