L’art. 7 (1) (g) dello Statuto della ICC prevede che la Corte sia competente a conoscere e giudicare del crimine contro l’umanità di schiavitù sessuale (80). La
schiavitù sessuale rientra anche tra i crimini di guerra ex art. 8 (2) (b) (xxii). Come sostenuto in dottrina (81), giurisprudenza, e in alcuni Report delle Nazioni
Unite, tale reato, pur essendo qualificato dallo Statuto come una fattispecie autonoma, può essere considerato una particolare forma di schiavitù.
Nello specifico, si dovrà citare, ancora una volta, il caso Prosecutor v. Kunarać, (Trial Chamber), in cui si afferma che “[t]he ICC Statute makes numerous references to enslavement. As a crime against humanity (Art 7), ‘[e]nslavement’ as well as ‘[r]ape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisation, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity’ (Art 7(1)(g)) are prohibited. ‘Enslavement’ ‘[…] means the exercise of any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person and includes the
(80) V. C.LAUCCI, Code annoté de la Cour pénale internationale, 2008, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012, p. 21.
(81) G.LATTANZI,V.MONETTI (a cura di), La Corte penale internazionale…cit. p.694; W.
SCHABAS, The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, OUP, 2010, p. 172
(dove la sentenza cui si fa riferimento non è la sentenza del ICTY Prosecutor v. Kvočka et. al. (IT- 98-30/1-T), citata nell’Opera in nota 273, bensì la sentenza del medesimo Tribunale Prosecutor v. Kunarać, (Trial Chamber), n.d.a.); in tal direzione anche B.S.BROWN,Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011, p.106; R.CRYER, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, CUP, 2010, p.256; M.BOOT, Genocide, Crimes Against
Humanity, War Crimes: Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, Intersentia nv, 2002, p. 513.
63 exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.’ (Art 7(2)(c)). ‘Forced pregnancy’ is defined as ‘the unlawful confinement, of a woman forcibly made pregnant, with the intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population or carrying out other grave violations of international law. […].’ (Art 7(2)(f)). The setting out of the violations in separate
sub-paragraphs of the ICC Statute is not to be interpreted as meaning, for example, that sexual slavery is not a form of enslavement. This separation is to be explained by the fact that the sexual violence violations were considered best to be grouped together” (corsivo aggiunto) (82).
Rilevante, in merito, è anche il Report of the Special Rapporteur on systematic
rape, sexual slavery and slavery-like practices during armed conflict del 22
giugno 1998, dove si afferma che “[t]he term ‘sexual’ is used in this report as an adjective to describe a form of slavery, not to denote a separate crime. In all respects and in all circumstances, sexual slavery is slavery and its prohibition is a
jus cogens norm. The ‘comfort stations’ that were maintained by the Japanese
military during the Second World War […] and the ‘rape camps’ that have been well documented in the former Yugoslavia are particularly egregious examples of sexual slavery. Sexual slavery also encompasses situations where women and girls are forced into ‘marriage’, domestic servitude or other forced labour that ultimately involves forced sexual activity, including rape by their captors. For instance, in addition to the cases documented in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, there are reports from Myanmar of women and girls who have been raped and otherwise sexually abused after being forced into ‘marriages’ or forced to work as porters or minefield sweepers for the military. In Liberia, there are similar reports of women and girls who have been forced by combatants into working as cooks and who are also held as sexual slaves” (83).
(82) Prosecutor v. Kunarać, (Trial Chamber) par. 541, nota 1333.
(83) Report of the Special Rapporteur on systematic rape, sexual slavery and slavery-like practices during armed conflict, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13, 22 giugno 1998, par. 30.
64 Degno di menzione, infine, il Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against
women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy del 26 gennaio
1998, che riporta: “[i]n addition to common article 3 and the section on grave breaches, the OTP has also charged rape as a crime against humanity, both as a specifically proscribed act and as “torture” and “enslavement”. The introduction of sexual violence as enslavement constitutes an important contribution to international law by the OTP. The Foca indictment included a charge of enslavement, a crime against humanity, for a situation in which women were detained against their will and forced for several months to provide sexual and household services for persons. The OTP argued that this constituted a slavery- like practice encompassed within the term ‘enslavement’” (84).
Tra la schiavitù sessuale e la schiavitù vi sarebbe, quindi, un rapporto di specialità. Ad una conclusione analoga si può giungere anche considerando che gli Elements
of Crimes hanno definito il reato in questione utilizzando una terminologia analoga
a quella utilizzata per descrivere il reato di riduzione in schiavitù: gli elementi del reato di schiavitù sessuale sono gli stessi del reato di schavitù, con l’aggiunta di un quid pluris costituito dal fatto che “[t]he perpetrator caused such person or persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature” (85).
Parte della dottrina, tuttavia, ritiene che il reato di schiavitù sessuale debba essere concettualmente distinto dal reato di schiavitù per se (86).
(84) Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/54, 26 gennaio 1998, par. 76.
(85) Art. 7 (1) (g)-2 Crime against humanity of sexual slavery, Elements of Crimes e art. 8 (2) (e) (vi)-2 War crime of sexual slavery, Elements of Crimes.
(86) V. ad es. A.DE BROUWER, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence… cit. p. 172, dove si legge che “Sexual slavery should be distinguished from enslavement but also from enforced prostitution, which does require that some pecuniary benefit is involved. In the ICTY, the sexual enslavement of women and girls was prosecuted as the chrime against humanity of enslavement in the Kunarac, Kovač and Vuković case. Although the ICTY had no other option than to prosecute the sexual slavery as enslavement, the ICC will now be able to prosecute sexual slavery directly as sexual slavery, clearly recognising the sexual aspects of the slavery”.
In questo senso anche A.T.GALLAGHER, The International Law… cit. p. 213: “[t]he inclusion of ‘sexual slavery’ as distinct and separate from enslavement in the ICC statute is a significant recognition of both the links and the differences between the two concepts. One important difference relates to the scope of application. Sexual slavery is identified as both a war crime and
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